<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[40 Years Old]]></title><description><![CDATA[The Science of Investing]]></description><link>https://40yo.vn</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Buid!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F823cfa07-e3a1-4951-9518-963e765bc8c7_500x500.png</url><title>40 Years Old</title><link>https://40yo.vn</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Tue, 28 Apr 2026 08:03:20 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://40yo.vn/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[40 Years Old]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[support@40yo.vn]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[support@40yo.vn]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[40 Years Old]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[40 Years Old]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[support@40yo.vn]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[support@40yo.vn]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[40 Years Old]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[Monetary (P8): Thanh khoản hệ thống ngân hàng]]></title><description><![CDATA[Kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i Ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i, ch&#237;nh Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; m&#7899;i l&#224; th&#432;&#7899;c &#273;o th&#7921;c s&#7921; quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh "s&#7913;c kh&#7887;e" v&#224; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng c&#7845;p t&#237;n d&#7909;ng c&#7911;a h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng. B&#224;i vi&#7871;t s&#7869; l&#224;m r&#245; c&#417; ch&#7871; t&#7841;o thanh kho&#7843;n c&#7911;a NHTW v&#224; ph&#226;n t&#237;ch nh&#7919;ng r&#7911;i ro ti&#7873;m &#7849;n &#273;ang nhen nh&#243;m tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng khi c&#225;c "&#244;ng l&#7899;n" b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u ph&#242;ng th&#7911;.]]></description><link>https://40yo.vn/p/monetary-p8-thanh-khoan-he-thong</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://40yo.vn/p/monetary-p8-thanh-khoan-he-thong</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[40 Years Old]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 18 Dec 2025 04:16:17 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pv8W!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3677b10c-a79b-48b2-9731-27480916ec40_1650x991.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Trong ba ph&#7847;n &#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n c&#7911;a chu&#7895;i b&#224;i vi&#7871;t nghi&#234;n c&#7913;u v&#7873; ti&#7873;n t&#7879; n&#224;y, ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#227; c&#249;ng nhau gi&#7843;i m&#227; nh&#7919;ng ng&#7897; nh&#7853;n c&#259;n b&#7843;n nh&#7845;t v&#7873; s&#7921; v&#7853;n h&#224;nh c&#7911;a d&#242;ng ti&#7873;n. Ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#227; l&#224;m r&#245; c&#417; ch&#7871; g&#226;y ra s&#7921; bi&#7871;n m&#7845;t c&#7911;a ti&#7873;n c&#361;ng nh&#432; nguy&#234;n nh&#226;n s&#226;u xa c&#7911;a s&#7921; m&#7845;t c&#226;n &#273;&#7889;i k&#7927; l&#7909;c gi&#7919;a t&#237;n d&#7909;ng v&#224; ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i trong giai &#273;o&#7841;n hi&#7879;n nay. Quan tr&#7885;ng h&#417;n, ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#227; ph&#225; b&#7887; t&#432; duy l&#7889;i m&#242;n v&#7873; quy tr&#236;nh t&#7841;o ti&#7873;n &#273;&#7875; hi&#7875;u r&#7857;ng ch&#237;nh h&#224;nh &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7845;p t&#237;n d&#7909;ng c&#7911;a ng&#226;n h&#224;ng th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i m&#7899;i l&#224; kh&#7903;i ngu&#7891;n t&#7841;o ra ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i ch&#7913; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i quy tr&#236;nh ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i. C&#249;ng v&#7899;i &#273;&#243;, vi&#7879;c Ng&#226;n h&#224;ng Trung &#432;&#417;ng (NHTW) b&#417;m ti&#7873;n kh&#244;ng h&#7873; tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p t&#7841;o ra ti&#7873;n trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; th&#7921;c (M2) theo c&#417; ch&#7871; s&#7889; nh&#226;n ti&#7873;n nh&#432; nh&#7919;ng cu&#7889;n s&#225;ch gi&#225;o tr&#236;nh v&#7873; kinh t&#7871; v&#7851;n th&#432;&#7901;ng gi&#7843;ng d&#7841;y.</p><p>Kinh t&#7871; h&#7885;c ti&#7873;n t&#7879; l&#224; m&#7897;t b&#7913;c tranh ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p v&#7899;i nhi&#7873;u m&#7843;nh gh&#233;p th&#432;&#7901;ng b&#7883; hi&#7875;u sai l&#7879;ch so v&#7899;i th&#7921;c t&#7871; v&#7853;n h&#224;nh. Trong b&#224;i vi&#7871;t n&#224;y, t&#244;i mu&#7889;n c&#249;ng c&#225;c b&#7841;n &#273;i s&#226;u v&#7873; m&#7897;t kh&#225;i ni&#7879;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nh&#7855;c &#273;&#7871;n h&#224;ng ng&#224;y tr&#234;n c&#225;c b&#7843;n tin t&#224;i ch&#237;nh, m&#7897;t thu&#7853;t ng&#7919; ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n nh&#432;ng c&#361;ng ch&#7913;a &#273;&#7921;ng r&#7845;t hi&#7873;u s&#7921; nh&#7847;m l&#7851;n: &#8220;Thanh kho&#7843;n h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng&#8221;.</p><h3><strong>Thanh kho&#7843;n l&#224; g&#236;?</strong></h3><p>Khi nh&#7855;c &#273;&#7871;n &#8220;thanh kho&#7843;n&#8221;, ph&#7847;n l&#7899;n th&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#225;nh &#273;&#7891;ng thanh kho&#7843;n c&#7911;a h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng v&#224; thanh kho&#7843;n c&#7911;a n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; l&#224; m&#7897;t. Tr&#234;n th&#7921;c t&#7871; ch&#250;ng c&#243; nh&#7919;ng &#253; ngh&#297;a kh&#225;c nhau. Khi n&#243;i v&#7873; thanh kho&#7843;n c&#7911;a n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;, ch&#250;ng ta &#273;ang n&#243;i v&#7873; Ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i. Ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i l&#224; th&#224;nh ph&#7847;n chi&#7871;m t&#7927; tr&#7885;ng l&#7899;n nh&#7845;t trong cung ti&#7873;n M2 v&#224; t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p &#273;&#7871;n m&#7885;i ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng giao d&#7883;ch h&#224;ng ng&#224;y t&#7915; c&#7845;p &#273;&#7897; vi m&#244; &#273;&#7871;n v&#297; m&#244;. Khi thanh kho&#7843;n n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; d&#7891;i d&#224;o ngh&#297;a l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i d&#226;n v&#224; doanh nghi&#7879;p n&#7855;m gi&#7919; nhi&#7873;u ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i h&#417;n. H&#7885; s&#7869; c&#243; xu h&#432;&#7899;ng s&#7861;n s&#224;ng tr&#7843; gi&#225; cao h&#417;n cho h&#224;ng h&#243;a g&#226;y ra &#225;p l&#7921;c l&#7841;m ph&#225;t ho&#7863;c h&#432;ng ph&#7845;n h&#417;n trong vi&#7879;c &#273;&#7893; ti&#7873;n v&#224;o c&#225;c k&#234;nh t&#224;i s&#7843;n r&#7911;i ro nh&#432; ch&#7913;ng kho&#225;n hay b&#7845;t &#273;&#7897;ng s&#7843;n.</p><p>Thanh kho&#7843;n trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; (Ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i) do c&#225;c NHTM t&#7841;o ra. Th&#7921;c t&#7871; qu&#225; tr&#236;nh t&#7841;o thanh kho&#7843;n qua t&#237;n d&#7909;ng c&#7911;a c&#225;c NHTM kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; ph&#225;t minh m&#7899;i c&#7911;a th&#7871; k&#7927; 21. Nh&#236;n l&#7841;i l&#7883;ch s&#7917; s&#7869; gi&#250;p ch&#250;ng ta h&#236;nh dung r&#245; h&#417;n v&#7873; s&#7921; h&#236;nh th&#224;nh v&#224; ph&#225;t tri&#7875;n c&#7911;a thanh kho&#7843;n trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;.</p><p>Tr&#432;&#7899;c th&#7871; k&#7927; 17, thanh kho&#7843;n trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i d&#432;&#7899;i d&#7841;ng v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t c&#7909; th&#7875; l&#224; nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7891;ng ti&#7873;n kim lo&#7841;i do ch&#237;nh quy&#7873;n &#273;&#250;c ra v&#7899;i gi&#225; tr&#7883; danh ngh&#297;a t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#432;&#417;ng gi&#225; tr&#7883; kim lo&#7841;i. Khi x&#227; h&#7897;i t&#237;ch l&#361;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nhi&#7873;u v&#224;ng v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t h&#417;n th&#236; nhu c&#7847;u gi&#7919; an to&#224;n cho kh&#7889;i t&#224;i s&#7843;n n&#224;y n&#7843;y sinh. Ng&#432;&#7901;i d&#226;n b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u mang v&#224;ng &#273;i g&#7917;i cho nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i th&#7907; kim ho&#224;n. &#272;&#7893;i l&#7841;i, ng&#432;&#7901;i th&#7907; kim ho&#224;n &#273;&#432;a cho ng&#432;&#7901;i g&#7917;i m&#7897;t t&#7901; gi&#7845;y x&#225;c nh&#7853;n quy&#7873;n s&#7903; h&#7919;u v&#224; b&#7845;t k&#7923; ai n&#7855;m gi&#7919; t&#7901; gi&#7845;y n&#224;y &#273;&#7873;u c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#7871;n r&#250;t v&#224;ng b&#7845;t c&#7913; l&#250;c n&#224;o.</p><p>Khi ng&#224;y c&#224;ng nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7871;n g&#7917;i v&#224;ng, nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i th&#7907; kim ho&#224;n nh&#7853;n ra m&#7897;t quy lu&#7853;t th&#250; v&#7883; l&#224; nhu c&#7847;u r&#250;t v&#224;ng c&#249;ng l&#250;c c&#7911;a kh&#225;ch h&#224;ng r&#7845;t th&#7845;p. &#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n vi&#7879;c lu&#244;n c&#243; m&#7897;t l&#432;&#7907;ng l&#7899;n v&#224;ng n&#7857;m ch&#7871;t trong kho. T&#7915; quan s&#225;t n&#224;y, h&#7885; n&#7843;y ra &#253; t&#432;&#7903;ng cho vay s&#7889; v&#224;ng &#273;&#243; th&#244;ng qua m&#7897;t c&#417; ch&#7871; t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921;: ph&#225;t h&#224;nh th&#234;m nh&#7919;ng t&#7901; gi&#7845;y x&#225;c nh&#7853;n quy&#7873;n s&#7903; h&#7919;u v&#224;ng &#273;&#432;a cho ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;i vay thay v&#236; &#273;&#432;a v&#224;ng v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t. Nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i n&#7855;m gi&#7919; c&#225;c t&#7901; gi&#7845;y n&#224;y b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u s&#7917; d&#7909;ng ch&#250;ng &#273;&#7875; giao d&#7883;ch v&#7899;i nhau thay v&#236; d&#249;ng v&#224;ng tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p b&#7903;i ch&#250;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7843;m b&#7843;o gi&#225; tr&#7883; b&#7903;i l&#432;&#7907;ng v&#224;ng trong kho c&#7911;a th&#7907; kim ho&#224;n.</p><p>&#272;&#226;y ch&#237;nh l&#224; hi&#7879;n th&#226;n s&#417; khai nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i th&#7907; kim ho&#224;n &#273;&#243;ng vai tr&#242; ng&#226;n h&#224;ng th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i v&#224; c&#225;c t&#7901; gi&#7845;y ch&#7913;ng nh&#7853;n ch&#237;nh l&#224; ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i. Khi x&#227; h&#7897;i c&#249;ng c&#244;ng ngh&#7879; ph&#225;t tri&#7875;n, th&#7907; kim ho&#224;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c thay th&#7871; b&#7857;ng c&#225;c nh&#224; b&#259;ng quy m&#244; l&#7899;n v&#224; v&#224;ng trong kho &#273;&#432;&#7907;c thay th&#7871; b&#7857;ng Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; (Reserves) do NHTW t&#7841;o ra. Ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i c&#361;ng ti&#7871;n h&#243;a t&#7915; gi&#7845;y ch&#7913;ng nh&#7853;n s&#7903; h&#7919;u v&#224;ng sang s&#233;c v&#224; hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i l&#224; nh&#7919;ng con s&#7889; tr&#234;n t&#224;i kho&#7843;n &#273;i&#7879;n t&#7917;. D&#249; h&#236;nh th&#7913;c thay &#273;&#7893;i nh&#432;ng b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t v&#7851;n gi&#7919; nguy&#234;n: Ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i l&#224; ph&#432;&#417;ng ti&#7879;n thanh to&#225;n c&#7911;a n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;, ch&#250;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra t&#7915; ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng cho vay c&#7911;a c&#225;c NHTM c&#242;n Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; c&#7911;a hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i hay v&#224;ng trong c&#225;c th&#7871; k&#7927; tr&#432;&#7899;c m&#7899;i l&#224; thanh kho&#7843;n th&#7921;c s&#7921; c&#7911;a h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng.</p><h3><strong>Thanh kho&#7843;n h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng</strong></h3><p>Ph&#7847;n l&#7899;n ch&#250;ng ta m&#7855;c k&#7865;t trong nh&#7847;m t&#432;&#7903;ng r&#7857;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng ph&#7843;i huy &#273;&#7897;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i th&#236; m&#7899;i c&#243; th&#7875; cho vay. Ch&#250;ng ta th&#432;&#7901;ng b&#7887; qua b&#432;&#7899;c trung gian quan tr&#7885;ng l&#224; khi m&#7897;t ng&#226;n h&#224;ng nh&#7853;n ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i chuy&#7875;n &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; ng&#226;n h&#224;ng kh&#225;c th&#236; c&#225;i h&#7885; th&#7921;c s&#7921; nh&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c tr&#234;n b&#7843;ng c&#226;n &#273;&#7889;i k&#7871; to&#225;n l&#224; Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; t&#259;ng l&#234;n &#7903; b&#234;n T&#224;i s&#7843;n &#273;&#7889;i &#7913;ng v&#7899;i Ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i t&#259;ng l&#234;n &#7903; b&#234;n Ngu&#7891;n v&#7889;n. Trong m&#7885;i giao d&#7883;ch kinh t&#7871; gi&#7919;a c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng, thanh kho&#7843;n th&#7921;c s&#7921; di chuy&#7875;n ch&#237;nh l&#224; Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919;.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuZ4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f33522a-7fe7-412a-a84f-6ee5341f74c1_672x600.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuZ4!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f33522a-7fe7-412a-a84f-6ee5341f74c1_672x600.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuZ4!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f33522a-7fe7-412a-a84f-6ee5341f74c1_672x600.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuZ4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f33522a-7fe7-412a-a84f-6ee5341f74c1_672x600.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuZ4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f33522a-7fe7-412a-a84f-6ee5341f74c1_672x600.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuZ4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f33522a-7fe7-412a-a84f-6ee5341f74c1_672x600.png" width="672" height="600" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7f33522a-7fe7-412a-a84f-6ee5341f74c1_672x600.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:600,&quot;width&quot;:672,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:74789,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/181956061?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f33522a-7fe7-412a-a84f-6ee5341f74c1_672x600.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuZ4!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f33522a-7fe7-412a-a84f-6ee5341f74c1_672x600.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuZ4!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f33522a-7fe7-412a-a84f-6ee5341f74c1_672x600.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuZ4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f33522a-7fe7-412a-a84f-6ee5341f74c1_672x600.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuZ4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f33522a-7fe7-412a-a84f-6ee5341f74c1_672x600.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n m&#7897;t h&#7879; qu&#7843; quan tr&#7885;ng l&#224; vi&#7879;c cho vay m&#7899;i c&#7911;a c&#225;c NHTM kh&#244;ng ph&#7909; thu&#7897;c v&#224;o t&#7893;ng s&#7889; d&#432; ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i c&#7911;a n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; m&#224; ph&#7909; thu&#7897;c v&#224;o l&#432;&#7907;ng Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; hi&#7879;n c&#243; trong h&#7879; th&#7889;ng. L&#227;i su&#7845;t huy &#273;&#7897;ng c&#361;ng kh&#244;ng &#273;&#417;n thu&#7847;n ph&#7909; thu&#7897;c v&#224;o s&#7889; d&#432; ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i nhi&#7873;u hay &#237;t. Vai tr&#242; huy &#273;&#7897;ng ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i r&#7845;t quan tr&#7885;ng &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i m&#7897;t ng&#226;n h&#224;ng ri&#234;ng l&#7867; &#273;&#7875; cung c&#7845;p t&#237;n d&#7909;ng, nh&#432;ng n&#243; <strong>KH&#212;NG C&#211; &#221; NGH&#296;A TR&#202;N G&#211;C &#272;&#7896; TO&#192;N H&#7878; TH&#7888;NG</strong>.</p><p>&#272;&#7875; l&#224;m r&#245; ngh&#7883;ch l&#253; n&#224;y, h&#227;y c&#249;ng xem x&#233;t m&#7897;t v&#237; d&#7909; gi&#7843; &#273;&#7883;nh v&#7899;i NHTW quy &#273;&#7883;nh t&#7927; l&#7879; d&#7921; tr&#7919; b&#7855;t bu&#7897;c l&#224; 20%.</p><p>Gi&#7843; s&#7917; Ng&#226;n h&#224;ng A (NHA) c&#243; 5 &#273;&#7891;ng ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i v&#224; 1 &#273;&#7891;ng d&#7921; tr&#7919;. NHA ch&#7881; v&#7915;a &#273;&#7911; &#273;&#225;p &#7913;ng quy &#273;&#7883;nh n&#234;n kh&#244;ng th&#7875; cho vay th&#234;m. N&#7871;u NHA t&#7841;o ra 1 &#273;&#7891;ng t&#237;n d&#7909;ng m&#7899;i v&#224; kh&#225;ch h&#224;ng chuy&#7875;n ti&#7873;n sang ng&#226;n h&#224;ng kh&#225;c th&#236; d&#7921; tr&#7919; c&#7911;a NHA s&#7869; v&#7873; 0 trong khi ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i v&#7851;n l&#224; 5 &#273;&#7891;ng. L&#250;c n&#224;y NHA bu&#7897;c ph&#7843;i t&#259;ng l&#227;i su&#7845;t &#273;&#7875; thu h&#250;t d&#7921; tr&#7919;.</p><p><strong>Tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p 1:</strong> Gi&#7843; s&#7917; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng tr&#224;n ng&#7853;p ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i v&#7899;i Ng&#226;n h&#224;ng B (NHB) c&#243; 10 &#273;&#7891;ng ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i v&#224; 3 &#273;&#7891;ng d&#7921; tr&#7919;.N&#7871;u NHA h&#250;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c 1 &#273;&#7891;ng ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i t&#7915; NHB th&#236; NHB l&#250;c n&#224;y ch&#7881; c&#242;n 9 &#273;&#7891;ng ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i v&#224; 2 &#273;&#7891;ng d&#7921; tr&#7919; (t&#7927; l&#7879; d&#7921; tr&#7919; kho&#7843;ng 22%). M&#7863;c d&#249; v&#7851;n &#273;&#225;p &#7913;ng quy &#273;&#7883;nh nh&#432;ng b&#7897; &#273;&#7879;m d&#7921; tr&#7919; c&#7911;a NHB &#273;&#227; m&#7887;ng &#273;i r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u. &#272;&#7875; b&#7843;o v&#7879; an to&#224;n h&#7879; th&#7889;ng, NHB c&#361;ng bu&#7897;c ph&#7843;i tham gia cu&#7897;c &#273;ua t&#259;ng l&#227;i su&#7845;t &#273;&#7875; gi&#7919; d&#7921; tr&#7919;.</p><p><strong>Tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p 2:</strong> Gi&#7843; s&#7917; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng c&#243; &#237;t ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i h&#417;n v&#7899;i s&#7889; d&#7921; tr&#7919; kh&#244;ng &#273;&#7893;i: NHB c&#243; 5 &#273;&#7891;ng ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i v&#224; 3 &#273;&#7891;ng d&#7921; tr&#7919;. Khi NHA h&#250;t 1 &#273;&#7891;ng ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i th&#236; NHB c&#242;n 4 &#273;&#7891;ng ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i v&#224; 2 &#273;&#7891;ng d&#7921; tr&#7919; (t&#7927; l&#7879; 50%). M&#7913;c n&#224;y v&#7851;n cao h&#417;n nhi&#7873;u so v&#7899;i y&#234;u c&#7847;u 20% n&#234;n NHB v&#7851;n ung dung v&#224; c&#242;n d&#432; th&#7915;a kh&#7843; n&#259;ng cho vay m&#7899;i m&#224; kh&#244;ng c&#7847;n t&#259;ng l&#227;i su&#7845;t huy &#273;&#7897;ng.</p><p>&#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y c&#243; ngh&#297;a l&#224; s&#7889; d&#432; ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; y&#7871;u t&#7889; th&#7921;c s&#7921; t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng &#273;&#7871;n l&#227;i su&#7845;t huy &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7911;a c&#225;c NHTM m&#224; th&#7853;m ch&#237; l&#224; ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i: n&#7871;u ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i nhi&#7873;u h&#417;n c&#249;ng v&#7899;i 1 s&#7889; d&#432; d&#7921; tr&#7919; th&#236; n&#243; l&#7841;i &#273;&#7849;y l&#227;i su&#7845;t huy &#273;&#7897;ng l&#234;n ch&#7913; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; xu&#7889;ng.</p><p><strong>Tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p 3:</strong> Gi&#7843; s&#7917; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng c&#243; c&#249;ng s&#7889; ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i nh&#432;ng &#237;t d&#7921; tr&#7919; h&#417;n: NHB c&#243; 5 &#273;&#7891;ng ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i nh&#432;ng ch&#7881; c&#243; 2 &#273;&#7891;ng d&#7921; tr&#7919;. Khi NHA h&#250;t 1 &#273;&#7891;ng ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i th&#236; NHB ch&#7881; c&#242;n 1 &#273;&#7891;ng d&#7921; tr&#7919; cho 4 &#273;&#7891;ng ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i (t&#7927; l&#7879; 25%). L&#250;c n&#224;y NHB r&#417;i v&#224;o tr&#7841;ng th&#225;i t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; v&#7899;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p 1 v&#224; bu&#7897;c ph&#7843;i t&#259;ng l&#227;i su&#7845;t huy &#273;&#7897;ng k&#7883;ch li&#7879;t &#273;&#7875; gi&#224;nh gi&#7853;t l&#7841;i ngu&#7891;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; n&#7871;u mu&#7889;n cho vay m&#7899;i.</p><p>Do v&#7853;y, ch&#250;ng ta th&#7845;y r&#7857;ng thanh kho&#7843;n th&#7921;c s&#7921; t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng &#273;&#7871;n kh&#7843; n&#259;ng cung &#7913;ng t&#237;n d&#7909;ng c&#7911;a h&#7879; th&#7889;ng NHTM l&#224; Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; ch&#7913; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i Ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i. S&#7889; d&#432; ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; th&#432;&#7899;c &#273;o thanh kho&#7843;n c&#7911;a h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng.</p><h3><strong>&#272;i&#7873;u g&#236; t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng &#273;&#7871;n thanh kho&#7843;n h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng?</strong></h3><p>Thanh kho&#7843;n h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng l&#224; ti&#7873;n do NHTW t&#7841;o ra b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch ghi c&#243; v&#224;o t&#224;i kho&#7843;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; c&#7911;a c&#225;c NHTM m&#7903; t&#7841;i NHTW. B&#7857;ng c&#225;c nghi&#7879;p v&#7909; nh&#432; mua b&#225;n ngo&#7841;i t&#7879;, nghi&#7879;p v&#7909; th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng m&#7903; hay &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n l&#224; chuy&#7875;n ti&#7873;n t&#7915; t&#224;i kho&#7843;n Kho b&#7841;c sang c&#225;c NHTM, NHTW c&#243; th&#7875; t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p &#273;&#7871;n thanh kho&#7843;n h&#7879; th&#7889;ng (m&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c Ph&#7847;n 3: B&#417;m ti&#7873;n)</p><p>Nh&#432;ng c&#361;ng gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; thanh kho&#7843;n c&#7911;a n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; t&#7913;c l&#224; ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i, NHTM c&#243; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng in ti&#7873;n nh&#432;ng &#273;&#243; ch&#7881; l&#224; &#7903; ph&#237;a cung t&#7913;c l&#224; &#273;i&#7873;u ki&#7879;n c&#7847;n, &#273;i&#7873;u ki&#7879;n &#273;&#7911; l&#224; ph&#7843;i c&#243; c&#7843; ph&#237;a c&#7847;u &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; nhu c&#7847;u t&#237;n d&#7909;ng t&#7915; n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;. Vi&#7879;c t&#7841;o ra thanh kho&#7843;n h&#7879; th&#7889;ng c&#361;ng c&#7847;n s&#7921; h&#7907;p t&#225;c t&#7915; ph&#237;a c&#225;c NHTM. B&#7843;n th&#226;n c&#225;c NHTM &#273;&#243;ng vai tr&#242; &#7903; ph&#237;a c&#7847;u:</p><ul><li><p>N&#7871;u NHTW mua ngo&#7841;i t&#7879; nh&#432;ng NHTM kh&#244;ng b&#225;n th&#236; s&#7869; kh&#244;ng c&#243; d&#7921; tr&#7919; m&#7899;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra.</p></li><li><p>N&#7871;u NHTW cho vay tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng m&#7903; nh&#432;ng NHTM kh&#244;ng vay th&#236; van b&#417;m ti&#7873;n v&#7851;n b&#7883; kh&#243;a.</p></li><li><p>N&#7871;u NHTW mua gi&#7845;y t&#7901; c&#243; gi&#225; nh&#432;ng NHTM kh&#244;ng b&#225;n ho&#7863;c kh&#244;ng &#273;&#7913;ng ra l&#224;m b&#234;n trung gian, s&#7869; kh&#244;ng c&#243; c&#225;i g&#7885;i l&#224; n&#7899;i l&#7887;ng &#273;&#7883;nh l&#432;&#7907;ng.</p></li></ul><p>V&#236; l&#7869; &#273;&#243;, kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#7897;t kh&#225;i ni&#7879;m g&#7885;i l&#224; &#8220;thi&#7871;u thanh kho&#7843;n h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng&#8221; theo ngh&#297;a &#273;en. Trong ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; d&#7921; tr&#7919; d&#432; th&#7915;a nh&#432; M&#7929; hay EU hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i, thanh kho&#7843;n lu&#244;n th&#7915;a m&#7913;a. Trong ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; d&#7921; tr&#7919; khan hi&#7871;m nh&#432; Vi&#7879;t Nam v&#224; Trung Qu&#7889;c, thanh kho&#7843;n lu&#244;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c thi&#7871;t k&#7871; &#273;&#7875; &#8220;thi&#7871;u&#8221; m&#7897;t c&#225;ch ch&#7911; &#273;&#237;ch &#273;&#7875; NHTW &#273;i&#7873;u ti&#7871;t l&#227;i su&#7845;t m&#7909;c ti&#234;u li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng. Nh&#432;ng s&#7921; thi&#7871;u h&#7909;t n&#224;y kh&#244;ng &#273;&#225;ng ng&#7841;i mi&#7877;n l&#224; c&#7917;a s&#7893; OMO c&#7911;a NHTW lu&#244;n m&#7903; v&#224; c&#225;c NHTM c&#243; &#273;&#7911; gi&#7845;y t&#7901; c&#243; gi&#225; &#273;&#7875; ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n. &#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y c&#243; ngh&#297;a l&#224; nguy&#234;n nh&#226;n th&#7921;c s&#7921; g&#226;y ra m&#7897;t cu&#7897;c kh&#7911;ng ho&#7843;ng thanh kho&#7843;n c&#7911;a h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng kh&#244;ng n&#7857;m &#7903; vi&#7879;c NHTW c&#243; s&#7861;n s&#224;ng cung &#7913;ng thanh kho&#7843;n hay kh&#244;ng (b&#7903;i v&#236; th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng m&#7903; lu&#244;n m&#7903;), c&#361;ng kh&#244;ng n&#7857;m &#7903; nhu c&#7847;u gia t&#259;ng c&#7911;a c&#225;c NHTM c&#243; v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; v&#7873; thanh kho&#7843;n, m&#224; n&#243; n&#7857;m ho&#224;n to&#224;n trong tay c&#225;c NHTM l&#7899;n, nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i cho vay ch&#237;nh tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng t&#7915; ch&#237;nh l&#432;&#7907;ng thanh kho&#7843;n h&#7885; c&#243; ho&#7863;c l&#224;m c&#7847;u n&#7889;i gi&#7919;a NHTW v&#224; c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng c&#7847;n thanh kho&#7843;n qua nghi&#7879;p v&#7909; abitrage l&#227;i su&#7845;t (m&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c Ph&#7847;n 6: H&#224;nh lang l&#227;i su&#7845;t).</p><h3><strong>Th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng</strong></h3><p>Khi c&#225;c NHTM nh&#7887; c&#243; nhu c&#7847;u ho&#7863;c c&#243; v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; v&#7873; thanh kho&#7843;n v&#224; kh&#244;ng th&#7875; vay t&#7915; NHTW th&#244;ng qua th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng m&#7903; ho&#7863;c chi&#7871;t kh&#7845;u/t&#225;i c&#7845;p v&#7889;n do kh&#244;ng &#273;&#7911; gi&#7845;y t&#7901; c&#243; gi&#225;, h&#7885; t&#236;m c&#225;ch vay tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng. L&#250;c n&#224;y, bi&#7875;u hi&#7879;n tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng gi&#7919;a 2 ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; d&#7921; tr&#7919; cho th&#7845;y s&#7921; kh&#225;c nhau v&#7873; c&#225;ch h&#224;nh x&#7917; c&#7911;a h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng trong nh&#7919;ng giai &#273;o&#7841;n nh&#432; v&#7853;y.</p><p>Trong ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; d&#7921; tr&#7919; d&#432; th&#7915;a nh&#432; c&#7911;a M&#7929;, nhu c&#7847;u d&#7921; tr&#7919; c&#7911;a c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng t&#259;ng l&#234;n c&#249;ng thanh kho&#7843;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng (bao g&#7891;m c&#7843; repo). N&#243;i c&#225;ch kh&#225;c, thanh kho&#7843;n tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng do ngu&#7891;n c&#7847;u quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh, b&#7903;i v&#236; ngu&#7891;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; d&#7891;i d&#224;o khi&#7871;n c&#225;c NHTM c&#7841;nh tranh nhau &#273;&#7875; cho vay. V&#237; d&#7909; nh&#432; giai &#273;o&#7841;n bank run &#273;&#7847;u 2023, ho&#7863;c giai &#273;o&#7841;n QT 2019, th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m m&#224; nhu c&#7847;u d&#7921; tr&#7919; c&#7911;a 1 s&#7889; ng&#226;n h&#224;ng t&#259;ng cao:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8pi9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0557817f-6b8d-4b0d-b28c-f675549fc058_1650x990.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8pi9!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0557817f-6b8d-4b0d-b28c-f675549fc058_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8pi9!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0557817f-6b8d-4b0d-b28c-f675549fc058_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8pi9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0557817f-6b8d-4b0d-b28c-f675549fc058_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8pi9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0557817f-6b8d-4b0d-b28c-f675549fc058_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8pi9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0557817f-6b8d-4b0d-b28c-f675549fc058_1650x990.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0557817f-6b8d-4b0d-b28c-f675549fc058_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:81977,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/181956061?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0557817f-6b8d-4b0d-b28c-f675549fc058_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8pi9!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0557817f-6b8d-4b0d-b28c-f675549fc058_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8pi9!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0557817f-6b8d-4b0d-b28c-f675549fc058_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8pi9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0557817f-6b8d-4b0d-b28c-f675549fc058_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8pi9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0557817f-6b8d-4b0d-b28c-f675549fc058_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Nh&#432;ng trong ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; d&#7921; tr&#7919; khan hi&#7871;m nh&#432; c&#7911;a Vi&#7879;t Nam, khi l&#432;&#7907;ng d&#7921; tr&#7919; l&#224; khan hi&#7871;m, thanh kho&#7843;n tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng l&#7841;i do b&#234;n cung quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh do c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng ph&#7843;i c&#7841;nh tranh nhau &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c vay. Hay n&#243;i c&#225;c kh&#225;c, khi c&#225;c NHTM l&#7899;n nh&#7853;n th&#7845;y r&#7911;i ro gia t&#259;ng, h&#7885; s&#7869; ng&#7847;n ng&#7841;i cho vay tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&#224; c&#225;c k&#7923; h&#7841;n d&#224;i v&#224; th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng repo. H&#7879; qu&#7843; l&#224; thanh kho&#7843;n c&#7911;a c&#225;c k&#7923; h&#7841;n d&#224;i h&#7841;n tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng v&#224; thanh kho&#7843;n tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng repo TPCP s&#7909;t gi&#7843;m m&#7841;nh nh&#432; giai &#273;o&#7841;n cu&#7889;i 2022 &#273;&#7847;u 2023, th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m x&#7843;y ra s&#7921; ki&#7879;n Bank run t&#7841;i SCB.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pv8W!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3677b10c-a79b-48b2-9731-27480916ec40_1650x991.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pv8W!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3677b10c-a79b-48b2-9731-27480916ec40_1650x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pv8W!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3677b10c-a79b-48b2-9731-27480916ec40_1650x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pv8W!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3677b10c-a79b-48b2-9731-27480916ec40_1650x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pv8W!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3677b10c-a79b-48b2-9731-27480916ec40_1650x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pv8W!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3677b10c-a79b-48b2-9731-27480916ec40_1650x991.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3677b10c-a79b-48b2-9731-27480916ec40_1650x991.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:121410,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/181956061?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3677b10c-a79b-48b2-9731-27480916ec40_1650x991.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pv8W!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3677b10c-a79b-48b2-9731-27480916ec40_1650x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pv8W!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3677b10c-a79b-48b2-9731-27480916ec40_1650x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pv8W!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3677b10c-a79b-48b2-9731-27480916ec40_1650x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pv8W!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3677b10c-a79b-48b2-9731-27480916ec40_1650x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>M&#7863;c d&#249; k&#7923; h&#7841;n ON lu&#244;n l&#224; k&#7923; h&#7841;n chi&#7871;m l&#432;&#7907;ng thanh kho&#7843;n ch&#7911; &#273;&#7841;o trong c&#225;c giao d&#7883;ch li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng, nh&#432;ng n&#243; kh&#244;ng bi&#7875;u hi&#7879;n t&#7889;t cho tr&#7841;ng th&#225;i s&#7861;n s&#224;ng cung &#7913;ng thanh kho&#7843;n c&#7911;a c&#225;c NHTM l&#7899;n, b&#7903;i v&#236; (1) cho vay qua &#273;&#234;m &#237;t r&#7911;i ro h&#417;n so v&#7899;i cho vay k&#7923; h&#7841;n d&#224;i cho du &#273;&#243; l&#224; cho vay t&#237;n ch&#7845;p v&#224; (2) n&#243; l&#224; ph&#7847;n c&#242;n l&#7841;i sau khi c&#225;c NHTM cho vay k&#7923; h&#7841;n d&#224;i v&#224; tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng repo, thay v&#236; g&#7917;i d&#7921; tr&#7919; v&#224;o NHTW v&#7899;i l&#227;i su&#7845;t th&#7845;p th&#236; c&#225;c NHTM l&#7899;n s&#7869; cho vay ch&#250;ng v&#7899;i k&#7923; h&#7841;n qua &#273;&#234;m.Trong giai &#273;o&#7841;n 2022, khi thanh kho&#7843;n k&#7923; h&#7841;n d&#224;i (1M +3M) s&#7909;t gi&#7843;m, thanh kho&#7843;n k&#7923; h&#7841;n qua &#273;&#234;m v&#7851;n duy tr&#236; &#7903; m&#7913;c cao:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zVNa!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd44bb30-48a5-4493-9503-c9ce2fea1804_1650x990.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zVNa!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd44bb30-48a5-4493-9503-c9ce2fea1804_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zVNa!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd44bb30-48a5-4493-9503-c9ce2fea1804_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zVNa!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd44bb30-48a5-4493-9503-c9ce2fea1804_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zVNa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd44bb30-48a5-4493-9503-c9ce2fea1804_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zVNa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd44bb30-48a5-4493-9503-c9ce2fea1804_1650x990.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fd44bb30-48a5-4493-9503-c9ce2fea1804_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:132130,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/181956061?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd44bb30-48a5-4493-9503-c9ce2fea1804_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zVNa!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd44bb30-48a5-4493-9503-c9ce2fea1804_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zVNa!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd44bb30-48a5-4493-9503-c9ce2fea1804_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zVNa!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd44bb30-48a5-4493-9503-c9ce2fea1804_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zVNa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd44bb30-48a5-4493-9503-c9ce2fea1804_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Thanh kho&#7843;n k&#7923; h&#7841;n ON (chi&#7871;m ph&#7847;n l&#7899;n cho vay tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng) mang m&#7897;t &#253; ngh&#297;a kh&#225;c quan tr&#7885;ng h&#417;n: xu h&#432;&#7899;ng t&#259;ng m&#7841;nh trong nh&#7919;ng n&#259;m g&#7847;n &#273;&#226;y gi&#7843;i th&#237;ch cho S&#431; PH&#194;N C&#7920;C v&#7873; tr&#7841;ng th&#225;i thanh kho&#7843;n c&#7911;a c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng trong giai &#273;o&#7841;n hi&#7879;n nay. Giai &#273;o&#7841;n 2015-2019 th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng g&#7847;n nh&#432; ng&#7911; &#273;&#244;ng v&#7899;i doanh s&#7889; ch&#7881; quanh m&#7913;c 10.000 - 50.000 t&#7927; &#273;&#7891;ng/phi&#234;n. Tuy nhi&#234;n t&#7915; n&#259;m 2024 &#273;&#7871;n 2025, con s&#7889; n&#224;y &#273;&#227; t&#259;ng theo c&#7845;p s&#7889; nh&#226;n l&#234;n m&#7913;c trung b&#236;nh 600.000 - 800.000 t&#7927; v&#224; &#273;&#7881;nh &#273;i&#7875;m v&#432;&#7907;t m&#7889;c 1 tri&#7879;u t&#7927; &#273;&#7891;ng</p><ul><li><p>&#7902; ph&#237;a c&#7847;u: ph&#7843;i c&#243; s&#7921; gia t&#259;ng nhu c&#7847;u &#7903; ph&#237;a c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng c&#7847;n thanh kho&#7843;n</p></li><li><p>&#7902; ph&#237; cung: ph&#7843;i c&#243; s&#7921; d&#432; th&#7915;a thanh kho&#7843;n c&#7911;a c&#225;c NHTM &#273;&#7911; &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#225;p &#7913;ng nhu c&#7847;u n&#224;y.</p></li></ul><p>&#7902; th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i, gi&#225; tr&#7883; giao d&#7883;ch c&#7911;a c&#7843; k&#234;nh Repo TPCP v&#224; vay t&#237;n ch&#7845;p k&#7923; h&#7841;n d&#224;i (1M + 3M) &#273;ang trong xu h&#432;&#7899;ng gi&#7843;m sau giai &#273;o&#7841;n ph&#7909;c h&#7891;i &#273;&#7847;u n&#259;m. M&#7863;c d&#249; m&#7863;t b&#7857;ng thanh kho&#7843;n n&#224;y v&#7851;n cao h&#417;n nhi&#7873;u so v&#7899;i giai &#273;o&#7841;n 2022 nh&#432;ng xu h&#432;&#7899;ng &#273;i xu&#7889;ng n&#224;y cho th&#7845;y m&#7897;t s&#7921; e d&#232; v&#224; th&#7853;n tr&#7885;ng r&#245; r&#7879;t t&#7915; ph&#237;a c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng l&#7899;n, nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#243;ng vai tr&#242; l&#224; b&#234;n cho vay. &#272;&#226;y l&#224; t&#237;n hi&#7879;u cho th&#7845;y d&#249; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng kh&#244;ng t&#7855;c ngh&#7869;n nh&#432; 2022 nh&#432;ng &#8220;ni&#7873;m tin&#8221; gi&#7919;a c&#225;c &#273;&#7883;nh ch&#7871; t&#224;i ch&#237;nh &#273;ang b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u lung lay. T&#7845;t nhi&#234;n l&#224; nh&#7919;ng g&#236; di&#7877;n ra b&#234;n trong, nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#226;n t&#237;ch nh&#432; ch&#250;ng ta v&#7899;i l&#432;&#7907;ng d&#7919; li&#7879;u h&#7841;n h&#7865;p kh&#244;ng th&#7875; bi&#7871;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Monetary (P7): Chế độ dự trữ dư thừa]]></title><description><![CDATA[Khi di s&#7843;n c&#7911;a QE khi&#7871;n h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng ng&#7853;p trong ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919;, c&#225;c c&#244;ng c&#7909; truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng tr&#7903; n&#234;n v&#244; hi&#7879;u, bu&#7897;c Fed ph&#7843;i thi&#7871;t k&#7871; l&#7841;i to&#224;n b&#7897; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng v&#7853;n h&#224;nh sang ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; "D&#7921; tr&#7919; d&#432; th&#7915;a". B&#224;i vi&#7871;t s&#7869; gi&#7843;i m&#227; c&#7845;u tr&#250;c vi m&#244; c&#7911;a h&#7879; th&#7889;ng "S&#224;n" (Floor System), n&#417;i b&#7897; &#273;&#244;i IORB v&#224; ON RRP thay th&#7871; c&#225;c m&#7887; neo c&#361; &#273;&#7875; ki&#7875;m so&#225;t l&#227;i su&#7845;t trong k&#7927; nguy&#234;n m&#7899;i.]]></description><link>https://40yo.vn/p/monetary-p7-che-o-du-tru-du-thua</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://40yo.vn/p/monetary-p7-che-o-du-tru-du-thua</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[40 Years Old]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 01 Dec 2025 00:01:15 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!90wq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F734187ee-2272-4f7a-bf27-5fe24d37ee06_1651x990.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Trong b&#224;i vi&#7871;t tr&#432;&#7899;c v&#7873; &#8220;N&#7899;i l&#7887;ng &#273;&#7883;nh l&#432;&#7907;ng&#8221;, ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#227; ch&#7913;ng ki&#7871;n m&#7897;t s&#7921; thay &#273;&#7893;i b&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#7863;t trong b&#7843;ng c&#226;n &#273;&#7889;i k&#7871; to&#225;n Fed. Nh&#7919;ng n&#7895; l&#7921;c gi&#7843;i c&#7913;u th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng th&#244;ng qua vi&#7879;c mua v&#224;o h&#224;ng ngh&#236;n t&#7927; USD t&#224;i s&#7843;n (MBS v&#224; Tr&#225;i phi&#7871;u Ch&#237;nh ph&#7911;) &#273;&#227; &#273;&#7875; l&#7841;i m&#7897;t di s&#7843;n kh&#244;ng th&#7875; &#273;&#7843;o ng&#432;&#7907;c: h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng t&#7915; ch&#7895; ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng d&#7921;a tr&#234;n s&#7921; thi&#7871;u h&#7909;t thanh kho&#7843;n &#273;&#227; chuy&#7875;n sang tr&#7841;ng th&#225;i ng&#7853;p tr&#224;n trong ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919;.</p><p>S&#7921; thay &#273;&#7893;i v&#7873; l&#432;&#7907;ng n&#224;y l&#7899;n &#273;&#7871;n m&#7913;c n&#243; ph&#225; v&#7905; ho&#224;n to&#224;n c&#417; ch&#7871; &#273;i&#7873;u h&#224;nh l&#227;i su&#7845;t truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng m&#224; ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#227; ph&#226;n t&#237;ch &#7903; b&#224;i &#8220;H&#224;nh lang l&#227;i su&#7845;t&#8221;. Khi ti&#7873;n kh&#244;ng c&#242;n khan hi&#7871;m, c&#225;c c&#244;ng c&#7909; c&#361; tr&#7903; n&#234;n v&#244; hi&#7879;u. &#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y bu&#7897;c Fed ph&#7843;i thi&#7871;t k&#7871; l&#7841;i to&#224;n b&#7897; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng v&#7853;n h&#224;nh c&#7911;a m&#236;nh, chuy&#7875;n sang m&#7897;t k&#7927; nguy&#234;n m&#7899;i m&#224; ch&#250;ng ta g&#7885;i l&#224; &#8220;Ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; d&#7921; tr&#7919; d&#432; th&#7915;a&#8221;.</p><p>B&#224;i vi&#7871;t n&#224;y s&#7869; &#273;i s&#226;u v&#224;o c&#7845;u tr&#250;c vi m&#244; c&#7911;a ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; n&#224;y, gi&#7843;i m&#227; c&#417; ch&#7871; m&#224; Fed &#273;i&#7873;u h&#224;nh ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch ti&#7873;n t&#7879; trong m&#7897;t b&#7889;i c&#7843;nh ho&#224;n to&#224;n m&#7899;i.</p><h3><strong>S&#7921; thay th&#7871; c&#7911;a &#8220;M&#7887; neo&#8221; m&#7899;i</strong></h3><p>Trong m&#244; h&#236;nh truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng (nh&#432; Vi&#7879;t Nam hay Trung Qu&#7889;c &#273;ang &#225;p d&#7909;ng), NHTW duy tr&#236; ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch ti&#7873;n t&#7879; b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch gi&#7919; cho Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; &#7903; m&#7913;c khan hi&#7871;m. V&#236; khan hi&#7871;m, c&#225;c NHTM bu&#7897;c ph&#7843;i vay m&#432;&#7907;n l&#7851;n nhau &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#225;p &#7913;ng nhu c&#7847;u thanh kho&#7843;n ho&#7863;c d&#7921; tr&#7919; b&#7855;t bu&#7897;c, t&#7915; &#273;&#243; h&#236;nh th&#224;nh n&#234;n m&#7863;t b&#7857;ng l&#227;i su&#7845;t li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng. Khi &#273;&#243;, NHTW ch&#7881; c&#7847;n b&#417;m ho&#7863;c h&#250;t m&#7897;t l&#432;&#7907;ng d&#7921; tr&#7919; qua k&#234;nh OMO l&#224; c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;i&#7873;u khi&#7875;n l&#227;i su&#7845;t th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng b&#225;m s&#225;t m&#7909;c ti&#234;u. Trong c&#417; ch&#7871; n&#224;y, khi NHTW cung c&#7845;p thanh kho&#7843;n th&#432;&#7901;ng tr&#7921;c qua k&#234;nh OMO th&#236; l&#227;i su&#7845;t OMO s&#7869; &#273;&#243;ng vai tr&#242; l&#224; &#8220;m&#7887; neo&#8221; cho l&#227;i su&#7845;t li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng nh&#7901; c&#417; ch&#7871; kinh doanh ch&#234;nh l&#7879;ch gi&#225; (arbitrage).</p><p>Tuy nhi&#234;n, sau c&#225;c g&#243;i QE b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u t&#7915; cu&#7889;i n&#259;m 2008, l&#432;&#7907;ng d&#7921; tr&#7919; trong h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng M&#7929; &#273;&#227; b&#249;ng n&#7893;. T&#7915; m&#7913;c ch&#7881; v&#224;i ch&#7909;c t&#7927; USD tr&#432;&#7899;c kh&#7911;ng ho&#7843;ng, l&#432;&#7907;ng d&#7921; tr&#7919; &#273;&#227; t&#259;ng v&#7885;t l&#234;n 860 t&#7927; USD v&#224;o th&#225;ng 1/2009 v&#224; ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c leo thang l&#234;n h&#417;n 2.700 t&#7927; USD v&#224;o n&#259;m 2014. Khi cung ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; v&#432;&#7907;t xa m&#7885;i nhu c&#7847;u thanh to&#225;n v&#224; d&#7921; tr&#7919; b&#7855;t bu&#7897;c, theo quy lu&#7853;t cung c&#7847;u c&#417; b&#7843;n, gi&#225; c&#7911;a ti&#7873;n (l&#227;i su&#7845;t li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng - FFR) s&#7869; ch&#7883;u &#225;p l&#7921;c gi&#7843;m v&#7873; 0%.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!90wq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F734187ee-2272-4f7a-bf27-5fe24d37ee06_1651x990.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!90wq!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F734187ee-2272-4f7a-bf27-5fe24d37ee06_1651x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!90wq!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F734187ee-2272-4f7a-bf27-5fe24d37ee06_1651x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!90wq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F734187ee-2272-4f7a-bf27-5fe24d37ee06_1651x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!90wq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F734187ee-2272-4f7a-bf27-5fe24d37ee06_1651x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!90wq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F734187ee-2272-4f7a-bf27-5fe24d37ee06_1651x990.png" width="1456" height="873" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/734187ee-2272-4f7a-bf27-5fe24d37ee06_1651x990.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:873,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!90wq!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F734187ee-2272-4f7a-bf27-5fe24d37ee06_1651x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!90wq!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F734187ee-2272-4f7a-bf27-5fe24d37ee06_1651x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!90wq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F734187ee-2272-4f7a-bf27-5fe24d37ee06_1651x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!90wq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F734187ee-2272-4f7a-bf27-5fe24d37ee06_1651x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Trong b&#7889;i c&#7843;nh d&#7921; tr&#7919; d&#432; th&#7915;a n&#224;y, c&#417; ch&#7871; c&#361; s&#7909;p &#273;&#7893; v&#236; hai l&#253; do: (1) Kh&#244;ng c&#242;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng n&#224;o mu&#7889;n vay tr&#234;n k&#234;nh OMO v&#236; h&#7885; &#273;&#227; th&#7915;a ti&#7873;n, l&#224;m m&#7845;t &#273;i vai tr&#242; d&#7851;n d&#7855;t c&#7911;a l&#227;i su&#7845;t OMO v&#224; (2) N&#7871;u Fed mu&#7889;n n&#226;ng l&#227;i su&#7845;t &#273;&#7875; th&#7855;t ch&#7863;t ti&#7873;n t&#7879; m&#224; v&#7851;n d&#249;ng c&#417; ch&#7871; c&#361; (h&#250;t ti&#7873;n v&#7873; &#273;&#7875; t&#7841;o s&#7921; khan hi&#7871;m), h&#7885; s&#7869; ph&#7843;i b&#225;n ra h&#224;ng ngh&#236;n t&#7927; USD t&#224;i s&#7843;n, &#273;i&#7873;u b&#7845;t kh&#7843; thi v&#236; s&#7869; g&#226;y s&#7909;p &#273;&#7893; th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng t&#224;i ch&#237;nh.</p><p>Do v&#7853;y, Fed bu&#7897;c ph&#7843;i chuy&#7875;n sang m&#7897;t c&#417; ch&#7871; &#273;i&#7873;u h&#224;nh m&#7899;i. &#272;i&#7873;u c&#7847;n l&#224;m &#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n l&#224; Fed ph&#7843;i t&#7841;o ra m&#7897;t ngu&#7891;n c&#7847;u nh&#226;n t&#7841;o &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i l&#432;&#7907;ng d&#7921; tr&#7919; d&#432; th&#7915;a n&#224;y. K&#7875; t&#7915; th&#225;ng 10/2008, Fed b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u tr&#7843; l&#227;i su&#7845;t cho ph&#7847;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; v&#432;&#7907;t m&#7913;c c&#7911;a c&#225;c NHTM (IOER - Interest on Excess Reserves, sau n&#224;y l&#224; IORB).</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eq0B!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47fe6063-9881-46a8-8dab-522fa34e32f6_1650x990.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eq0B!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47fe6063-9881-46a8-8dab-522fa34e32f6_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eq0B!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47fe6063-9881-46a8-8dab-522fa34e32f6_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eq0B!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47fe6063-9881-46a8-8dab-522fa34e32f6_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eq0B!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47fe6063-9881-46a8-8dab-522fa34e32f6_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eq0B!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47fe6063-9881-46a8-8dab-522fa34e32f6_1650x990.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/47fe6063-9881-46a8-8dab-522fa34e32f6_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eq0B!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47fe6063-9881-46a8-8dab-522fa34e32f6_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eq0B!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47fe6063-9881-46a8-8dab-522fa34e32f6_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eq0B!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47fe6063-9881-46a8-8dab-522fa34e32f6_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eq0B!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47fe6063-9881-46a8-8dab-522fa34e32f6_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Khi NHTW s&#7861;n s&#224;ng tr&#7843; m&#7897;t m&#7913;c l&#227;i su&#7845;t h&#7845;p d&#7851;n cho ph&#7847;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; c&#7911;a c&#225;c NHTM, l&#250;c n&#224;y b&#7843;n th&#226;n l&#227;i su&#7845;t d&#7921; tr&#7919; (IORB) s&#7869; thay th&#7871; l&#227;i su&#7845;t OMO &#273;&#243;ng vai tr&#242; l&#224; &#8220;m&#7887; neo&#8221; m&#7899;i cho l&#227;i su&#7845;t li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng. C&#417; ch&#7871; n&#224;y v&#7853;n h&#224;nh d&#7921;a tr&#234;n ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng kinh doanh ch&#234;nh l&#7879;ch gi&#225; (arbitrage) c&#7911;a c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i &#273;&#7875; k&#233;o l&#227;i su&#7845;t th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng v&#7873; s&#225;t m&#7913;c IORB. Ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; m&#7899;i n&#224;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&#7885;i l&#224; ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; &#8220;S&#224;n&#8221; (Floor System), v&#7853;n h&#224;nh theo hai k&#7883;ch b&#7843;n:</p><p>(1) K&#7883;ch b&#7843;n 1: L&#227;i su&#7845;t li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng (FFR) cao h&#417;n l&#227;i su&#7845;t d&#7921; tr&#7919; (IORB)</p><p>Trong tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p l&#227;i su&#7845;t th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng cao h&#417;n m&#7913;c l&#227;i su&#7845;t m&#224; Fed tr&#7843;, c&#225;c NHTM s&#7869; ngay l&#7853;p t&#7913;c t&#7853;n d&#7909;ng c&#417; h&#7897;i n&#224;y. H&#7885; s&#7869; r&#250;t b&#7899;t ph&#7847;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; &#273;ang g&#7917;i t&#7841;i Fed (h&#432;&#7903;ng l&#227;i th&#7845;p) &#273;&#7875; mang ra cho vay tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng (h&#432;&#7903;ng l&#227;i cao h&#417;n). H&#224;nh &#273;&#7897;ng n&#224;y l&#224;m gia t&#259;ng ngu&#7891;n cung ti&#7873;n tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng, t&#7915; &#273;&#243; t&#7841;o &#225;p l&#7921;c gi&#7843;m l&#227;i su&#7845;t FFR cho &#273;&#7871;n khi n&#243; tr&#7903; v&#7873; g&#7847;n b&#7857;ng v&#7899;i l&#227;i su&#7845;t d&#7921; tr&#7919; IORB.</p><p>(2) K&#7883;ch b&#7843;n 2: L&#227;i su&#7845;t li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng (FFR) th&#7845;p h&#417;n l&#227;i su&#7845;t d&#7921; tr&#7919; (IORB)</p><p>Ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i, n&#7871;u l&#227;i su&#7845;t th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng th&#7845;p h&#417;n m&#7913;c l&#227;i su&#7845;t Fed tr&#7843;, c&#225;c NHTM s&#7869; th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n nghi&#7879;p v&#7909; arbitrage ng&#432;&#7907;c chi&#7873;u. H&#7885; s&#7869; &#273;i vay ti&#7873;n tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng v&#7899;i l&#227;i su&#7845;t th&#7845;p, sau &#273;&#243; &#273;em s&#7889; ti&#7873;n &#273;&#243; g&#7917;i v&#224;o t&#224;i kho&#7843;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; t&#7841;i Fed &#273;&#7875; h&#432;&#7903;ng m&#7913;c l&#227;i su&#7845;t IORB cao h&#417;n v&#224; phi r&#7911;i ro. Nhu c&#7847;u &#273;i vay gia t&#259;ng &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n n&#224;y s&#7869; &#273;&#7849;y l&#227;i su&#7845;t li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng FFR t&#259;ng l&#234;n cho &#273;&#7871;n khi ti&#7879;m c&#7853;n v&#7899;i l&#227;i su&#7845;t IORB.</p><p>V&#7873; m&#7863;t l&#253; thuy&#7871;t, k&#7883;ch b&#7843;n (2) r&#7845;t kh&#243; x&#7843;y ra ho&#7863;c ch&#7881; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i trong kho&#7843;nh kh&#7855;c. B&#7903;i v&#236; c&#225;c NHTM kh&#244;ng c&#243; l&#253; do g&#236; &#273;&#7875; mang ti&#7873;n &#273;i cho vay tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng (v&#7889;n d&#297; lu&#244;n ti&#7873;m &#7849;n r&#7911;i ro &#273;&#7889;i t&#225;c) v&#7899;i m&#7897;t m&#7913;c l&#227;i su&#7845;t th&#7845;p h&#417;n m&#7913;c l&#227;i su&#7845;t phi r&#7911;i ro m&#224; h&#7885; c&#243; th&#7875; nh&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7915; Fed. Do v&#7853;y, trong m&#244; h&#236;nh l&#253; thuy&#7871;t c&#7911;a ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; n&#224;y, l&#227;i su&#7845;t d&#7921; tr&#7919; (IORB) &#273;&#432;&#7907;c k&#7923; v&#7885;ng s&#7869; &#273;&#243;ng vai tr&#242; l&#224; m&#7897;t m&#7913;c &#8220;s&#224;n l&#253; thuy&#7871;t&#8221; cho l&#227;i su&#7845;t th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng.</p><h3><strong>Khi s&#224;n tr&#7903; th&#224;nh tr&#7847;n</strong></h3><p>M&#244; h&#236;nh l&#253; thuy&#7871;t v&#7873; ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; &#8220;S&#224;n&#8221; nghe r&#7845;t ch&#7863;t ch&#7869;. Tuy nhi&#234;n, th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng t&#224;i ch&#237;nh lu&#244;n ch&#7913;a &#273;&#7921;ng nh&#7919;ng bi&#7871;n s&#7889; n&#7857;m ngo&#224;i c&#225;c m&#244; h&#236;nh s&#225;ch gi&#225;o khoa. D&#7919; li&#7879;u th&#7921;c t&#7871; giai &#273;o&#7841;n sau kh&#7911;ng ho&#7843;ng t&#224;i ch&#237;nh to&#224;n c&#7847;u (GFC) &#273;&#227; cho th&#7845;y m&#7897;t ngh&#7883;ch l&#253; th&#250; v&#7883;: IORB th&#7921;c t&#7871; l&#7841;i th&#432;&#7901;ng xuy&#234;n cao h&#417;n so v&#7899;i FFR</p><p>Trong su&#7889;t giai &#273;o&#7841;n 2009 - 2015, l&#227;i su&#7845;t IORB &#273;&#432;&#7907;c Fed gi&#7919; &#7903; m&#7913;c 0.25%. Theo l&#253; thuy&#7871;t &#8220;S&#224;n&#8221;, l&#227;i su&#7845;t FFR ph&#7843;i dao &#273;&#7897;ng quanh m&#7913;c n&#224;y ho&#7863;c cao h&#417;n m&#7897;t ch&#250;t. Th&#7871; nh&#432;ng, th&#7921;c t&#7871; l&#224; l&#227;i su&#7845;t FFR Effective (l&#227;i su&#7845;t th&#7921;c t&#7871; giao d&#7883;ch tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng) l&#7841;i li&#234;n t&#7909;c &#8220;th&#7911;ng s&#224;n&#8221;, giao d&#7883;ch &#7903; m&#7913;c th&#7845;p h&#417;n &#273;&#225;ng k&#7875;, dao &#273;&#7897;ng quanh v&#249;ng 0.07% - 0.15%. Th&#7853;m ch&#237; ngay c&#7843; khi Fed b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u chu k&#7923; t&#259;ng l&#227;i su&#7845;t v&#224;o cu&#7889;i n&#259;m 2015, hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng n&#224;y v&#7851;n ti&#7871;p di&#7877;n. V&#237; d&#7909; th&#225;ng 12/2017, IORB &#273;&#432;&#7907;c n&#226;ng l&#234;n 1.50% nh&#432;ng FFR ch&#7881; &#273;&#7841;t 1.30%.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UpPL!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4d5a651-80da-432a-8d5a-b063dbbe6655_1650x990.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UpPL!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4d5a651-80da-432a-8d5a-b063dbbe6655_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UpPL!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4d5a651-80da-432a-8d5a-b063dbbe6655_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UpPL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4d5a651-80da-432a-8d5a-b063dbbe6655_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UpPL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4d5a651-80da-432a-8d5a-b063dbbe6655_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UpPL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4d5a651-80da-432a-8d5a-b063dbbe6655_1650x990.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f4d5a651-80da-432a-8d5a-b063dbbe6655_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UpPL!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4d5a651-80da-432a-8d5a-b063dbbe6655_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UpPL!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4d5a651-80da-432a-8d5a-b063dbbe6655_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UpPL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4d5a651-80da-432a-8d5a-b063dbbe6655_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UpPL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4d5a651-80da-432a-8d5a-b063dbbe6655_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>T&#7841;i sao &#8220;S&#224;n&#8221; l&#7841;i b&#7883; th&#7911;ng? T&#7841;i sao c&#225;c NHTM l&#7841;i kh&#244;ng &#273;&#7875; ti&#7873;n &#7903; Fed &#273;&#7875; h&#432;&#7903;ng IORB v&#7899;i l&#227;i su&#7845;t cao h&#417;n m&#224; l&#7841;i cho vay tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng v&#7899;i l&#227;i su&#7845;t th&#7845;p h&#417;n? C&#226;u tr&#7843; l&#7901;i n&#7857;m &#7903; c&#7845;u tr&#250;c &#273;&#7863;c th&#249; c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng M&#7929; sau kh&#7911;ng ho&#7843;ng v&#224; s&#7921; tham gia c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng &#8220;tay ch&#417;i&#8221; kh&#244;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n IORB.</p><p>Khi chuy&#7875;n &#273;&#7893;i qua ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; d&#7921; tr&#7919; d&#432; th&#7915;a, c&#249;ng v&#7899;i c&#250; s&#7889;c t&#7915; GFC, thanh kho&#7843;n cho vay t&#237;n ch&#7845;p tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng (Fed funds market) &#273;&#227; b&#7883; s&#7909;t gi&#7843;m &#273;&#225;ng k&#7875; &#7903; c&#7843; ph&#237;a ng&#432;&#7901;i vay v&#224; b&#234;n cho vay. C&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i, v&#7889;n &#273;&#227; th&#7915;a m&#7913;a d&#7921; tr&#7919;, kh&#244;ng c&#242;n nhu c&#7847;u &#273;i vay &#273;&#7875; b&#249; &#273;&#7855;p thanh kho&#7843;n. Th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng M&#7929; l&#250;c n&#224;y b&#7883; chi ph&#7889;i ch&#237;nh b&#7903;i c&#225;c Doanh nghi&#7879;p T&#224;i tr&#7907; Ch&#237;nh ph&#7911; (GSEs), m&#224; ch&#7911; y&#7871;u l&#224; c&#225;c Ng&#226;n h&#224;ng Cho vay Mua nh&#224; Li&#234;n bang (Federal Home Loan Banks - FHLBs). C&#225;c FHLBs &#273;&#243;ng vai tr&#242; l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i cho vay ch&#237;nh, chi&#7871;m tr&#234;n 90% ngu&#7891;n cung v&#7889;n tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng n&#224;y.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GU_b!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9be75b93-022e-402a-9e5e-0f0aca7ef0c6_1650x1035.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GU_b!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9be75b93-022e-402a-9e5e-0f0aca7ef0c6_1650x1035.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GU_b!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9be75b93-022e-402a-9e5e-0f0aca7ef0c6_1650x1035.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GU_b!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9be75b93-022e-402a-9e5e-0f0aca7ef0c6_1650x1035.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GU_b!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9be75b93-022e-402a-9e5e-0f0aca7ef0c6_1650x1035.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GU_b!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9be75b93-022e-402a-9e5e-0f0aca7ef0c6_1650x1035.png" width="1456" height="913" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9be75b93-022e-402a-9e5e-0f0aca7ef0c6_1650x1035.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:913,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GU_b!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9be75b93-022e-402a-9e5e-0f0aca7ef0c6_1650x1035.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GU_b!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9be75b93-022e-402a-9e5e-0f0aca7ef0c6_1650x1035.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GU_b!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9be75b93-022e-402a-9e5e-0f0aca7ef0c6_1650x1035.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GU_b!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9be75b93-022e-402a-9e5e-0f0aca7ef0c6_1650x1035.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>V&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; c&#7889;t l&#245;i n&#7857;m &#7903; ch&#7895;: C&#225;c GSEs nh&#432; FHLB c&#243; t&#224;i kho&#7843;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; t&#7841;i Fed, nh&#432;ng theo quy &#273;&#7883;nh lu&#7853;t ph&#225;p l&#250;c b&#7845;y gi&#7901;, h&#7885; kh&#244;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nh&#7853;n l&#227;i su&#7845;t d&#7921; tr&#7919; (IORB). N&#7871;u &#273;&#7875; t&#7841;i Fed th&#236; l&#227;i su&#7845;t h&#7885; nh&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ch&#7881; l&#224; 0%. Do &#273;&#243;, h&#7885; s&#7861;n s&#224;ng &#273;em s&#7889; ti&#7873;n n&#224;y cho vay tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng v&#7899;i b&#7845;t c&#7913; m&#7913;c l&#227;i su&#7845;t d&#432;&#417;ng n&#224;o, k&#7875; c&#7843; khi n&#243; th&#7845;p h&#417;n nhi&#7873;u so v&#7899;i m&#7913;c IORB m&#224; c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&#432;&#7903;ng. K&#7871;t qu&#7843; l&#224;, m&#7897;t l&#432;&#7907;ng cung ti&#7873;n r&#7867; t&#7915; c&#225;c FHLBs v&#7851;n tr&#244;i n&#7893;i tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng, &#273;&#7849;y l&#227;i su&#7845;t FFR r&#7899;t xu&#7889;ng d&#432;&#7899;i m&#7913;c IORB. L&#250;c n&#224;y, l&#227;i su&#7845;t IORB t&#7915; vai tr&#242; l&#224; c&#417; ch&#7871; &#8220;S&#224;n l&#253; thuy&#7871;t&#8221; &#273;&#227; chuy&#7875;n th&#224;nh &#8220;Tr&#7847;n th&#7921;c t&#7871;&#8221;. Nguy&#234;n nh&#226;n ch&#237;nh &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; vi&#7879;c ng&#432;&#7901;i cho vay ch&#7911; ch&#7889;t tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng (FHLBs) kh&#244;ng th&#7875; ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c IORB, t&#7841;o ra m&#7897;t l&#7895; h&#7893;ng trong c&#417; ch&#7871; truy&#7873;n d&#7851;n ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch.</p><p>V&#7899;i c&#417; ch&#7871; v&#7853;n h&#224;nh m&#7899;i n&#224;y, IORB l&#250;c n&#224;y ch&#237;nh th&#7913;c thay th&#7871; OMO rate tr&#7903; th&#224;nh c&#244;ng c&#7909; ch&#237;nh &#273;i&#7873;u ti&#7871;t l&#227;i su&#7845;t li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng, d&#249; n&#243; ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng nh&#432; m&#7897;t m&#7913;c tr&#7847;n m&#7873;m h&#417;n l&#224; m&#7897;t m&#7913;c s&#224;n c&#7913;ng.</p><h3><strong>S&#7921; ra &#273;&#7901;i c&#7911;a ON RRP</strong></h3><p>Khi IORB tr&#7903; th&#224;nh tr&#7847;n l&#227;i su&#7845;t, b&#7843;n th&#226;n n&#243; v&#7851;n c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;i&#7873;u ti&#7871;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c Fed fund rate nh&#7901; c&#225;c ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng arbitrage. Tuy nhi&#234;n, khi l&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7847;u arbitrage t&#7915; c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i kh&#244;ng &#273;&#7911; l&#7899;n &#273;&#7875; h&#7845;p th&#7909; to&#224;n b&#7897; l&#432;&#7907;ng cung ti&#7873;n r&#7867; t&#7915; c&#225;c GSEs, FFR c&#243; th&#7875; c&#243; s&#7921; bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7897;ng m&#7841;nh v&#224; duy tr&#236; &#7903; m&#7913;c th&#7845;p h&#417;n nhi&#7873;u so v&#7899;i IORB. Fed c&#7847;n m&#7897;t c&#244;ng c&#7909; m&#7899;i &#273;&#7875; thi&#7871;t l&#7853;p m&#7897;t m&#7913;c s&#224;n th&#7921;c s&#7921;, ng&#259;n kh&#244;ng cho l&#227;i su&#7845;t r&#417;i t&#7921; do.</p><p>L&#250;c n&#224;y, m&#7897;t l&#227;i su&#7845;t m&#7899;i ra &#273;&#7901;i v&#224;o n&#259;m 2013 v&#224; ch&#237;nh th&#7913;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng r&#7897;ng r&#227;i t&#7915; 2014 v&#7899;i t&#234;n g&#7885;i l&#224; Overnight Reverse Repurchase Agreements Award Rate (L&#227;i su&#7845;t ON RRP), hay L&#227;i su&#7845;t th&#7887;a thu&#7853;n mua l&#7841;i d&#7843;o ng&#432;&#7907;c qua &#273;&#234;m.</p><p>Hi&#7875;u m&#7897;t c&#225;ch &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n, &#273;&#226;y l&#224; l&#227;i su&#7845;t m&#224; Fed tr&#7843; khi &#273;i vay c&#243; t&#224;i s&#7843;n &#273;&#7843;m b&#7843;o (t&#7913;c Fed d&#249;ng tr&#225;i phi&#7871;u trong danh m&#7909;c c&#7911;a m&#236;nh &#273;&#7875; vay repo) t&#7915; c&#225;c &#273;&#7889;i t&#225;c th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng. &#272;i&#7875;m &#273;&#7897;t ph&#225; c&#7911;a c&#244;ng c&#7909; n&#224;y kh&#244;ng n&#7857;m &#7903; k&#7929; thu&#7853;t repo, m&#224; n&#7857;m &#7903; &#273;&#7889;i t&#432;&#7907;ng tham gia. ON RRP cho ph&#233;p m&#7903; r&#7897;ng &#273;&#7889;i t&#432;&#7907;ng cho Fed &#8220;vay&#8221; bao g&#7891;m kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i m&#224; c&#242;n c&#7843; c&#225;c t&#7893; ch&#7913;c phi ng&#226;n h&#224;ng v&#224; &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&#224; c&#225;c GSEs (nh&#432; FHLBs) v&#224; c&#225;c Qu&#7929; th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng ti&#7873;n t&#7879; (MMFs).</p><p>C&#417; ch&#7871; c&#7911;a ON RRP ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; nh&#432; IORB (tr&#7843; l&#227;i cho ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i t&#7841;i Fed), nh&#432;ng kh&#225;c bi&#7879;t &#7903; hai &#273;i&#7875;m: (1) Fed c&#243; t&#224;i s&#7843;n &#273;&#7843;m b&#7843;o cho kho&#7843;n vay n&#224;y, v&#224; (2) C&#225;c GSEs v&#224; MMFs &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&#233;p tham gia tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p.</p><p>S&#7921; ra &#273;&#7901;i c&#7911;a ON RRP &#273;&#227; l&#7845;p &#273;&#7847;y l&#7895; h&#7893;ng c&#7911;a c&#417; ch&#7871; c&#361;. V&#7899;i vi&#7879;c c&#225;c GSEs c&#361;ng c&#243; th&#7875; tham gia tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p v&#224;o RRP, l&#227;i su&#7845;t RRP l&#250;c n&#224;y &#273;&#243;ng vai tr&#242; tr&#7903; th&#224;nh s&#224;n c&#7913;ng (Hard Floor) cho FFR. B&#7903;i v&#236;, n&#7871;u FHLB c&#243; th&#7875; g&#7917;i ti&#7873;n (cho vay) tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p cho Fed th&#244;ng qua k&#234;nh ON RRP v&#224; h&#432;&#7903;ng m&#7913;c l&#227;i su&#7845;t v&#237; d&#7909; l&#224; 0.05% m&#7897;t c&#225;ch an to&#224;n tuy&#7879;t &#273;&#7889;i, h&#7885; kh&#244;ng c&#243; l&#253; do g&#236; &#273;&#7875; &#273;em ti&#7873;n &#273;&#243; &#273;i cho vay tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng v&#7899;i m&#7913;c l&#227;i su&#7845;t th&#7845;p h&#417;n 0.05%.</p><p>C&#7845;u tr&#250;c l&#227;i su&#7845;t m&#7899;i c&#7911;a Fed &#8211; hay c&#242;n g&#7885;i l&#224; &#8220;H&#224;nh lang l&#227;i su&#7845;t trong ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; d&#7921; tr&#7919; d&#432; th&#7915;a&#8221; &#8211; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c thi&#7871;t l&#7853;p v&#7919;ng ch&#7855;c nh&#432; sau:</p><ul><li><p>Tr&#7847;n (IORB): L&#227;i su&#7845;t Fed tr&#7843; cho ng&#226;n h&#224;ng th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i (&#273;&#243;ng vai tr&#242; tr&#7847;n th&#7921;c t&#7871;).</p></li><li><p>L&#227;i su&#7845;t th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng (FFR): Dao &#273;&#7897;ng &#7903; gi&#7919;a.</p></li><li><p>S&#224;n (ON RRP): L&#227;i su&#7845;t Fed tr&#7843; cho c&#225;c &#273;&#7883;nh ch&#7871; phi ng&#226;n h&#224;ng v&#224; GSEs (&#273;&#243;ng vai tr&#242; s&#224;n c&#7913;ng).</p></li></ul><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XCCS!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa2ea2948-9663-4352-92d2-cac25477c6f9_1650x991.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XCCS!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa2ea2948-9663-4352-92d2-cac25477c6f9_1650x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XCCS!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa2ea2948-9663-4352-92d2-cac25477c6f9_1650x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XCCS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa2ea2948-9663-4352-92d2-cac25477c6f9_1650x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XCCS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa2ea2948-9663-4352-92d2-cac25477c6f9_1650x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XCCS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa2ea2948-9663-4352-92d2-cac25477c6f9_1650x991.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a2ea2948-9663-4352-92d2-cac25477c6f9_1650x991.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XCCS!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa2ea2948-9663-4352-92d2-cac25477c6f9_1650x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XCCS!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa2ea2948-9663-4352-92d2-cac25477c6f9_1650x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XCCS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa2ea2948-9663-4352-92d2-cac25477c6f9_1650x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XCCS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa2ea2948-9663-4352-92d2-cac25477c6f9_1650x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>D&#7919; li&#7879;u l&#7883;ch s&#7917; x&#225;c nh&#7853;n s&#7921; th&#224;nh c&#244;ng tuy&#7879;t &#273;&#7889;i c&#7911;a c&#7845;u tr&#250;c n&#224;y, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t trong giai &#273;o&#7841;n th&#7855;t ch&#7863;t ti&#7873;n t&#7879; g&#7847;n &#273;&#226;y. H&#227;y nh&#236;n v&#224;o d&#7919; li&#7879;u t&#7915; n&#259;m 2023 &#273;&#7871;n nay:</p><ul><li><p>Th&#225;ng 3/2023: L&#227;i su&#7845;t D&#7921; tr&#7919; (IORB) l&#224; 4.65%.</p></li><li><p>L&#227;i su&#7845;t ON RRP l&#224; 4.55%.</p></li><li><p>L&#227;i su&#7845;t Li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng (FFR) n&#7857;m g&#7885;n &#7903; gi&#7919;a m&#7913;c 4.57%.</p></li></ul><p>C&#417; ch&#7871; n&#224;y &#273;&#227; gi&#250;p Fed l&#7845;y l&#7841;i quy&#7873;n ki&#7875;m so&#225;t ho&#224;n to&#224;n &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i l&#227;i su&#7845;t ng&#7855;n h&#7841;n, ngay c&#7843; khi h&#7879; th&#7889;ng &#273;ang ng&#7853;p trong h&#224;ng ngh&#236;n t&#7927; USD d&#7921; tr&#7919; d&#432; th&#7915;a.</p><h3><strong>Th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng th&#7921;c t&#7871;</strong></h3><p>M&#7863;c d&#249; trong khu&#244;n kh&#7893; &#273;i&#7873;u h&#224;nh l&#227;i su&#7845;t v&#224; c&#225;c th&#244;ng c&#225;o b&#225;o ch&#237;, Fed v&#7851;n h&#432;&#7899;ng tr&#7885;ng t&#226;m v&#224;o FFR l&#224;m l&#227;i su&#7845;t m&#7909;c ti&#234;u. Nh&#432;ng th&#7921;c t&#7871; v&#7853;n h&#224;nh c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng ti&#7873;n t&#7879; M&#7929; &#273;&#227; c&#243; s&#7921; thay &#273;&#7893;i v&#7873; ch&#7845;t k&#7875; t&#7915; sau GFC. Thanh kho&#7843;n tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng Fed funds (n&#417;i c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng vay t&#237;n ch&#7845;p qua &#273;&#234;m) &#273;&#227; s&#7909;t gi&#7843;m &#273;&#225;ng k&#7875;. L&#253; do &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n l&#224; trong ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; d&#7921; tr&#7919; d&#432; th&#7915;a, c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng hi&#7871;m khi c&#7847;n vay m&#432;&#7907;n l&#7851;n nhau &#273;&#7875; b&#249; &#273;&#7855;p thi&#7871;u h&#7909;t d&#7921; tr&#7919;. &#7902; ph&#237;a ngu&#7891;n c&#7847;u, c&#225;c NHTM c&#361;ng h&#7841;n ch&#7871; cho vay t&#237;n ch&#7845;p v&#236; e ng&#7841;i r&#7911;i ro. D&#242;ng ch&#7843;y v&#7889;n th&#7921;c s&#7921; c&#7911;a h&#7879; th&#7889;ng t&#224;i ch&#237;nh &#273;&#227; chuy&#7875;n sang th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng cho vay c&#243; t&#224;i s&#7843;n &#273;&#7843;m b&#7843;o (Repo).</p><p>V&#7899;i quy m&#244; giao d&#7883;ch l&#234;n &#273;&#7871;n 4-5 ngh&#236;n t&#7927; USD/ng&#224;y, g&#7845;p h&#224;ng ch&#7909;c l&#7847;n so v&#7899;i th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng, th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng Repo m&#7899;i l&#224; m&#7841;ch m&#225;u ch&#237;nh c&#7911;a h&#7879; th&#7889;ng. Do v&#7853;y, l&#227;i su&#7845;t tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng repo, &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7841;i di&#7879;n b&#7903;i SOFR (Secured Overnight Financing Rate), ph&#7843;n &#225;nh ch&#237;nh x&#225;c h&#417;n v&#224; nh&#7841;y b&#233;n h&#417;n v&#7873; nhu c&#7847;u thanh kho&#7843;n th&#7921;c t&#7871; c&#7911;a h&#7879; th&#7889;ng NHTM v&#224; c&#225;c &#273;&#7883;nh ch&#7871; t&#224;i ch&#237;nh so v&#7899;i FFR.</p><p>V&#237; d&#7909;, v&#224;o th&#225;ng 9/2019, khi thanh kho&#7843;n Repo b&#7883; c&#259;ng th&#7859;ng, l&#227;i su&#7845;t Repo &#273;&#227; t&#259;ng v&#7885;t bu&#7897;c Fed ph&#7843;i can thi&#7879;p, trong khi FFR v&#7851;n duy tr&#236; &#7893;n &#273;&#7883;nh . Trong giai &#273;o&#7841;n hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i, SOFR c&#243; nh&#7919;ng th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m v&#432;&#7907;t m&#7913;c 4%, cao h&#417;n &#273;&#225;ng k&#7875; so v&#7899;i FFR &#7903; m&#7913;c 3.87%. S&#7921; ch&#234;nh l&#7879;ch n&#224;y cho th&#7845;y t&#237;nh th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng cao h&#417;n c&#7911;a SOFR, n&#243; kh&#244;ng b&#7883; &#8220;neo&#8221; qu&#225; ch&#7863;t b&#7903;i c&#225;c c&#417; ch&#7871; arbitrage k&#7929; thu&#7853;t nh&#432; FFR, m&#224; ph&#7843;n &#225;nh &#273;&#250;ng cung c&#7847;u v&#7873; thanh kho&#7843;n tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mO_D!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe3e691e2-0263-425c-910e-d64d72dff0c1_1650x991.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mO_D!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe3e691e2-0263-425c-910e-d64d72dff0c1_1650x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mO_D!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe3e691e2-0263-425c-910e-d64d72dff0c1_1650x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mO_D!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe3e691e2-0263-425c-910e-d64d72dff0c1_1650x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mO_D!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe3e691e2-0263-425c-910e-d64d72dff0c1_1650x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mO_D!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe3e691e2-0263-425c-910e-d64d72dff0c1_1650x991.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e3e691e2-0263-425c-910e-d64d72dff0c1_1650x991.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:69129,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/180334213?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe3e691e2-0263-425c-910e-d64d72dff0c1_1650x991.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mO_D!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe3e691e2-0263-425c-910e-d64d72dff0c1_1650x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mO_D!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe3e691e2-0263-425c-910e-d64d72dff0c1_1650x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mO_D!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe3e691e2-0263-425c-910e-d64d72dff0c1_1650x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mO_D!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe3e691e2-0263-425c-910e-d64d72dff0c1_1650x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3><strong>K&#7871;t lu&#7853;n b&#7887; ng&#245;</strong></h3><p>Vi&#7879;c chuy&#7875;n &#273;&#7893;i sang ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; d&#7921; tr&#7919; d&#432; th&#7915;a l&#224; m&#7897;t b&#432;&#7899;c ti&#7871;n h&#243;a t&#7845;t y&#7871;u &#273;&#7875; Fed th&#237;ch nghi v&#7899;i di s&#7843;n c&#7911;a c&#225;c g&#243;i QE. Trong ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; n&#224;y, ch&#250;ng ta th&#7845;y m&#7897;t s&#7921; &#273;&#225;nh &#273;&#7893;i r&#245; r&#224;ng:</p><p>L&#227;i su&#7845;t li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng tr&#7903; n&#234;n c&#7921;c k&#7923; &#7893;n &#273;&#7883;nh v&#224; &#237;t bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7897;ng. Fed kh&#244;ng c&#7847;n ph&#7843;i can thi&#7879;p h&#224;ng ng&#224;y qua OMO &#273;&#7875; b&#417;m/h&#250;t t&#7915;ng &#273;&#7891;ng l&#7867; nh&#432; trong ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; khan hi&#7871;m. Tuy nhi&#234;n, &#273;&#7893;i l&#7841;i, NHTW c&#7847;n ph&#7843;i tr&#7843; m&#7897;t m&#7913;c chi ph&#237; &#273;&#225;ng k&#7875; &#273;&#7875; duy tr&#236; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng n&#224;y. L&#227;i su&#7845;t d&#7921; tr&#7919; kh&#244;ng c&#242;n l&#224; m&#7913;c t&#432;&#7907;ng tr&#432;ng th&#7845;p nh&#432; trong ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; h&#224;nh lang c&#361;, m&#224; l&#224; m&#7897;t m&#7913;c l&#227;i su&#7845;t th&#7921;c t&#7871; cao (hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i l&#224; v&#249;ng 4-5%) tr&#7843; cho h&#224;ng ngh&#236;n t&#7927; USD d&#7921; tr&#7919;. &#272;&#226;y l&#224; c&#225;i gi&#225; ph&#7843;i tr&#7843; &#273;&#7875; &#8220;mua&#8221; s&#7921; ki&#7875;m so&#225;t l&#227;i su&#7845;t trong m&#244;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng ti&#7873;n t&#7879; d&#432; th&#7915;a.</p><p>Nh&#432;ng c&#226;u chuy&#7879;n ch&#432;a d&#7915;ng l&#7841;i &#7903; &#273;&#243;. M&#7897;t v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; l&#7899;n h&#417;n n&#7843;y sinh t&#7915; m&#244; h&#236;nh n&#224;y li&#234;n quan &#273;&#7871;n vi&#7879;c ki&#7875;m so&#225;t T&#237;n d&#7909;ng. Trong ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; d&#7921; tr&#7919; khan hi&#7871;m truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng, d&#7921; tr&#7919; &#273;&#243;ng vai tr&#242; quan tr&#7885;ng &#273;&#7875; NHTW c&#243; th&#7875; ki&#7875;m so&#225;t ngu&#7891;n cung t&#237;n d&#7909;ng th&#244;ng qua t&#7927; l&#7879; d&#7921; tr&#7919; b&#7855;t bu&#7897;c. N&#7871;u NHTW mu&#7889;n h&#7841;n ch&#7871; t&#237;n d&#7909;ng, h&#7885; th&#7855;t ch&#7863;t l&#432;&#7907;ng cung d&#7921; tr&#7919; ho&#7863;c &#273;i&#7873;u ti&#7871;t t&#7927; l&#7879; d&#7921; tr&#7919; b&#7855;t bu&#7897;c nh&#432; c&#225;ch NHTW c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng, khi&#7871;n c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng kh&#244;ng &#273;&#7911; d&#7921; tr&#7919; &#273;&#7875; m&#7903; r&#7897;ng cho vay.</p><p>Tuy nhi&#234;n, v&#7899;i ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; d&#7921; tr&#7919; d&#432; th&#7915;a, l&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; &#273;ang n&#7857;m t&#7841;i c&#225;c NHTM l&#7899;n g&#7845;p h&#224;ng tr&#259;m, h&#224;ng ngh&#236;n l&#7847;n so v&#7899;i y&#234;u c&#7847;u. Th&#7853;m ch&#237; t&#7915; th&#225;ng 3/2020, Fed &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;a t&#7927; l&#7879; d&#7921; tr&#7919; b&#7855;t bu&#7897;c v&#7873; 0%. &#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y c&#243; ngh&#297;a l&#224; r&#224;o c&#7843;n k&#7929; thu&#7853;t v&#7873; d&#7921; tr&#7919; &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i vi&#7879;c c&#7845;p t&#237;n d&#7909;ng &#273;&#227; ho&#224;n to&#224;n b&#7883; d&#7905; b&#7887;. C&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i v&#7873; l&#253; thuy&#7871;t c&#243; th&#7875; cho vay bao nhi&#234;u t&#249;y th&#237;ch m&#224; kh&#244;ng c&#7847;n b&#7853;n t&#226;m &#273;&#7871;n vi&#7879;c c&#243; &#273;&#7911; d&#7921; tr&#7919; t&#7841;i NHTW hay kh&#244;ng.</p><p>V&#7853;y, l&#224;m c&#225;ch n&#224;o &#273;&#7875; NHTW c&#243; th&#7875; ki&#7875;m so&#225;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7921; b&#249;ng n&#7893; t&#237;n d&#7909;ng ho&#7863;c r&#7911;i ro h&#7879; th&#7889;ng khi c&#244;ng c&#7909; &#8220;D&#7921; tr&#7919;&#8221; &#273;&#227; m&#7845;t &#273;i ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng &#8220;phanh h&#227;m&#8221;? C&#226;u tr&#7843; l&#7901;i kh&#244;ng n&#7857;m &#7903; c&#225;c c&#244;ng c&#7909; th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng n&#7919;a, m&#224; n&#7857;m &#7903; m&#7897;t l&#7899;p ki&#7875;m so&#225;t kh&#225;c, c&#7913;ng r&#7855;n v&#224; tr&#7921;c di&#7879;n h&#417;n: Quy &#273;&#7883;nh h&#224;nh ch&#237;nh. Ch&#250;ng ta s&#7869; c&#249;ng kh&#225;m ph&#225; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ki&#7875;m so&#225;t n&#224;y trong b&#224;i vi&#7871;t ti&#7871;p theo.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Monetary (P6): Hành lang lãi suất]]></title><description><![CDATA[Kh&#225;m ph&#225; c&#417; ch&#7871; "H&#224;nh lang l&#227;i su&#7845;t" &#8211; n&#417;i c&#225;c quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh c&#7911;a NHTW &#273;&#432;&#7907;c truy&#7873;n d&#7851;n v&#224;o n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; th&#7921;c th&#244;ng qua c&#7845;u tr&#250;c S&#224;n, Tr&#7847;n v&#224; M&#7887; neo OMO. B&#224;i vi&#7871;t kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; gi&#7843;i th&#237;ch m&#244; h&#236;nh truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng m&#224; c&#242;n m&#7893; x&#7867; hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng "g&#227;y h&#224;nh lang" trong th&#7901;i gian g&#7847;n &#273;&#226;y.]]></description><link>https://40yo.vn/p/monetary-p6-hanh-lang-lai-suat</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://40yo.vn/p/monetary-p6-hanh-lang-lai-suat</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[40 Years Old]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 24 Nov 2025 00:01:21 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iw_-!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82a87c8e-699c-4239-b502-27e36e9f9081_1650x991.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Trong c&#225;c ph&#7847;n tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a chu&#7895;i b&#224;i vi&#7871;t &#8220;Monetary&#8221;, ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#227; c&#249;ng nhau gi&#7843;i m&#227; nh&#7919;ng hi&#7875;u l&#7847;m c&#417; b&#7843;n nh&#7845;t v&#7873; ti&#7873;n t&#7879;. Ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#227; bi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng ti&#7873;n trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c in ra t&#7915; NHTW, m&#224; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra ch&#7911; y&#7871;u t&#7915; ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng t&#237;n d&#7909;ng c&#7911;a c&#225;c Ng&#226;n h&#224;ng Th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i (NHTM). Ch&#250;ng ta c&#361;ng &#273;&#227; b&#243;c t&#225;ch b&#7843;ng c&#226;n &#273;&#7889;i k&#7871; to&#225;n c&#7911;a Ng&#226;n h&#224;ng Trung &#432;&#417;ng (NHTW) &#273;&#7875; hi&#7875;u c&#225;c nghi&#7879;p v&#7909; b&#417;m/h&#250;t ti&#7873;n th&#7921;c ch&#7845;t l&#224; s&#7921; &#273;i&#7873;u ti&#7871;t l&#432;&#7907;ng &#8220;Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919;&#8221; (Reserves) &#8211; lo&#7841;i ti&#7873;n ch&#7881; l&#432;u th&#244;ng trong h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng ch&#7913; kh&#244;ng tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p &#273;i v&#224;o t&#250;i ng&#432;&#7901;i d&#226;n.</p><p>H&#244;m nay, ch&#250;ng ta s&#7869; &#273;i &#273;&#7871;n m&#7897;t ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c coi l&#224; &#8220;tr&#225;i tim&#8221; c&#7911;a ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch ti&#7873;n t&#7879;, n&#417;i c&#225;c quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh c&#7911;a NHTW &#273;&#432;&#7907;c truy&#7873;n d&#7851;n v&#224;o n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; th&#7921;c: H&#224;nh lang l&#227;i su&#7845;t (Interest Rate Corridor).</p><p>Khi nghe b&#7843;n tin t&#224;i ch&#237;nh n&#243;i r&#7857;ng &#8220;Ng&#226;n h&#224;ng Nh&#224; n&#432;&#7899;c gi&#7843;m l&#227;i su&#7845;t &#273;i&#7873;u h&#224;nh&#8221;, nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i m&#7863;c &#273;&#7883;nh r&#7857;ng l&#227;i su&#7845;t ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i v&#224; cho vay c&#7911;a h&#7885; t&#7841;i c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i s&#7869; gi&#7843;m ngay l&#7853;p t&#7913;c. Nh&#432;ng th&#7921;c t&#7871; kh&#244;ng &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n nh&#432; m&#7897;t m&#7879;nh l&#7879;nh h&#224;nh ch&#237;nh. Gi&#7919;a quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh c&#7911;a NHTW v&#224; l&#227;i su&#7845;t th&#7921;c t&#7871; b&#7841;n ph&#7843;i tr&#7843; cho kho&#7843;n vay mua nh&#224; l&#224; m&#7897;t c&#417; ch&#7871; th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p, n&#417;i &#8220;gi&#225;&#8221; c&#7911;a ti&#7873;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c x&#225;c &#273;&#7883;nh b&#7903;i cung c&#7847;u d&#7921; tr&#7919;, c&#225;c ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng kinh doanh ch&#234;nh l&#7879;ch gi&#225; (arbitrage) v&#224; ni&#7873;m tin gi&#7919;a c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng.</p><p>B&#224;i vi&#7871;t n&#224;y s&#7869; gi&#7843;i th&#237;ch c&#417; ch&#7871; &#273;&#243; v&#7853;n h&#224;nh nh&#432; th&#7871; n&#224;o trong m&#244; h&#236;nh ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch ti&#7873;n t&#7879; truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng (nh&#432; Vi&#7879;t Nam v&#224; Trung Qu&#7889;c &#273;ang &#225;p d&#7909;ng), &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i s&#7917; d&#7909;ng d&#7919; li&#7879;u th&#7921;c t&#7871; &#273;&#7875; m&#7893; x&#7867; hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng &#8220;g&#227;y h&#224;nh lang l&#227;i su&#7845;t&#8221; di&#7877;n ra trong c&#225;c th&#225;ng g&#7847;n &#273;&#226;y &#8211; m&#7897;t s&#7921; ki&#7879;n hi&#7871;m g&#7863;p nh&#432;ng ph&#417;i b&#224;y nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7875;m y&#7871;u ch&#237; t&#7917; c&#7911;a h&#7879; th&#7889;ng li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng.</p><h3><strong>1. M&#7909;c ti&#234;u c&#7911;a &#273;i&#7873;u h&#224;nh ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch ti&#7873;n t&#7879;</strong></h3><p>D&#249; l&#224; C&#7909;c D&#7921; tr&#7919; Li&#234;n bang M&#7929; (Fed), Ng&#226;n h&#224;ng Nh&#226;n d&#226;n Trung Qu&#7889;c (PBoC) hay Ng&#226;n h&#224;ng Nh&#224; n&#432;&#7899;c Vi&#7879;t Nam (SBV), c&#225;c NHTW &#273;&#7873;u &#273;i&#7873;u h&#224;nh ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch ti&#7873;n t&#7879; xoay quanh hai m&#7909;c ti&#234;u t&#7889;i th&#432;&#7907;ng: T&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng kinh t&#7871; v&#224; Ki&#7875;m so&#225;t l&#7841;m ph&#225;t.</p><p>Tuy nhi&#234;n, NHTW kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; &#7910;y ban K&#7871; ho&#7841;ch Nh&#224; n&#432;&#7899;c, h&#7885; kh&#244;ng th&#7875; ra l&#7879;nh cho c&#225;c doanh nghi&#7879;p ph&#7843;i s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t bao nhi&#234;u t&#7845;n th&#233;p hay quy &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; m&#7897;t b&#225;t ph&#7903; l&#224; bao nhi&#234;u. S&#7913;c m&#7841;nh c&#7911;a h&#7885; l&#224; s&#7913;c m&#7841;nh gi&#225;n ti&#7871;p, &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n th&#244;ng qua m&#7897;t ph&#432;&#417;ng tr&#236;nh kinh &#273;i&#7875;n c&#7911;a kinh t&#7871; h&#7885;c ti&#7873;n t&#7879;: Q * P = M * V</p><p>Trong &#273;&#243;:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Q (Quantity):</strong> T&#7893;ng s&#7843;n l&#432;&#7907;ng h&#224;ng h&#243;a d&#7883;ch v&#7909; (GDP th&#7921;c).</p></li><li><p><strong>P (Price):</strong> M&#7913;c gi&#225; chung (L&#7841;m ph&#225;t).</p></li><li><p><strong>M (Money Supply):</strong> Cung ti&#7873;n (M2).</p></li><li><p><strong>V (Velocity):</strong> V&#242;ng quay c&#7911;a ti&#7873;n.</p></li></ul><p>&#272;&#7875; ki&#7875;m so&#225;t P v&#224; Q, ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch ti&#7873;n t&#7879; t&#236;m c&#225;ch t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng v&#224;o v&#7871; ph&#7843;i c&#7911;a ph&#432;&#417;ng tr&#236;nh tr&#234;n. Nh&#432;ng &#273;i&#7873;u th&#250; v&#7883; l&#224; c&#7843; M v&#224; V &#273;&#7873;u kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; nh&#7919;ng bi&#7871;n s&#7889; m&#224; NHTW c&#243; th&#7875; v&#7863;n n&#250;t &#273;i&#7873;u ch&#7881;nh tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p. Ch&#250;ng l&#224; h&#7879; qu&#7843; c&#7911;a m&#7897;t bi&#7871;n s&#7889; trung gian quan tr&#7885;ng h&#417;n: L&#227;i su&#7845;t trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;.</p><p>C&#417; ch&#7871; truy&#7873;n d&#7851;n di&#7877;n ra nh&#432; sau:</p><ul><li><p><strong>T&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng &#273;&#7871;n M:</strong> Khi l&#227;i su&#7845;t th&#7845;p, chi ph&#237; vay v&#7889;n r&#7867; &#273;i. Doanh nghi&#7879;p v&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i d&#226;n s&#7869; c&#243; xu h&#432;&#7899;ng &#273;i vay nhi&#7873;u h&#417;n &#273;&#7875; m&#7903; r&#7897;ng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t ho&#7863;c mua nh&#224;. Nh&#432; ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#227; h&#7885;c &#7903; b&#224;i &#8220;C&#417; ch&#7871; t&#7841;o ti&#7873;n&#8221;, khi ng&#226;n h&#224;ng c&#7845;p t&#237;n d&#7909;ng, ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i m&#7899;i (M2) &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra. Do &#273;&#243;, l&#227;i su&#7845;t th&#7845;p k&#237;ch th&#237;ch t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng cung ti&#7873;n M.</p></li><li><p><strong>T&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng &#273;&#7871;n V:</strong> Khi l&#227;i su&#7845;t th&#7845;p, chi ph&#237; c&#417; h&#7897;i c&#7911;a vi&#7879;c gi&#7919; ti&#7873;n gi&#7843;m xu&#7889;ng (l&#227;i su&#7845;t ti&#7871;t ki&#7879;m kh&#244;ng c&#242;n h&#7845;p d&#7851;n). Ng&#432;&#7901;i d&#226;n s&#7869; c&#243; xu h&#432;&#7899;ng chi ti&#234;u v&#224; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; v&#224;o c&#225;c t&#224;i s&#7843;n r&#7911;i ro h&#417;n thay v&#236; &#8220;ng&#226;m&#8221; ti&#7873;n trong ng&#226;n h&#224;ng. H&#224;nh &#273;&#7897;ng n&#224;y l&#224;m t&#259;ng t&#7889;c &#273;&#7897; l&#432;u th&#244;ng c&#7911;a ti&#7873;n t&#7879; (V t&#259;ng).</p></li></ul><p>Ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i, khi c&#7847;n ki&#7873;m ch&#7871; l&#7841;m ph&#225;t, NHTW t&#236;m c&#225;ch &#273;&#7849;y l&#227;i su&#7845;t l&#234;n cao &#273;&#7875; l&#224;m ch&#7853;m M v&#224; V l&#7841;i.</p><p>Nh&#432;ng v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; n&#7857;m &#7903; ch&#7895;: NHTW kh&#244;ng th&#7875; tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p &#7845;n &#273;&#7883;nh l&#227;i su&#7845;t cho vay c&#7911;a VietinBank v&#7899;i doanh nghi&#7879;p A, hay l&#227;i su&#7845;t ti&#7871;t ki&#7879;m c&#7911;a BIDV v&#7899;i b&#224; B. Th&#7913; duy nh&#7845;t h&#7885; c&#243; th&#7875; ki&#7875;m so&#225;t tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p v&#224; tuy&#7879;t &#273;&#7889;i l&#224; l&#227;i su&#7845;t c&#7911;a <strong>Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919;</strong> &#8211; lo&#7841;i ti&#7873;n do ch&#237;nh h&#7885; &#273;&#7897;c quy&#7873;n ph&#225;t h&#224;nh.</p><p>V&#7853;y, l&#224;m th&#7871; n&#224;o &#273;&#7875; t&#7915; l&#227;i su&#7845;t c&#7911;a Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; (th&#7913; m&#224; d&#226;n c&#432; kh&#244;ng bao gi&#7901; ch&#7841;m t&#7899;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c), NHTW c&#243; th&#7875; l&#225;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c l&#227;i su&#7845;t c&#7911;a to&#224;n b&#7897; n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;? C&#226;u tr&#7843; l&#7901;i n&#7857;m &#7903; th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng v&#224; c&#417; ch&#7871; h&#224;nh lang l&#227;i su&#7845;t.</p><h3><strong>2. H&#224;nh lang l&#227;i su&#7845;t: C&#7845;u tr&#250;c c&#7911;a &#8220;chi&#7871;c l&#7891;ng&#8221;</strong></h3><p>Tr&#432;&#7899;c h&#7871;t, ch&#250;ng ta c&#7847;n &#273;&#7883;nh ngh&#297;a l&#7841;i: L&#227;i su&#7845;t li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng (VNIBOR) l&#224; g&#236;? &#272;&#243; l&#224; m&#7913;c l&#227;i su&#7845;t m&#224; c&#225;c NHTM cho nhau vay c&#225;c kho&#7843;n Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919;.</p><p>H&#227;y nh&#7899; k&#7929; nguy&#234;n t&#7855;c n&#224;y: C&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng kh&#244;ng cho nhau vay b&#7857;ng &#8220;Ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i&#8221; c&#7911;a d&#226;n c&#432;. H&#7885; cho nhau vay b&#7857;ng s&#7889; d&#432; tr&#234;n t&#224;i kho&#7843;n c&#7911;a h&#7885; t&#7841;i Ng&#226;n h&#224;ng Trung &#432;&#417;ng. V&#236; Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; do NHTW t&#7841;o ra, n&#234;n v&#7873; l&#253; thuy&#7871;t, NHTW l&#224; &#8220;&#272;&#7845;ng s&#225;ng t&#7841;o&#8221; duy nh&#7845;t c&#243; th&#7875; l&#224;m thay &#273;&#7893;i t&#7893;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng cung c&#7911;a lo&#7841;i h&#224;ng h&#243;a n&#224;y. B&#7857;ng c&#225;ch ki&#7875;m so&#225;t ngu&#7891;n cung v&#224; &#273;&#7863;t ra c&#225;c m&#7913;c gi&#225; tr&#7847;n/s&#224;n, NHTW nh&#7889;t l&#227;i su&#7845;t th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng v&#224;o m&#7897;t chi&#7871;c l&#7891;ng g&#7885;i l&#224; &#8220;H&#224;nh lang l&#227;i su&#7845;t&#8221;.</p><p>Quy tr&#236;nh x&#226;y d&#7921;ng chi&#7871;c l&#7891;ng n&#224;y tr&#7843;i qua 4 b&#432;&#7899;c:</p><h4><strong>B&#432;&#7899;c 1: T&#7841;o ra nhu c&#7847;u d&#7921; tr&#7919; b&#7857;ng s&#7921; khan hi&#7871;m</strong></h4><p>&#272;&#7875; l&#227;i su&#7845;t c&#243; &#253; ngh&#297;a, th&#7913; h&#224;ng h&#243;a &#273;&#243; (Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919;) ph&#7843;i c&#243; gi&#225; tr&#7883;. V&#224; &#273;&#7875; c&#243; gi&#225; tr&#7883;, n&#243; ph&#7843;i khan hi&#7871;m.</p><p>NHTW ch&#7911; &#273;&#7897;ng ki&#7875;m so&#225;t t&#7893;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; trong h&#7879; th&#7889;ng &#7903; m&#7913;c &#8220;v&#7915;a &#273;&#7911;&#8221; ho&#7863;c &#8220;thi&#7871;u h&#7909;t nh&#7865;&#8221;. &#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y bu&#7897;c c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng ph&#7843;i c&#7841;nh tranh v&#7899;i nhau &#273;&#7875; vay m&#432;&#7907;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; nh&#7857;m &#273;&#225;p &#7913;ng c&#225;c nhu c&#7847;u thanh to&#225;n b&#249; tr&#7915; ho&#7863;c d&#7921; tr&#7919; b&#7855;t bu&#7897;c.</p><p>T&#7841;i sao s&#7921; khan hi&#7871;m l&#7841;i quan tr&#7885;ng &#273;&#7871;n th&#7871;? H&#227;y nh&#236;n v&#224;o d&#7919; li&#7879;u l&#7883;ch s&#7917; c&#7911;a Vi&#7879;t Nam giai &#273;o&#7841;n <strong>2020 - 2021</strong>. &#272;&#226;y l&#224; giai &#273;o&#7841;n m&#224; ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch ti&#7873;n t&#7879; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c n&#7899;i l&#7887;ng m&#7841;nh m&#7869; &#273;&#7875; h&#7895; tr&#7907; n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; v&#432;&#7907;t qua &#273;&#7841;i d&#7883;ch. L&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; trong h&#7879; th&#7889;ng tr&#7903; n&#234;n d&#432; th&#7915;a.</p><ul><li><p><strong>Th&#225;ng 6/2020:</strong> VNIBOR Overnight gi&#7843;m xu&#7889;ng c&#242;n <strong>0.2%</strong>.</p></li><li><p><strong>Th&#225;ng 11/2020 &#273;&#7871;n th&#225;ng 1/2021:</strong> VNIBOR n&#7857;m b&#7865;p g&#237; &#7903; m&#7913;c <strong>0.1%</strong>, g&#7847;n nh&#432; b&#7857;ng 0.</p></li></ul><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iw_-!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82a87c8e-699c-4239-b502-27e36e9f9081_1650x991.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iw_-!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82a87c8e-699c-4239-b502-27e36e9f9081_1650x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iw_-!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82a87c8e-699c-4239-b502-27e36e9f9081_1650x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iw_-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82a87c8e-699c-4239-b502-27e36e9f9081_1650x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iw_-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82a87c8e-699c-4239-b502-27e36e9f9081_1650x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iw_-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82a87c8e-699c-4239-b502-27e36e9f9081_1650x991.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/82a87c8e-699c-4239-b502-27e36e9f9081_1650x991.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:72923,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/179739674?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82a87c8e-699c-4239-b502-27e36e9f9081_1650x991.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iw_-!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82a87c8e-699c-4239-b502-27e36e9f9081_1650x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iw_-!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82a87c8e-699c-4239-b502-27e36e9f9081_1650x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iw_-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82a87c8e-699c-4239-b502-27e36e9f9081_1650x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iw_-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82a87c8e-699c-4239-b502-27e36e9f9081_1650x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Khi &#8220;ti&#7873;n c&#7911;a ng&#226;n h&#224;ng&#8221; (D&#7921; tr&#7919;) qu&#225; th&#7915;a m&#7913;a, cung &#225;p &#273;&#7843;o c&#7847;u, l&#227;i su&#7845;t li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng s&#7869; gi&#7843;m m&#7841;nh v&#224; n&#7857;m ngo&#224;i kh&#7843; n&#259;ng ki&#7875;m so&#225;t c&#7911;a NHTW n&#7871;u kh&#244;ng c&#243; c&#244;ng c&#7909; kh&#225;c b&#7893; tr&#7907;. &#272;&#226;y ch&#237;nh l&#224; tr&#7841;ng th&#225;i s&#417; khai c&#7911;a ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; &#8220;d&#7921; tr&#7919; d&#432; th&#7915;a&#8221; &#8211; m&#244; h&#236;nh m&#224; M&#7929; &#273;&#227; chuy&#7875;n sang sau GFC, v&#224; l&#224; t&#236;nh tr&#7841;ng m&#224; Vi&#7879;t Nam &#273;&#227; tr&#7843;i qua trong m&#7897;t s&#7889; giai &#273;o&#7841;n n&#7899;i l&#7887;ng m&#7841;nh. C&#242;n trong &#273;i&#7873;u ki&#7879;n b&#236;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng c&#7911;a ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch ti&#7873;n t&#7879; truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng, NHTW ph&#7843;i duy tr&#236; s&#7921; khan hi&#7871;m &#273;&#7875; VNIBOR kh&#244;ng b&#7883; &#8220;s&#7853;p s&#224;n&#8221;.</p><h4><strong>B&#432;&#7899;c 2: Thi&#7871;t l&#7853;p s&#224;n</strong></h4><p>Sau khi t&#7841;o ra nhu c&#7847;u d&#7921; tr&#7919; c&#7911;a to&#224;n h&#7879; th&#7889;ng b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch ki&#7875;m so&#225;t t&#7893;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng d&#7921; tr&#7919; &#7903; m&#7897;t m&#7913;c khan hi&#7871;m, NHTW c&#7847;n t&#7841;o ra m&#7897;t c&#417; ch&#7871; &#273;&#7875; khuy&#7871;n kh&#237;ch c&#225;c NHTM cho nhau vay l&#432;&#7907;ng tr&#7919; d&#7919; n&#224;y. H&#7885; l&#224;m &#273;i&#7873;u n&#224;y v&#7899;i c&#244;ng c&#7909; <strong>L&#227;i su&#7845;t ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i d&#7921; tr&#7919; (Interest on Reserves)</strong> b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch &#273;&#7863;t m&#7897;t m&#7913;c l&#227;i su&#7845;t cho ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; r&#7845;t th&#7845;p (v&#237; d&#7909; &#7903; Vi&#7879;t Nam ch&#7881; l&#224; 0.5%), ho&#7863;c th&#7853;m ch&#237; l&#224; kh&#244;ng tr&#7843; l&#227;i cho ph&#7847;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; n&#224;y (nh&#432; Trung Qu&#7889;c, ch&#7881; tr&#7843; l&#227;i cho d&#7921; tr&#7919; v&#432;&#7907;t m&#7913;c).</p><p>H&#227;y h&#236;nh dung: N&#7871;u NHTW tr&#7843; l&#227;i su&#7845;t cho ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; l&#224; 4%, c&#225;c NHTM s&#7869; ch&#7859;ng d&#7841;i g&#236; &#273;i cho ng&#226;n h&#224;ng kh&#225;c vay v&#7899;i l&#227;i su&#7845;t 4.1% &#273;&#7875; ph&#7843;i g&#225;nh th&#234;m r&#7911;i ro &#273;&#7889;i t&#225;c. H&#7885; s&#7869; c&#7913; &#273;&#7875; ti&#7873;n n&#7857;m im t&#7841;i NHTW cho an to&#224;n. Nh&#432;ng n&#7871;u NHTW ch&#7881; tr&#7843; 0.5%, th&#236; c&#225;c NHTM s&#7869; ph&#7843;i t&#236;m m&#7885;i c&#225;ch t&#7889;i &#432;u h&#243;a ngu&#7891;n v&#7889;n. H&#7885; s&#7869; c&#7889; g&#7855;ng duy tr&#236; s&#7889; d&#432; d&#7921; tr&#7919; &#7903; m&#7913;c th&#7845;p nh&#7845;t c&#243; th&#7875; (&#273;&#7911; &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#225;p &#7913;ng quy &#273;&#7883;nh) v&#224; mang l&#432;&#7907;ng d&#7921; tr&#7919; d&#432; th&#7915;a ra th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng &#273;&#7875; cho vay ki&#7871;m l&#7901;i.</p><p>L&#227;i su&#7845;t d&#7921; tr&#7919; (ho&#7863;c l&#227;i su&#7845;t d&#7921; tr&#7919; v&#432;&#7907;t m&#7913;c) l&#250;c n&#224;y &#273;&#243;ng vai tr&#242; l&#224; s&#224;n c&#7913;ng cho th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng, v&#236; kh&#244;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng n&#224;o l&#7841;i &#273;i cho ng&#226;n h&#224;ng kh&#225;c vay v&#7899;i l&#227;i su&#7845;t th&#7845;p h&#417;n m&#7913;c l&#227;i su&#7845;t an to&#224;n tuy&#7879;t &#273;&#7889;i m&#224; h&#7885; nh&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7915; NHTW.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!amcQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07fddc9e-f258-4d1c-ae22-e0fa4c63a446_1650x990.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!amcQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07fddc9e-f258-4d1c-ae22-e0fa4c63a446_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!amcQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07fddc9e-f258-4d1c-ae22-e0fa4c63a446_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!amcQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07fddc9e-f258-4d1c-ae22-e0fa4c63a446_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!amcQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07fddc9e-f258-4d1c-ae22-e0fa4c63a446_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!amcQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07fddc9e-f258-4d1c-ae22-e0fa4c63a446_1650x990.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/07fddc9e-f258-4d1c-ae22-e0fa4c63a446_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:75949,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/179739674?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07fddc9e-f258-4d1c-ae22-e0fa4c63a446_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!amcQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07fddc9e-f258-4d1c-ae22-e0fa4c63a446_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!amcQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07fddc9e-f258-4d1c-ae22-e0fa4c63a446_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!amcQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07fddc9e-f258-4d1c-ae22-e0fa4c63a446_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!amcQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07fddc9e-f258-4d1c-ae22-e0fa4c63a446_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>N&#7871;u nh&#236;n v&#224;o d&#7919; li&#7879;u giai &#273;o&#7841;n cu&#7889;i 2020 - &#273;&#7847;u 2021, ch&#250;ng ta th&#7845;y hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng VNIBOR r&#417;i v&#7873; 0.1%, th&#7845;p h&#417;n m&#7913;c l&#227;i su&#7845;t d&#7921; tr&#7919; 0.5%. &#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y do m&#7913;c 0.5% ch&#7881; &#225;p d&#7909;ng cho ph&#7847;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; b&#7855;t bu&#7897;c. V&#7899;i ph&#7847;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; v&#432;&#7907;t m&#7913;c &#8211; t&#7913;c l&#224; l&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n th&#7915;a ra m&#224; c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng mu&#7889;n &#273;em &#273;i cho vay &#8211; NHNN tr&#7843; l&#227;i su&#7845;t l&#224; 0% trong giai &#273;o&#7841;n &#273;&#243;. Ch&#237;nh v&#236; l&#227;i su&#7845;t cho ph&#7847;n ti&#7873;n th&#7915;a l&#224; 0%, n&#234;n c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng s&#7861;n s&#224;ng cho vay tr&#234;n li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng v&#7899;i gi&#225; 0.1% &#273;&#7875; ki&#7871;m ch&#250;t &#237;t c&#242;n h&#417;n kh&#244;ng.</p><h4><strong>B&#432;&#7899;c 3: Neo l&#227;i su&#7845;t</strong></h4><p>Sau khi gi&#7919; m&#7897;t l&#432;&#7907;ng d&#7921; tr&#7919; v&#7915;a &#273;&#7911; &#273;&#225;p &#7913;ng y&#234;u c&#7847;u c&#7911;a NHTW, c&#225;c NHTM s&#7869; t&#236;m c&#225;ch cho vay l&#432;&#7907;ng d&#7921; tr&#7919; c&#242;n l&#7841;i &#7903; b&#7845;t k&#7923; m&#7913;c n&#224;o c&#243; l&#227;i su&#7845;t cao h&#417;n l&#227;i su&#7845;t d&#7921; tr&#7919;. Tuy nhi&#234;n, c&#243; hai v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; &#7903; &#273;&#226;y:</p><p>(1) V&#236; l&#432;&#7907;ng d&#7921; tr&#7919; c&#7911;a to&#224;n h&#7879; th&#7889;ng l&#224; khan hi&#7871;m, khi m&#7897;t ng&#226;n h&#224;ng n&#224;y th&#7915;a d&#7921; tr&#7919; &#273;&#7891;ng ngh&#297;a v&#7899;i ng&#226;n h&#224;ng kh&#225;c s&#7869; thi&#7871;u. Do v&#7853;y c&#225;c NHTM thi&#7871;u d&#7921; tr&#7919; s&#7869; ph&#7843;i c&#7841;nh tranh nhau &#273;&#7875; vay &#273;&#432;&#7907;c l&#432;&#7907;ng d&#7921; tr&#7919; d&#432; th&#7915;a c&#7911;a b&#234;n cho vay.</p><p>(2) Vay tr&#234;n k&#234;nh li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng l&#224; vay kh&#244;ng TS&#272;B v&#224; uy t&#237;n c&#7911;a m&#7895;i ng&#226;n h&#224;ng l&#224; kh&#225;c nhau, do v&#7853;y b&#234;nh cho vay c&#243; quy&#7873;n l&#7921;a ch&#7885;n b&#234;n vay, &#273;&#224;m ph&#225;i l&#227;i su&#7845;t ho&#7863;c th&#7853;m ch&#237; l&#224; ch&#7845;p nh&#7853;n kh&#244;ng cho vay n&#7871;u nh&#7853;n th&#7845;y c&#243; qu&#225; nhi&#7873;u r&#7911;i ro.</p><p>Ch&#237;nh v&#236; l&#253; do n&#224;y, l&#227;i su&#7845;t li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng c&#243; th&#7875; bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7897;ng r&#7845;t m&#7841;nh, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t &#7903; nh&#7919;ng k&#7923; h&#7841;n ng&#7855;n nh&#432; l&#224; qua &#273;&#234;m. &#272;&#7875; &#7893;n &#273;&#7883;nh m&#7913;c l&#227;i su&#7845;t n&#224;y, NHTW c&#7847;n th&#234;m m&#7897;t c&#244;ng c&#7909; n&#7919;a &#273;&#7875; leo m&#7913;c l&#227;i su&#7845;t li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng kh&#244;ng t&#259;ng qu&#225; m&#7841;nh. V&#224; l&#227;i su&#7845;t repo (&#7903; Vi&#7879;t Nam v&#224; Trung Qu&#7889;c g&#7885;i l&#224; reserver repo, &#273;i&#7873;u n&#224;y kh&#244;ng quan tr&#7885;ng v&#236; t&#234;n g&#7885;i ph&#7909; thu&#7897;c v&#224;o g&#243;c nh&#236;n l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i cho vay ho&#7863;c ng&#432;&#7901;i vay) th&#244;ng qua nghi&#7879;p v&#7909; th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng m&#7903; (OMO) gi&#250;p cho NHTW th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c vai tr&#242; n&#224;y. V&#7873; b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t &#273;&#226;y l&#224; l&#227;i su&#7845;t m&#224; NHTW cho c&#225;c NHTM vay (k&#7923; h&#7841;n ng&#7855;n) c&#243; t&#224;i s&#7843;n &#273;&#7843;m b&#7843;o (gi&#7845;y t&#7901; c&#243; gi&#225;)  tr&#234;n k&#234;nh OMO. Khi &#273;&#225;o h&#7841;n, c&#225;c NHTM l&#7845;y l&#7841;i GTCG v&#224; ho&#224;n tr&#7843; ti&#7873;n vay c&#249;ng v&#7899;i ti&#7873;n l&#227;i cho NHTW.</p><p>Khi cho s&#7921; ch&#234;nh l&#7879;ch gi&#7919;a l&#227;i su&#7845;t OMO v&#224; l&#227;i su&#7845;t li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng, c&#417; ch&#7871; Kinh doanh ch&#234;nh l&#7879;ch gi&#225; (Arbitrage) ch&#237;nh l&#224; l&#7921;c h&#7845;p d&#7851;n gi&#7919; VNIBOR b&#225;m s&#225;t L&#227;i su&#7845;t OMO:</p><ul><li><p><strong>N&#7871;u L&#227;i su&#7845;t Li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng &gt; L&#227;i su&#7845;t OMO:</strong> C&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng (c&#243; Tr&#225;i phi&#7871;u ch&#237;nh ph&#7911; - GTCG) s&#7869; vay ti&#7873;n t&#7915; k&#234;nh OMO c&#7911;a NHNN v&#7899;i gi&#225; r&#7867; (v&#237; d&#7909; 4.0%), sau &#273;&#243; mang s&#7889; ti&#7873;n n&#224;y ra th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng cho vay l&#7841;i v&#7899;i gi&#225; cao h&#417;n (v&#237; d&#7909; 5.0%) &#273;&#7875; &#259;n ch&#234;nh l&#7879;ch. H&#224;nh &#273;&#7897;ng n&#224;y l&#224;m t&#259;ng cung ti&#7873;n tr&#234;n li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng, k&#233;o VNIBOR gi&#7843;m xu&#7889;ng v&#7873; g&#7847;n m&#7913;c OMO.</p></li><li><p><strong>N&#7871;u L&#227;i su&#7845;t Li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng &lt; L&#227;i su&#7845;t OMO:</strong> Kh&#244;ng ai mu&#7889;n &#273;i vay OMO v&#7899;i gi&#225; cao n&#7871;u co th&#7875; vay tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng v&#7899;i l&#227;i su&#7845;t th&#7845;p h&#417;n. C&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng s&#7869; vay l&#7851;n nhau. Nhu c&#7847;u vay OMO gi&#7843;m, NHNN s&#7869; h&#250;t ti&#7873;n v&#7873; (khi c&#225;c kho&#7843;n OMO c&#361; &#273;&#225;o h&#7841;n), l&#224;m t&#259;ng s&#7921; khan hi&#7871;m c&#7911;a d&#7921; tr&#7919;, t&#7915; &#273;&#243; &#273;&#7849;y l&#227;i su&#7845;t th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng t&#259;ng l&#234;n l&#7841;i.</p></li></ul><p>&#272;&#226;y l&#224; c&#417; ch&#7871; quan tr&#7885;ng nh&#7845;t trong ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch ti&#7873;n t&#7879; truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng. B&#7857;ng c&#225;ch cung c&#7845;p l&#432;&#7907;ng OMO m&#7897;t c&#225;ch th&#432;&#7901;ng tr&#7921;c v&#224; gi&#7919; cho l&#432;&#7907;ng d&#7921; tr&#7919; &#7903; m&#7897;t m&#7913;c khan hi&#7871;m, NHTW c&#243; th&#7875; ch&#7881; c&#7847;n d&#249;ng m&#7897;t m&#236;nh l&#227;i su&#7845;t OMO &#273;&#7875; neo l&#227;i su&#7845;t li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng.</p><p>H&#227;y nh&#236;n v&#224;o d&#7919; li&#7879;u l&#7883;ch s&#7917; &#273;&#7875; th&#7845;y s&#7921; v&#7853;n h&#224;nh c&#7911;a c&#417; ch&#7871; n&#224;y. Giai &#273;o&#7841;n <strong>n</strong>&#7917;a cu&#7889;i n&#259;m 2022, khi VNIBOR t&#259;ng v&#7885;t t&#7915; m&#7913;c n&#7873;n th&#7845;p l&#234;n 4-5%, NHNN &#273;&#227; n&#226;ng l&#227;i su&#7845;t OMO (Reverse repo rate) t&#7915; 2.5% l&#234;n 4.5%, sau &#273;&#243; l&#224; 6.0%. Th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng ngay l&#7853;p t&#7913;c &#273;i&#7873;u ch&#7881;nh b&#225;m s&#225;t theo c&#225;c m&#7889;c n&#224;y, x&#225;c nh&#7853;n vai tr&#242; &#8220;m&#7887; neo&#8221; c&#7911;a l&#227;i su&#7845;t OMO. &#272;&#226;y c&#361;ng l&#224; c&#225;ch m&#224; Fed (tr&#432;&#7899;c GFC), Trung Qu&#7889;c v&#224; Vi&#7879;t Nam hi&#7879;n nay v&#7853;n h&#224;nh.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NHaU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4cbf431e-c27f-4363-bf4b-0f7c8906f341_1650x991.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NHaU!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4cbf431e-c27f-4363-bf4b-0f7c8906f341_1650x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NHaU!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4cbf431e-c27f-4363-bf4b-0f7c8906f341_1650x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NHaU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4cbf431e-c27f-4363-bf4b-0f7c8906f341_1650x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NHaU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4cbf431e-c27f-4363-bf4b-0f7c8906f341_1650x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NHaU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4cbf431e-c27f-4363-bf4b-0f7c8906f341_1650x991.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4cbf431e-c27f-4363-bf4b-0f7c8906f341_1650x991.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:77266,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/179739674?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4cbf431e-c27f-4363-bf4b-0f7c8906f341_1650x991.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NHaU!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4cbf431e-c27f-4363-bf4b-0f7c8906f341_1650x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NHaU!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4cbf431e-c27f-4363-bf4b-0f7c8906f341_1650x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NHaU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4cbf431e-c27f-4363-bf4b-0f7c8906f341_1650x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NHaU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4cbf431e-c27f-4363-bf4b-0f7c8906f341_1650x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h4><strong>B&#432;&#7899;c 4: Thi&#7871;t l&#7853;p tr&#7847;n</strong></h4><p>Nh&#432;ng chuy&#7879;n g&#236; s&#7869; x&#7843;y ra n&#7871;u th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng ho&#7843;ng lo&#7841;n? N&#7871;u c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng kh&#244;ng &#273;&#7911; &#273;i&#7873;u ki&#7879;n ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n OMO (h&#7871;t h&#7841;n m&#7913;c, h&#7871;t gi&#7845;y t&#7901; c&#243; gi&#225;) ho&#7863;c c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng th&#7915;a ti&#7873;n kh&#244;ng d&#225;m cho vay v&#236; s&#7907; r&#7911;i ro?. L&#432;&#7907;ng d&#7921; tr&#7919; thi&#7871;u h&#7909;t kh&#244;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#225;p &#7913;ng s&#7869; &#273;&#7849;y l&#227;i su&#7845;t li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng cao v&#432;&#7907;t ngo&#224;i t&#7847;m ki&#7875;m so&#225;t.</p><p>L&#250;c n&#224;y, NHTW k&#237;ch ho&#7841;t vai tr&#242; Ng&#432;&#7901;i cho vay cu&#7889;i c&#249;ng th&#244;ng qua c&#244;ng c&#7909; T&#225;i c&#7845;p v&#7889;n<strong> (</strong>&#7903; M&#7929; l&#224; L&#227;i su&#7845;t Chi&#7871;t kh&#7845;u - Discount Rate v&#224; &#7903; Trung Qu&#7889;c l&#224; SLF - Standing Lending Facility<strong>)</strong>. NHTW cam k&#7871;t s&#7869; cho b&#7845;t k&#7923; ng&#226;n h&#224;ng n&#224;o vay (mi&#7877;n l&#224; c&#243; t&#224;i s&#7843;n &#273;&#7843;m b&#7843;o &#273;&#7911; ti&#234;u chu&#7849;n) t&#7841;i m&#7897;t m&#7913;c l&#227;i su&#7845;t c&#7889; &#273;&#7883;nh, g&#7885;i l&#224; L&#227;i su&#7845;t T&#225;i c&#7845;p v&#7889;n.</p><p>Tuy nhi&#234;n, NHTW s&#7869; &#225;p m&#7897;t m&#7913;c l&#227;i su&#7845;t cao h&#417;n l&#227;i su&#7845;t OMO nh&#432; m&#7897;t m&#7913;c &#8220;ph&#7841;t&#8221; cho c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng kh&#244;ng th&#7875; t&#7921; c&#226;n &#273;&#7889;i v&#7889;n tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng. L&#227;i su&#7845;t n&#224;y &#273;&#243;ng vai tr&#242; l&#224; Tr&#7847;n c&#7913;ng trong c&#417; ch&#7871; h&#224;nh lang.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!06Z9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe816311-22df-43b2-b910-96af5af6adcf_1650x990.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!06Z9!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe816311-22df-43b2-b910-96af5af6adcf_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!06Z9!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe816311-22df-43b2-b910-96af5af6adcf_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!06Z9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe816311-22df-43b2-b910-96af5af6adcf_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!06Z9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe816311-22df-43b2-b910-96af5af6adcf_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!06Z9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe816311-22df-43b2-b910-96af5af6adcf_1650x990.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/be816311-22df-43b2-b910-96af5af6adcf_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:86089,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/179739674?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe816311-22df-43b2-b910-96af5af6adcf_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!06Z9!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe816311-22df-43b2-b910-96af5af6adcf_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!06Z9!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe816311-22df-43b2-b910-96af5af6adcf_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!06Z9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe816311-22df-43b2-b910-96af5af6adcf_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!06Z9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe816311-22df-43b2-b910-96af5af6adcf_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Nh&#432; v&#7853;y trong c&#417; ch&#7871; &#273;i&#7873;u h&#224;nh ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch ti&#7873;n t&#7879; truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng, h&#224;nh lang l&#227;i su&#7845;t bao g&#7891;m:</p><ul><li><p>L&#227;i su&#7845;t m&#7909;c ti&#234;u (l&#227;i su&#7845;t li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng) s&#7869; c&#243; s&#7921; bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7897;ng m&#7841;nh do l&#432;&#7907;ng d&#7921; tr&#7919; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c NHTM ki&#7875;m so&#225;t &#7903; m&#7913;c khan hi&#7871;m.</p></li><li><p>L&#227;i su&#7845;t d&#7921; tr&#7919; (ho&#7863;c d&#7921; tr&#7919; v&#432;&#7907;t m&#7913;c) &#273;&#243;ng vai tr&#242; l&#224; s&#224;n l&#227;i su&#7845;t, v&#224; NHTW tr&#7843; m&#7897;t m&#7913;c l&#227;i r&#7845;t th&#7845;p &#273;&#7875; khuy&#7871;n kh&#237;ch c&#225;c NHTM cho nhau vay.</p></li><li><p>L&#227;i su&#7845;t Repo (NHTW cho vay b&#7857;ng GTCG) &#273;&#243;ng vai tr&#242; quan tr&#7885;ng nh&#7845;t trong c&#417; ch&#7871; h&#224;nh lang n&#224;y, gi&#250;p neo l&#227;i su&#7845;t li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng kh&#244;ng v&#432;&#7907;t ra xa n&#243; nh&#7901; nghi&#7879;p v&#7909; abitrage l&#227;i su&#7845;t c&#7911;a c&#225;c NHTM.</p></li><li><p>L&#227;i su&#7845;t t&#225;i c&#7845;p v&#7889;n &#273;&#243;ng vai tr&#242; l&#224; tr&#7847;n c&#7913;ng khi NHTW &#273;&#243;ng vai tr&#242; l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i cho vay cu&#7889;i c&#249;ng v&#224; &#225;p d&#7909;ng m&#7897;t m&#7913;c ph&#7841;t cho c&#225;c NHTM kh&#244;ng &#273;&#7911; &#273;i&#7873;u ki&#7879;n ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n k&#234;nh Repo tr&#234;n OMO.</p></li></ul><h3><strong>3. H&#224;nh lang &#273;&#7913;t g&#227;y</strong></h3><p>L&#253; thuy&#7871;t h&#224;nh lang l&#227;i su&#7845;t nghe c&#243; v&#7867; ho&#224;n h&#7843;o v&#224; v&#7919;ng ch&#227;i nh&#432; m&#7897;t ph&#225;o &#273;&#224;i. Tuy nhi&#234;n, th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng t&#224;i ch&#237;nh kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng k&#7867; th&#7859;ng t&#7855;p tr&#234;n gi&#7845;y. C&#243; nh&#7919;ng th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m, h&#224;nh lang n&#224;y b&#7883; &#8220;G&#227;y&#8221;. Di&#7877;n bi&#7871;n trong c&#225;c th&#225;ng g&#7847;n &#273;&#226;y<strong> </strong>l&#224; minh ch&#7913;ng r&#245; n&#233;t nh&#7845;t cho &#273;i&#7873;u n&#224;y:</p><ul><li><p><strong>L&#227;i su&#7845;t T&#225;i c&#7845;p v&#7889;n (tr&#7847;n):</strong> 4.5%.</p></li><li><p><strong>L&#227;i su&#7845;t OMO (m&#7887; neo):</strong> 4.0%.</p></li><li><p><strong>L&#227;i su&#7845;t Li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng: </strong>C&#243; nh&#7919;ng th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m VNIBOR v&#7885;t l&#234;n tr&#234;n m&#7913;c 6%.</p></li></ul><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pECq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1388ea49-267e-48d9-8d11-07d8e0c2c426_1650x990.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pECq!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1388ea49-267e-48d9-8d11-07d8e0c2c426_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pECq!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1388ea49-267e-48d9-8d11-07d8e0c2c426_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pECq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1388ea49-267e-48d9-8d11-07d8e0c2c426_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pECq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1388ea49-267e-48d9-8d11-07d8e0c2c426_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pECq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1388ea49-267e-48d9-8d11-07d8e0c2c426_1650x990.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1388ea49-267e-48d9-8d11-07d8e0c2c426_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:97819,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/179739674?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1388ea49-267e-48d9-8d11-07d8e0c2c426_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pECq!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1388ea49-267e-48d9-8d11-07d8e0c2c426_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pECq!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1388ea49-267e-48d9-8d11-07d8e0c2c426_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pECq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1388ea49-267e-48d9-8d11-07d8e0c2c426_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pECq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1388ea49-267e-48d9-8d11-07d8e0c2c426_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>VNIBOR c&#243; nh&#7919;ng th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m &#273;&#227; cao h&#417;n L&#227;i su&#7845;t T&#225;i c&#7845;p v&#7889;n t&#7899;i 200 &#273;i&#7875;m c&#417; b&#7843;n. V&#7873; l&#253; thuy&#7871;t, kh&#244;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng n&#224;o l&#7841;i &#273;i vay tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng v&#7899;i l&#227;i su&#7845;t 6% n&#7871;u h&#7885; c&#243; th&#7875; vay t&#7915; NHNN v&#7899;i l&#227;i su&#7845;t 4%. T&#7841;i sao tr&#7847;n l&#227;i su&#7845;t l&#7841;i b&#7883; xuy&#234;n th&#7911;ng m&#7897;t c&#225;ch th&#244; b&#7841;o nh&#432; v&#7853;y?</p><p>C&#226;u tr&#7843; l&#7901;i n&#7857;m &#7903; hai nguy&#234;n nh&#226;n, ph&#417;i b&#224;y b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t th&#7853;t s&#7921; c&#7911;a thanh kho&#7843;n h&#7879; th&#7889;ng:</p><p><strong>(1) S&#7921; c&#7841;n ki&#7879;t t&#224;i s&#7843;n &#273;&#7843;m b&#7843;o</strong></p><p>&#272;&#7875; vay &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7915; NHNN, d&#249; l&#224; qua k&#234;nh OMO hay T&#225;i c&#7845;p v&#7889;n, &#273;i&#7873;u ki&#7879;n ti&#234;n quy&#7871;t kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; b&#7841;n kh&#225;t ti&#7873;n bao nhi&#234;u, m&#224; l&#224; b&#7841;n c&#243; bao nhi&#234;u GTCG &#273;&#7911; ti&#234;u chu&#7849;n (ch&#7911; y&#7871;u l&#224; Tr&#225;i phi&#7871;u Ch&#237;nh ph&#7911;) &#273;&#7875; c&#7847;m c&#7889;.</p><p>Trong nh&#7919;ng th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m l&#227;i su&#7845;t li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng t&#259;ng m&#7841;nh, &#273;&#226;y l&#224; hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng do m&#7897;t nh&#243;m c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i (ch&#7911; y&#7871;u l&#224; nh&#243;m quy m&#244; v&#7915;a v&#224; nh&#7887;) r&#417;i v&#224;o t&#236;nh tr&#7841;ng &#8220;c&#7841;n kho&#8221; tr&#225;i phi&#7871;u. H&#7885; &#273;&#227; mang h&#7871;t tr&#225;i phi&#7871;u &#273;i c&#7847;m c&#7889; trong c&#225;c &#273;&#7907;t c&#259;ng th&#7859;ng tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#243; ho&#7863;c &#273;&#227; b&#225;n b&#7899;t &#273;&#7875; c&#417; c&#7845;u danh m&#7909;c. Khi kh&#244;ng c&#242;n t&#224;i s&#7843;n &#273;&#7843;m b&#7843;o, c&#225;nh c&#7917;a &#8220;Ng&#432;&#7901;i cho vay cu&#7889;i c&#249;ng&#8221; c&#7911;a NHNN &#273;&#243;ng s&#7853;p l&#7841;i tr&#432;&#7899;c m&#7863;t h&#7885;. L&#250;c n&#224;y, h&#7885; bu&#7897;c ph&#7843;i quay sang th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng, ch&#7845;p nh&#7853;n vay t&#237;n ch&#7845;p v&#7899;i b&#7845;t c&#7913; m&#7913;c l&#227;i su&#7845;t n&#224;o &#273;&#7875; b&#249; &#273;&#7855;p thanh kho&#7843;n thi&#7871;u h&#7909;t.</p><p><strong>(2) S&#7921; ph&#226;n m&#7843;nh c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng</strong></p><p>Th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng Vi&#7879;t Nam kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; m&#7897;t b&#7875; n&#432;&#7899;c th&#244;ng nhau ho&#224;n h&#7843;o. N&#243; b&#7883; chia c&#7855;t s&#226;u s&#7855;c gi&#7919;a nh&#243;m Big 4 (th&#7915;a thanh kho&#7843;n, nhi&#7873;u GTCG) v&#224; nh&#243;m NHTM nh&#7887;.</p><p>Nh&#243;m Big 4 c&#243; th&#7875; d&#7877; d&#224;ng ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n c&#225;c k&#234;nh cung c&#7845;p thanh kho&#7843;n c&#7911;a NHTW (v&#236; h&#7885; c&#243; tr&#225;i phi&#7871;u). V&#7873; l&#253; thuy&#7871;t, h&#7885; n&#234;n vay 4.5% r&#7891;i cho nh&#243;m ng&#226;n h&#224;ng nh&#7887; vay l&#7841;i 6.9% &#273;&#7875; &#259;n ch&#234;nh l&#7879;ch. Nh&#432;ng th&#7921;c t&#7871;, h&#7885; &#273;&#227; h&#7841;n ch&#7871; l&#224;m v&#7853;y v&#236; r&#7911;i ro &#273;&#7889;i t&#225;c. D&#249; l&#227;i su&#7845;t cao, nh&#432;ng n&#7871;u ng&#226;n h&#224;ng &#273;i vay qu&#225; y&#7871;u k&#233;m, r&#7911;i ro m&#7845;t v&#7889;n l&#224; hi&#7879;n h&#7919;u. Ho&#7863;c &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n l&#224; c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng l&#7899;n &#273;&#227; c&#7845;p h&#7871;t h&#7841;n m&#7913;c t&#237;n d&#7909;ng (credit line) cho c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng nh&#7887;.</p><p>T&#243;m l&#7841;i, khi h&#224;nh lang l&#227;i su&#7845;t b&#7883; &#8220;g&#227;y&#8221; (VNIBOR v&#432;&#7907;t tr&#7847;n), &#273;&#243; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; d&#7845;u hi&#7879;u cho th&#7845;y to&#224;n b&#7897; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng thi&#7871;u thanh kho&#7843;n do:</p><p>(1) NHTW lu&#244;n s&#7861;n s&#224;ng b&#417;m ti&#7873;n &#273;&#7875; gi&#7919; l&#227;i su&#7845;t m&#7909;c ti&#234;u.</p><p>(2) C&#225;c NHTM l&#7899;n lu&#244;n c&#243; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n ngu&#7891;n ti&#7873;n n&#224;y &#273;&#7875; kinh doanh ch&#234;nh l&#7879;ch gi&#225;.</p><p>Nh&#432;ng quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh n&#224;y ph&#7909; thu&#7897;c v&#224;o &#273;&#225;nh gi&#225; r&#7911;i ro c&#7911;a h&#7885;. Hay n&#243;i c&#225;ch kh&#225;c, khi h&#224;nh lang l&#227;i su&#7845;t g&#227;y, &#273;&#243; l&#224; s&#7921; thi&#7871;u h&#7909;t ni&#7873;m tin v&#224; s&#7921; &#273;&#7913;t g&#227;y trong d&#242;ng ch&#7843;y v&#7889;n gi&#7919;a c&#225;c t&#7847;ng l&#7899;p ng&#226;n h&#224;ng, ch&#7913; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i s&#7921; thi&#7871;u h&#7909;t ti&#7873;n c&#7911;a to&#224;n h&#7879; th&#7889;ng.</p><p>Trong c&#417; ch&#7871; &#273;i&#7873;u h&#224;nh ti&#7873;n t&#7879; truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng m&#224; Vi&#7879;t Nam v&#224; Trung Qu&#7889;c &#273;ang &#225;p d&#7909;ng, NHTW m&#7845;t r&#7845;t &#237;t chi ph&#237; &#273;&#7875; duy tr&#236; ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch (do tr&#7843; l&#227;i cho d&#7921; tr&#7919; r&#7845;t th&#7845;p). Tuy nhi&#234;n, k&#7875; t&#7915; sau Kh&#7911;ng ho&#7843;ng t&#224;i ch&#237;nh 2008 (GFC), th&#7871; gi&#7899;i &#273;&#227; ch&#7913;ng ki&#7871;n s&#7921; ra &#273;&#7901;i c&#7911;a m&#7897;t c&#417; ch&#7871; ho&#224;n to&#224;n kh&#225;c &#7903; M&#7929; v&#224; Ch&#226;u &#194;u. H&#7879; qu&#7843; c&#7911;a c&#225;c g&#243;i QE kh&#7893;ng l&#7891; &#273;&#227; khi&#7871;n l&#432;&#7907;ng d&#7921; tr&#7919; t&#7841;i c&#225;c NHTM t&#259;ng v&#7885;t, chuy&#7875;n h&#7879; th&#7889;ng t&#7915; tr&#7841;ng th&#225;i &#8220;khan hi&#7871;m&#8221; sang &#8220;d&#432; th&#7915;a&#8221;.</p><p>L&#224;m th&#7871; n&#224;o Fed c&#243; th&#7875; n&#226;ng l&#227;i su&#7845;t khi ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; &#273;ang &#8220;ng&#7853;p l&#7909;t&#8221; kh&#7855;p n&#417;i v&#224; kh&#244;ng ai c&#7847;n vay ai? C&#226;u tr&#7843; l&#7901;i s&#7869; &#273;&#432;a ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#7871;n v&#7899;i m&#7897;t k&#7927; nguy&#234;n m&#7899;i c&#7911;a &#273;i&#7873;u h&#224;nh ti&#7873;n t&#7879;: Ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; d&#7921; tr&#7919; d&#432; th&#7915;a. Ch&#250;ng ta s&#7869; c&#249;ng &#273;i chi ti&#7871;t n&#243; trong b&#224;i vi&#7871;t ti&#7871;p theo.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Monetary (P5): Nới lỏng định lượng]]></title><description><![CDATA[QE kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n l&#224; "in ti&#7873;n". B&#224;i vi&#7871;t n&#224;y s&#7869; &#273;i s&#226;u v&#224;o c&#417; ch&#7871; th&#7921;c s&#7921; &#273;&#7857;ng sau 4 v&#242;ng N&#7899;i l&#7887;ng &#272;&#7883;nh l&#432;&#7907;ng, t&#7915; gi&#7843;i c&#7913;u th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng MBS &#273;&#7871;n b&#417;m M2 tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p v&#224;o n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;.]]></description><link>https://40yo.vn/p/monetary-p5-noi-long-inh-luong</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://40yo.vn/p/monetary-p5-noi-long-inh-luong</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[40 Years Old]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 12 Nov 2025 02:34:49 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cJ4X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16807ac1-64dd-41ce-a8c0-e561d65b693c_1650x991.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Trong Monetary P4, ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#227; m&#7893; x&#7867; B&#7843;ng c&#226;n &#273;&#7889;i k&#7871; to&#225;n c&#7911;a Ng&#226;n h&#224;ng Trung &#432;&#417;ng. Ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#227; th&#7845;y BC&#272;KT kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; l&#224; m&#7897;t b&#225;o c&#225;o t&#224;i ch&#237;nh, m&#224; l&#224; b&#7843;ng &#273;i&#7873;u khi&#7875;n c&#7911;a ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch ti&#7873;n t&#7879;. Ch&#250;ng ta c&#361;ng &#273;&#227; th&#7845;y s&#7921; kh&#225;c bi&#7879;t r&#245; r&#7879;t gi&#7919;a BC&#272;KT c&#7911;a PBoC, v&#7889;n b&#7883; th&#7889;ng tr&#7883; b&#7903;i Ngo&#7841;i h&#7889;i v&#224; Cho vay, so v&#7899;i Fed v&#224; ECB, v&#7889;n b&#7883; th&#7889;ng tr&#7883; b&#7903;i Ch&#7913;ng kho&#225;n. S&#7921; th&#7889;ng tr&#7883; c&#7911;a Ch&#7913;ng kho&#225;n tr&#234;n BC&#272;KT c&#7911;a Fed ch&#237;nh l&#224; d&#7845;u v&#7871;t v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t c&#7911;a c&#225;c ch&#432;&#417;ng tr&#236;nh N&#7899;i l&#7887;ng &#273;&#7883;nh l&#432;&#7907;ng (QE).</p><p>B&#224;i vi&#7871;t n&#224;y s&#7869; &#273;i s&#226;u v&#224;o b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t c&#7911;a QE: n&#243; l&#224; g&#236;, t&#7841;i sao n&#243; ra &#273;&#7901;i, v&#224; quan tr&#7885;ng nh&#7845;t, n&#243; th&#7921;c s&#7921; v&#7853;n h&#224;nh nh&#432; th&#7871; n&#224;o qua t&#7915;ng th&#7901;i k&#7923;.</p><h4><strong>B&#7889;i c&#7843;nh</strong></h4><p>Trong &#273;i&#7873;u h&#224;nh ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch ti&#7873;n t&#7879; truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng, tr&#7885;ng t&#226;m c&#7911;a NHTW l&#224; l&#227;i su&#7845;t ng&#7855;n h&#7841;n, v&#237; d&#7909; nh&#432; l&#227;i su&#7845;t li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng hay l&#227;i su&#7845;t Fed Fund Rate. NHTW &#273;i&#7873;u khi&#7875;n l&#227;i su&#7845;t n&#224;y th&#244;ng qua h&#224;nh lang l&#227;i su&#7845;t v&#224; c&#225;c nghi&#7879;p v&#7909; th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng m&#7903; &#273;&#7875; h&#7895; tr&#7907; thanh kho&#7843;n. C&#417; ch&#7871; n&#224;y v&#7853;n h&#224;nh d&#7921;a tr&#234;n m&#7897;t nguy&#234;n t&#7855;c c&#7889;t l&#245;i: NHTW gi&#7919; cho l&#432;&#7907;ng Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; trong h&#7879; th&#7889;ng &#7903; tr&#7841;ng th&#225;i khan hi&#7871;m. V&#236; khan hi&#7871;m, c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng ph&#7843;i vay m&#432;&#7907;n l&#7851;n nhau, t&#7841;o ra m&#7897;t m&#7913;c l&#227;i su&#7845;t li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng. NHTW khi &#273;&#243; ch&#7881; c&#7847;n b&#417;m ho&#7863;c h&#250;t m&#7897;t l&#432;&#7907;ng d&#7921; tr&#7919; nh&#7887; l&#224; c&#243; th&#7875; l&#225;i m&#7913;c l&#227;i su&#7845;t n&#224;y v&#7873; m&#7909;c ti&#234;u. Ch&#250;ng ta s&#7869; n&#243;i k&#7929; h&#417;n v&#7873; c&#417; ch&#7871; d&#7921; tr&#7919; khan hi&#7871;m trong m&#7897;t b&#224;i vi&#7871;t kh&#225;c.</p><p>Tuy nhi&#234;n, m&#244; h&#236;nh n&#224;y s&#7909;p &#273;&#7893; khi n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; r&#417;i v&#224;o m&#7897;t tr&#7841;ng th&#225;i &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t g&#7885;i l&#224; b&#7851;y thanh kho&#7843;n. &#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y x&#7843;y ra khi NHTW &#273;&#227; h&#7841; l&#227;i su&#7845;t &#273;i&#7873;u h&#224;nh v&#7873; 0%. Khi l&#227;i su&#7845;t &#273;&#227; b&#7857;ng 0, vi&#7879;c h&#7841; l&#227;i su&#7845;t th&#234;m n&#7919;a l&#224; kh&#244;ng th&#7875; v&#224; kh&#244;ng c&#242;n &#253; ngh&#297;a v&#236; kh&#244;ng ai mu&#7889;n g&#7917;i ti&#7873;n &#273;&#7875; ph&#7843;i ch&#7883;u l&#227;i su&#7845;t &#226;m.</p><p>K&#7871;t qu&#7843; l&#224;, NHTW m&#7845;t &#273;i c&#244;ng c&#7909; &#273;i&#7873;u h&#224;nh ch&#7911; l&#7921;c c&#7911;a m&#236;nh. H&#7885; kh&#244;ng th&#7875; k&#237;ch th&#237;ch kinh t&#7871; b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch h&#7841; l&#227;i su&#7845;t ng&#7855;n h&#7841;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c n&#7919;a. &#272;&#226;y ch&#237;nh x&#225;c l&#224; nh&#7919;ng g&#236; &#273;&#227; x&#7843;y ra v&#7899;i Nh&#7853;t B&#7843;n v&#224;o cu&#7889;i th&#7871; k&#7927; 20. H&#7885; l&#224; qu&#7889;c gia l&#7899;n &#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n r&#417;i v&#224;o b&#7851;y thanh kho&#7843;n v&#224; bu&#7897;c ph&#7843;i t&#236;m m&#7897;t c&#244;ng c&#7909; m&#7899;i, phi truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng. &#272;&#226;y ch&#237;nh l&#224; b&#7889;i c&#7843;nh khai sinh ra QE.</p><h4><strong>Th&#7921;c t&#7871; &#7903; M&#7929;</strong></h4><p>M&#7863;c d&#249; QE l&#7847;n &#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n &#7903; M&#7929; c&#361;ng di&#7877;n ra trong b&#7889;i c&#7843;nh M&#7929; r&#417;i v&#224;o b&#7851;y thanh kho&#7843;n, khi l&#227;i su&#7845;t Fed Fund Rate v&#7873; 0% v&#224;o cu&#7889;i n&#259;m 2008, nh&#432;ng &#273;&#7897;ng c&#417; th&#7921;c s&#7921; khi&#7871;n Fed t&#7915; tr&#7841;ng th&#225;i c&#226;n nh&#7855;c sang b&#7855;t bu&#7897;c l&#7921;a ch&#7885;n mang t&#237;nh c&#7845;p b&#225;ch h&#417;n nhi&#7873;u: cu&#7897;c kh&#7911;ng ho&#7843;ng t&#224;i ch&#237;nh to&#224;n c&#7847;u v&#224; s&#7921; s&#7909;p &#273;&#7893; c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#224; &#273;&#7845;t.</p><p>K&#7875; t&#7915; th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m &#273;&#243;, M&#7929; &#273;&#227; tr&#7843;i qua 4 l&#7847;n QE ri&#234;ng bi&#7879;t. &#272;i&#7873;u quan tr&#7885;ng c&#7847;n nh&#7845;n m&#7841;nh: trong 4 l&#7847;n n&#224;y, m&#7909;c ti&#234;u v&#224; c&#417; ch&#7871; th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n c&#361;ng ho&#224;n to&#224;n kh&#225;c nhau.</p><blockquote><p><strong>QE l&#7847;n 1 (11/2008 - 3/2010)</strong></p></blockquote><p>Tr&#432;&#7899;c khi ch&#432;&#417;ng tr&#236;nh QE ch&#237;nh th&#7913;c b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u, Fed &#273;&#227; c&#7889; g&#7855;ng d&#7853;p t&#7855;t cu&#7897;c kh&#7911;ng ho&#7843;ng b&#7857;ng c&#225;c c&#244;ng c&#7909; h&#7895; tr&#7907; thanh kho&#7843;n truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng. Nh&#236;n v&#224;o d&#7919; li&#7879;u, ch&#250;ng ta th&#7845;y c&#225;c kho&#7843;n m&#7909;c nh&#432; nghi&#7879;p v&#7909; Repo, cho vay, v&#224; &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&#224; ho&#225;n &#273;&#7893;i thanh kho&#7843;n v&#7899;i c&#225;c NHTW kh&#225;c &#273;&#227; t&#259;ng v&#7885;t trong giai &#273;o&#7841;n cu&#7889;i n&#259;m 2008. Kho&#7843;n m&#7909;c cho vay &#273;&#227; nh&#7843;y t&#7915; 17 t&#7927; USD v&#224;o th&#225;ng 8/2008 l&#234;n 370 t&#7927; USD v&#224;o th&#225;ng 10/2008.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cJ4X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16807ac1-64dd-41ce-a8c0-e561d65b693c_1650x991.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cJ4X!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16807ac1-64dd-41ce-a8c0-e561d65b693c_1650x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cJ4X!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16807ac1-64dd-41ce-a8c0-e561d65b693c_1650x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cJ4X!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16807ac1-64dd-41ce-a8c0-e561d65b693c_1650x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cJ4X!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16807ac1-64dd-41ce-a8c0-e561d65b693c_1650x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cJ4X!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16807ac1-64dd-41ce-a8c0-e561d65b693c_1650x991.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/16807ac1-64dd-41ce-a8c0-e561d65b693c_1650x991.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:103923,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/178616108?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16807ac1-64dd-41ce-a8c0-e561d65b693c_1650x991.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cJ4X!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16807ac1-64dd-41ce-a8c0-e561d65b693c_1650x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cJ4X!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16807ac1-64dd-41ce-a8c0-e561d65b693c_1650x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cJ4X!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16807ac1-64dd-41ce-a8c0-e561d65b693c_1650x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cJ4X!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16807ac1-64dd-41ce-a8c0-e561d65b693c_1650x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Tuy nhi&#234;n, &#273;i&#7873;u n&#224;y l&#224; ch&#432;a &#273;&#7911;. &#272;&#226;y l&#224; nh&#7919;ng c&#244;ng c&#7909; h&#7895; tr&#7907; thanh kho&#7843;n ng&#7855;n h&#7841;n, t&#7913;c l&#224; cho vay v&#224; s&#7869; thu h&#7891;i, th&#7875; hi&#7879;n h&#432;&#7899;ng ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n an to&#224;n c&#7911;a Fed. N&#243; kh&#244;ng gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&#7889;c r&#7877; c&#7911;a cu&#7897;c kh&#7911;ng ho&#7843;ng: th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng Ch&#7913;ng kho&#225;n b&#7843;o &#273;&#7843;m b&#7857;ng th&#7871; ch&#7845;p (MBS) &#273;&#227; ho&#224;n to&#224;n &#273;&#243;ng b&#259;ng. Kh&#244;ng ai mu&#7889;n mua c&#225;c t&#224;i s&#7843;n n&#224;y, khi&#7871;n ch&#250;ng m&#7845;t thanh kho&#7843;n v&#224; k&#233;o BC&#272;KT c&#7911;a to&#224;n b&#7897; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng s&#7909;p &#273;&#7893;.</p><p>Do v&#7853;y, &#273;&#7871;n th&#225;ng 11/2008, Fed bu&#7897;c ph&#7843;i h&#224;nh &#273;&#7897;ng. H&#7885; &#273;&#7913;ng ra l&#224;m ng&#432;&#7901;i mua cu&#7889;i c&#249;ng cho ch&#237;nh c&#225;c t&#224;i s&#7843;n n&#224;y. Fed b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u mua v&#224;o MBS, h&#250;t ch&#250;ng ra kh&#7887;i BC&#272;KT c&#7911;a c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng. D&#7919; li&#7879;u cho th&#7845;y r&#245; &#273;i&#7873;u n&#224;y: kho&#7843;n m&#7909;c MBS tr&#234;n BC&#272;KT c&#7911;a Fed t&#259;ng t&#7915; 0 l&#234;n t&#7899;i &#273;&#7881;nh &#273;i&#7875;m 1,117 t&#7927; USD v&#224;o th&#225;ng 4/2010.</p><p>H&#224;nh &#273;&#7897;ng n&#224;y &#273;&#227; t&#7841;o thanh kho&#7843;n cho th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng v&#224; gi&#250;p th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng tan b&#259;ng. V&#7873; m&#7863;t h&#7841;ch to&#225;n nh&#432; ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#227; h&#7885;c &#7903; b&#224;i P4, khi Fed mua t&#224;i s&#7843;n, h&#7885; tr&#7843; ti&#7873;n b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch ghi c&#243; v&#224;o t&#224;i kho&#7843;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; c&#7911;a ng&#226;n h&#224;ng th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i, khi&#7871;n Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; &#7903; ph&#237;a Ngu&#7891;n v&#7889;n t&#259;ng t&#432;&#417;ng &#7913;ng.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uzBZ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3703323e-5709-4782-96be-3d3b35377281_1651x991.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uzBZ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3703323e-5709-4782-96be-3d3b35377281_1651x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uzBZ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3703323e-5709-4782-96be-3d3b35377281_1651x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uzBZ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3703323e-5709-4782-96be-3d3b35377281_1651x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uzBZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3703323e-5709-4782-96be-3d3b35377281_1651x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uzBZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3703323e-5709-4782-96be-3d3b35377281_1651x991.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3703323e-5709-4782-96be-3d3b35377281_1651x991.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:97401,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/178616108?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3703323e-5709-4782-96be-3d3b35377281_1651x991.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uzBZ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3703323e-5709-4782-96be-3d3b35377281_1651x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uzBZ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3703323e-5709-4782-96be-3d3b35377281_1651x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uzBZ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3703323e-5709-4782-96be-3d3b35377281_1651x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uzBZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3703323e-5709-4782-96be-3d3b35377281_1651x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>M&#7897;t &#273;i&#7875;m m&#7845;u ch&#7889;t: Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; t&#259;ng l&#224; h&#7879; qu&#7843;, kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; m&#7909;c ti&#234;u ch&#237;nh c&#7911;a Fed trong l&#7847;n n&#224;y. M&#7909;c ti&#234;u c&#7911;a h&#7885; l&#224; gi&#7843;i c&#7913;u th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng MBS.</p><p>Tuy nhi&#234;n, h&#7879; qu&#7843; n&#224;y l&#7841;i l&#224;m thay &#273;&#7893;i m&#7885;i th&#7913;. Vi&#7879;c mua t&#224;i s&#7843;n thay v&#236; cho vay &#273;&#227; l&#224;m Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; c&#7911;a h&#7879; th&#7889;ng t&#259;ng v&#297;nh vi&#7877;n, cho &#273;&#7871;n khi Fed ch&#7911; &#273;&#7897;ng &#273;&#7843;o ng&#432;&#7907;c. D&#7919; li&#7879;u Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; nh&#7843;y t&#7915; m&#7913;c khan hi&#7871;m ch&#7881; 10-20 t&#7927; USD l&#234;n h&#417;n 1,000 t&#7927; USD. H&#7879; th&#7889;ng &#273;&#227; ng&#7853;p trong d&#7921; tr&#7919;, bu&#7897;c Fed ph&#7843;i chuy&#7875;n h&#432;&#7899;ng &#273;i&#7873;u h&#224;nh ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch ti&#7873;n t&#7879; sang m&#7897;t khu&#244;n kh&#7893; ho&#224;n to&#224;n m&#7899;i, g&#7885;i l&#224; d&#7921; tr&#7919; d&#432; th&#7915;a.</p><blockquote><p><strong>QE l&#7847;n 2 (2010 - 2011) v&#224; QE l&#7847;n 3 (2012 - 2014)</strong></p></blockquote><p>Sau khi QE l&#7847;n 1 k&#7871;t th&#250;c v&#224;o th&#225;ng 3/2010, n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; M&#7929; v&#7851;n t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng r&#7845;t ch&#7853;m ch&#7841;p. D&#432; &#226;m c&#7911;a kh&#7911;ng ho&#7843;ng t&#224;i ch&#237;nh to&#224;n c&#7847;u v&#7851;n c&#242;n n&#7863;ng n&#7873;. T&#7927; l&#7879; th&#7845;t nghi&#7879;p v&#7851;n &#7903; m&#7913;c cao v&#224; l&#7841;m ph&#225;t &#7903; m&#7913;c r&#7845;t th&#7845;p, d&#7845;y l&#234;n lo ng&#7841;i v&#7873; nguy c&#417; gi&#7843;m ph&#225;t. Trong b&#7889;i c&#7843;nh &#273;&#243;, ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch t&#224;i kh&#243;a l&#7841;i b&#432;&#7899;c v&#224;o th&#7901;i k&#7923; th&#7855;t l&#432;ng bu&#7897;c b&#7909;ng sau g&#243;i k&#237;ch th&#237;ch ban &#273;&#7847;u n&#259;m 2009. Ch&#237;nh ph&#7911; b&#7883; h&#7841;n ch&#7871; v&#7873; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng chi ti&#234;u, khi&#7871;n g&#225;nh n&#7863;ng h&#7895; tr&#7907; n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; d&#7891;n h&#7871;t l&#234;n vai Fed.</p><p>V&#7899;i l&#227;i su&#7845;t ng&#7855;n h&#7841;n &#273;&#227; k&#7865;t &#7903; m&#7913;c 0, Fed kh&#244;ng c&#242;n c&#244;ng c&#7909; truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng n&#224;o. H&#7885; bu&#7897;c ph&#7843;i t&#225;i kh&#7903;i &#273;&#7897;ng ch&#432;&#417;ng tr&#236;nh QE. M&#7909;c ti&#234;u ch&#237;nh c&#7911;a QE l&#7847;n 2 b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u t&#7915; th&#225;ng 11/2010 v&#224; QE l&#7847;n 3 b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u t&#7915; th&#225;ng 9/2012 kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; &#273;&#7875; gi&#7843;i c&#7913;u m&#7897;t th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng s&#7909;p &#273;&#7893;, m&#224; l&#224; &#273;&#7875; h&#7841; l&#227;i su&#7845;t d&#224;i h&#7841;n.</p><p>C&#417; ch&#7871; l&#224; Fed s&#7869; tr&#7903; th&#224;nh ng&#432;&#7901;i mua l&#7899;n nh&#7845;t tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng TPCP. B&#7857;ng c&#225;ch mua v&#224;o m&#7897;t l&#432;&#7907;ng l&#7899;n TPCP, Fed l&#224;m t&#259;ng gi&#225; c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng v&#224; &#273;&#7849;y l&#7907;i su&#7845;t, v&#7889;n di chuy&#7875;n ng&#432;&#7907;c chi&#7873;u v&#7899;i gi&#225;, xu&#7889;ng th&#7845;p. D&#7919; li&#7879;u cho th&#7845;y kho&#7843;n m&#7909;c TPCP m&#224; Fed n&#7855;m gi&#7919; &#273;&#227; t&#259;ng &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&#7863;n t&#7915; 777 t&#7927; USD v&#224;o th&#225;ng 10/2010 l&#234;n 2,462 t&#7927; USD v&#224;o th&#225;ng 10/2014.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RXOh!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb91e8a3d-2805-41b2-8699-8f6ad13b9449_1650x990.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RXOh!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb91e8a3d-2805-41b2-8699-8f6ad13b9449_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RXOh!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb91e8a3d-2805-41b2-8699-8f6ad13b9449_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RXOh!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb91e8a3d-2805-41b2-8699-8f6ad13b9449_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RXOh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb91e8a3d-2805-41b2-8699-8f6ad13b9449_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RXOh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb91e8a3d-2805-41b2-8699-8f6ad13b9449_1650x990.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b91e8a3d-2805-41b2-8699-8f6ad13b9449_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:87562,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/178616108?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb91e8a3d-2805-41b2-8699-8f6ad13b9449_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RXOh!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb91e8a3d-2805-41b2-8699-8f6ad13b9449_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RXOh!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb91e8a3d-2805-41b2-8699-8f6ad13b9449_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RXOh!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb91e8a3d-2805-41b2-8699-8f6ad13b9449_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RXOh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb91e8a3d-2805-41b2-8699-8f6ad13b9449_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Vi&#7879;c l&#7907;i su&#7845;t Tr&#225;i phi&#7871;u ch&#237;nh ph&#7911; d&#224;i h&#7841;n nh&#432; lo&#7841;i 10 n&#259;m gi&#7843;m s&#226;u s&#7869; k&#233;o theo l&#227;i su&#7845;t c&#7911;a c&#225;c kho&#7843;n vay d&#224;i h&#7841;n kh&#225;c trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&#224; l&#227;i su&#7845;t th&#7871; ch&#7845;p mua nh&#224;. Fed hy v&#7885;ng r&#7857;ng, v&#7899;i l&#227;i su&#7845;t vay r&#7867; h&#417;n, c&#225;c doanh nghi&#7879;p s&#7869; c&#243; &#273;&#7897;ng l&#7921;c &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; v&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i d&#226;n s&#7869; c&#243; &#273;&#7897;ng l&#7921;c mua nh&#224;, t&#7915; &#273;&#243; th&#250;c &#273;&#7849;y t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng kinh t&#7871;. T&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; nh&#432; l&#7847;n 1, Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; c&#7911;a h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c t&#259;ng l&#234;n nh&#432; m&#7897;t h&#7879; qu&#7843; t&#7845;t y&#7871;u c&#7911;a qu&#225; tr&#236;nh n&#224;y, c&#7911;ng c&#7889; th&#234;m c&#417; ch&#7871; d&#7921; tr&#7919; d&#432; th&#7915;a.</p><blockquote><p><strong>QE l&#7847;n 4 (3/2020 - 3/2022)</strong></p></blockquote><p>&#272;&#226;y l&#224; ch&#432;&#417;ng tr&#236;nh QE ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p nh&#7845;t v&#224; c&#361;ng l&#224; n&#417;i quy&#7873;n n&#259;ng th&#7921;c s&#7921; c&#7911;a NHTW &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7875; hi&#7879;n r&#245; nh&#7845;t. N&#243; c&#243; hai giai &#273;o&#7841;n v&#7899;i c&#417; ch&#7871; ho&#224;n to&#224;n kh&#225;c nhau.</p><p><em><strong>Giai &#273;o&#7841;n 1: Gi&#7843;i c&#7913;u th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng Tr&#225;i phi&#7871;u Ch&#237;nh ph&#7911;, t&#7915; th&#225;ng 3/2020 &#273;&#7871;n th&#225;ng 5/2020.</strong></em></p><p>Khi &#273;&#7841;i d&#7883;ch Covid-19 &#7853;p &#273;&#7871;n, B&#7897; T&#224;i ch&#237;nh M&#7929; b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u tung ra nh&#7919;ng g&#243;i ti&#7873;n tr&#7921;c th&#259;ng kh&#7893;ng l&#7891; &#273;&#7875; h&#7895; tr&#7907; ng&#432;&#7901;i d&#226;n. T&#7893;ng c&#7897;ng g&#7847;n 2,900 t&#7927; USD g&#243;i t&#224;i kh&#243;a &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n ch&#7881; trong v&#242;ng h&#417;n 1 th&#225;ng.</p><p>T&#7845;t nhi&#234;n, &#273;&#7875; c&#243; ngu&#7891;n ng&#226;n s&#225;ch n&#224;y, B&#7897; T&#224;i ch&#237;nh ph&#7843;i ph&#225;t h&#224;nh th&#234;m m&#7897;t l&#432;&#7907;ng TPCP kh&#7893;ng l&#7891;. D&#7919; li&#7879;u t&#7893;ng TPCP l&#432;u h&#224;nh nh&#7843;y t&#7915; 16.9 ng&#224;n t&#7927; v&#224;o th&#225;ng 2/2020 l&#234;n 19.2 ng&#224;n t&#7927; v&#224;o th&#225;ng 6/2020. Th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng TPCP, v&#7889;n l&#224; c&#244;ng c&#7909; tr&#250; &#7849;n an to&#224;n nh&#7845;t, b&#7895;ng tr&#7903; n&#234;n d&#432; th&#7915;a ngu&#7891;n cung. K&#7871;t qu&#7843; l&#224; TPCP b&#7883; b&#225;n th&#225;o v&#224; l&#7907;i su&#7845;t t&#259;ng v&#7885;t. Th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng t&#224;i s&#7843;n an to&#224;n nh&#7845;t th&#7871; gi&#7899;i &#273;&#7913;ng tr&#432;&#7899;c nguy c&#417; s&#7909;p &#273;&#7893;.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rmtX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c1bfba4-63f8-4196-9b19-e5512ba0de1c_1650x991.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rmtX!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c1bfba4-63f8-4196-9b19-e5512ba0de1c_1650x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rmtX!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c1bfba4-63f8-4196-9b19-e5512ba0de1c_1650x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rmtX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c1bfba4-63f8-4196-9b19-e5512ba0de1c_1650x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rmtX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c1bfba4-63f8-4196-9b19-e5512ba0de1c_1650x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rmtX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c1bfba4-63f8-4196-9b19-e5512ba0de1c_1650x991.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2c1bfba4-63f8-4196-9b19-e5512ba0de1c_1650x991.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:61073,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/178616108?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c1bfba4-63f8-4196-9b19-e5512ba0de1c_1650x991.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rmtX!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c1bfba4-63f8-4196-9b19-e5512ba0de1c_1650x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rmtX!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c1bfba4-63f8-4196-9b19-e5512ba0de1c_1650x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rmtX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c1bfba4-63f8-4196-9b19-e5512ba0de1c_1650x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rmtX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c1bfba4-63f8-4196-9b19-e5512ba0de1c_1650x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#272;&#7875; gi&#7843;i c&#7913;u, Fed m&#7897;t l&#7847;n n&#7919;a &#273;&#7913;ng ra l&#224;m ng&#432;&#7901;i mua ch&#237;nh. Fed tuy&#234;n b&#7889; mua TPCP v&#7899;i s&#7889; l&#432;&#7907;ng kh&#244;ng gi&#7899;i h&#7841;n tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng th&#7913; c&#7845;p, v&#236; lu&#7853;t kh&#244;ng cho ph&#233;p Fed mua tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p t&#7915; Kho b&#7841;c. D&#7919; li&#7879;u cho th&#7845;y s&#7921; can thi&#7879;p n&#224;y: T&#7893;ng t&#224;i s&#7843;n c&#7911;a Fed nh&#7843;y t&#7915; 4.1 ng&#224;n t&#7927; v&#224;o th&#225;ng 2/2020 l&#234;n 7.0 ng&#224;n t&#7927; v&#224;o th&#225;ng 5/2020, ch&#7881; trong 3 th&#225;ng. &#272;&#226;y ch&#237;nh l&#224; h&#224;nh &#273;&#7897;ng gi&#225;n ti&#7871;p gi&#250;p B&#7897; T&#224;i ch&#237;nh c&#243; kh&#244;ng gian th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch t&#224;i kh&#243;a.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6oCd!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f1e6ba6-eee4-419f-be1f-794eba083f2f_1651x990.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6oCd!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f1e6ba6-eee4-419f-be1f-794eba083f2f_1651x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6oCd!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f1e6ba6-eee4-419f-be1f-794eba083f2f_1651x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6oCd!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f1e6ba6-eee4-419f-be1f-794eba083f2f_1651x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6oCd!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f1e6ba6-eee4-419f-be1f-794eba083f2f_1651x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6oCd!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f1e6ba6-eee4-419f-be1f-794eba083f2f_1651x990.png" width="1456" height="873" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7f1e6ba6-eee4-419f-be1f-794eba083f2f_1651x990.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:873,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:67629,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/178616108?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f1e6ba6-eee4-419f-be1f-794eba083f2f_1651x990.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6oCd!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f1e6ba6-eee4-419f-be1f-794eba083f2f_1651x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6oCd!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f1e6ba6-eee4-419f-be1f-794eba083f2f_1651x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6oCd!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f1e6ba6-eee4-419f-be1f-794eba083f2f_1651x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6oCd!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f1e6ba6-eee4-419f-be1f-794eba083f2f_1651x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em><strong>Giai &#273;o&#7841;n 2: C&#417; ch&#7871; &#8220;In ti&#7873;n&#8221; v&#224; s&#7921; tr&#7895;i d&#7853;y c&#7911;a RRP.</strong></em></p><p>C&#417; ch&#7871; c&#7911;a QE 4 giai &#273;o&#7841;n &#273;&#7847;u l&#224; m&#7897;t b&#432;&#7899;c &#273;i t&#225;o b&#7841;o v&#224; l&#224; &#273;i&#7875;m kh&#225;c bi&#7879;t c&#7889;t l&#245;i so v&#7899;i c&#225;c l&#7847;n tr&#432;&#7899;c. Trong c&#225;c l&#7847;n tr&#432;&#7899;c, Fed ch&#7911; y&#7871;u giao d&#7883;ch v&#7899;i c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng. L&#7847;n n&#224;y, Fed &#273;&#227; th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n giao d&#7883;ch mua t&#224;i s&#7843;n ph&#7847;n l&#7899;n t&#7915; c&#225;c t&#7893; ch&#7913;c phi ng&#226;n h&#224;ng nh&#432; c&#225;c qu&#7929; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432;, qu&#7929; h&#432;u tr&#237;, hay th&#7853;m ch&#237; l&#224; h&#7897; gia &#273;&#236;nh.</p><p>Quy tr&#236;nh n&#224;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n nh&#432; sau, v&#224; &#273;&#226;y ch&#237;nh l&#224; c&#417; ch&#7871; &#8220;in ti&#7873;n&#8221; M2:</p><p>Gi&#7843; s&#7917; Fed mu&#7889;n mua 100 t&#7927; USD TPCP t&#7915; m&#7897;t qu&#7929; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432;. V&#236; qu&#7929; n&#224;y kh&#244;ng c&#243; t&#224;i kho&#7843;n Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; t&#7841;i Fed, h&#7885; ph&#7843;i th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n th&#244;ng qua m&#7897;t ng&#226;n h&#224;ng th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i l&#224;m trung gian:</p><ol><li><p>Qu&#7929; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432;: B&#225;n 100 t&#7927; TPCP. Tr&#234;n BC&#272;KT c&#7911;a m&#236;nh, T&#224;i s&#7843;n &#8220;TPCP&#8221; gi&#7843;m 100 t&#7927;, v&#224; T&#224;i s&#7843;n &#8220;Ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i Ng&#226;n h&#224;ng&#8221; t&#259;ng 100 t&#7927;.</p></li><li><p>Ng&#226;n h&#224;ng trung gian: Ghi c&#243; 100 t&#7927; &#8220;Ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i&#8221; c&#7911;a qu&#7929; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; tr&#234;n N&#7907; ph&#7843;i tr&#7843;. &#272;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i, ng&#226;n h&#224;ng nh&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c 100 t&#7927; &#8220;Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919;&#8221; t&#7915; Fed, l&#224;m T&#224;i s&#7843;n t&#259;ng 100 t&#7927;.</p></li><li><p>Fed: Mua 100 t&#7927; TPCP, l&#224;m T&#224;i s&#7843;n t&#259;ng 100 t&#7927;. Tr&#7843; ti&#7873;n b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch t&#7841;o ra 100 t&#7927; &#8220;Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919;&#8221; cho ng&#226;n h&#224;ng, l&#224;m N&#7907; ph&#7843;i tr&#7843; t&#259;ng 100 t&#7927;.</p></li></ol><p>K&#7871;t qu&#7843; c&#7911;a giao d&#7883;ch n&#224;y l&#224; Fed &#273;&#227; &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i t&#7841;o ra 100 t&#7927; USD Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; cho h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng v&#224; 100 t&#7927; USD Ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i cho n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;, &#273;&#226;y ch&#237;nh l&#224; M2.</p><p>&#272;&#226;y ch&#237;nh l&#224; d&#7845;u v&#7871;t cho th&#7845;y Fed &#273;&#227; mua t&#224;i s&#7843;n t&#7915; ai. D&#7919; li&#7879;u ch&#7913;ng minh &#273;i&#7873;u n&#224;y: trong giai &#273;o&#7841;n 3/2020 - 3/2022, kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; t&#259;ng m&#7841;nh, m&#224; Ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i ng&#226;n h&#224;ng c&#361;ng t&#259;ng v&#7885;t t&#7915; 15 ng&#224;n t&#7927; l&#234;n 18 ng&#224;n t&#7927; USD. Ti&#7873;n &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#8220;in&#8221; v&#224; &#273;&#432;a tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p v&#224;o t&#224;i kho&#7843;n c&#7911;a c&#225;c t&#7893; ch&#7913;c phi ng&#226;n h&#224;ng. Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; m&#7897;t l&#7847;n n&#7919;a ch&#7881; l&#224; h&#7879; qu&#7843; c&#7911;a giao d&#7883;ch n&#224;y.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mNqC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F57dcd9aa-ff0e-4b34-866a-29297e91ea0c_1651x990.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mNqC!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F57dcd9aa-ff0e-4b34-866a-29297e91ea0c_1651x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mNqC!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F57dcd9aa-ff0e-4b34-866a-29297e91ea0c_1651x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mNqC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F57dcd9aa-ff0e-4b34-866a-29297e91ea0c_1651x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mNqC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F57dcd9aa-ff0e-4b34-866a-29297e91ea0c_1651x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mNqC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F57dcd9aa-ff0e-4b34-866a-29297e91ea0c_1651x990.png" width="1456" height="873" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/57dcd9aa-ff0e-4b34-866a-29297e91ea0c_1651x990.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:873,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:99787,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/178616108?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F57dcd9aa-ff0e-4b34-866a-29297e91ea0c_1651x990.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mNqC!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F57dcd9aa-ff0e-4b34-866a-29297e91ea0c_1651x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mNqC!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F57dcd9aa-ff0e-4b34-866a-29297e91ea0c_1651x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mNqC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F57dcd9aa-ff0e-4b34-866a-29297e91ea0c_1651x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mNqC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F57dcd9aa-ff0e-4b34-866a-29297e91ea0c_1651x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Tuy nhi&#234;n, m&#7897;t kh&#225;c bi&#7879;t &#273;&#225;ng k&#7875; &#273;&#227; di&#7877;n ra sau &#273;&#243;: s&#7921; gia t&#259;ng &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n c&#7911;a Reverse Repurchase Agreements, hay RRP. Khi qu&#225; nhi&#7873;u Ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra, c&#225;c t&#7893; ch&#7913;c, nh&#7845;t l&#224; c&#225;c Qu&#7929; th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng ti&#7873;n t&#7879;, mu&#7889;n t&#7889;i &#432;u s&#7889; ti&#7873;n n&#224;y. H&#7885; g&#7917;i ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i Fed th&#244;ng qua c&#7917;a s&#7893; RRP nh&#432; &#273;&#227; n&#243;i &#7903; b&#224;i P4 &#273;&#7875; h&#432;&#7903;ng l&#227;i su&#7845;t cao v&#224; an to&#224;n h&#417;n l&#224; &#273;&#7875; &#7903; ng&#226;n h&#224;ng.</p><p>H&#7879; qu&#7843; l&#224;, m&#7897;t d&#242;ng ti&#7873;n ch&#7843;y ng&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#227; di&#7877;n ra:</p><ul><li><p>T&#7893; ch&#7913;c phi ng&#226;n h&#224;ng: R&#250;t &#8220;Ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i&#8221; t&#7841;i ng&#226;n h&#224;ng, chuy&#7875;n v&#224;o &#8220;RRP&#8221; t&#7841;i Fed.</p></li><li><p>Ng&#226;n h&#224;ng trung gian: N&#7907; ph&#7843;i tr&#7843; &#8220;Ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i&#8221; gi&#7843;m, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i &#8220;Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919;&#8221; tr&#234;n T&#224;i s&#7843;n gi&#7843;m t&#432;&#417;ng &#7913;ng.</p></li><li><p>Fed: Tr&#234;n Ngu&#7891;n v&#7889;n, &#8220;Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919;&#8221; gi&#7843;m, v&#224; &#8220;RRP&#8221; t&#259;ng.</p></li></ul><p>D&#7919; li&#7879;u cho th&#7845;y r&#245; &#273;i&#7873;u n&#224;y: T&#7915; th&#225;ng 3/2021, kho&#7843;n m&#7909;c RRP t&#259;ng d&#7921;ng &#273;&#7913;ng t&#7915; g&#7847;n 0 l&#234;n &#273;&#7881;nh &#273;i&#7875;m h&#417;n 2.6 ng&#224;n t&#7927; USD. &#272;&#226;y ch&#237;nh l&#224; l&#432;&#7907;ng Ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i d&#432; th&#7915;a &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra t&#7915; QE 4, nay &#8220;quay v&#7873;&#8221; n&#7857;m t&#7841;i Fed.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CYrX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38b450ce-96e0-41c9-a3af-54425eef5fd0_1651x990.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CYrX!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38b450ce-96e0-41c9-a3af-54425eef5fd0_1651x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CYrX!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38b450ce-96e0-41c9-a3af-54425eef5fd0_1651x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CYrX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38b450ce-96e0-41c9-a3af-54425eef5fd0_1651x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CYrX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38b450ce-96e0-41c9-a3af-54425eef5fd0_1651x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CYrX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38b450ce-96e0-41c9-a3af-54425eef5fd0_1651x990.png" width="1456" height="873" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/38b450ce-96e0-41c9-a3af-54425eef5fd0_1651x990.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:873,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:83962,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/178616108?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38b450ce-96e0-41c9-a3af-54425eef5fd0_1651x990.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CYrX!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38b450ce-96e0-41c9-a3af-54425eef5fd0_1651x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CYrX!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38b450ce-96e0-41c9-a3af-54425eef5fd0_1651x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CYrX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38b450ce-96e0-41c9-a3af-54425eef5fd0_1651x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CYrX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38b450ce-96e0-41c9-a3af-54425eef5fd0_1651x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h4><strong>T&#7921;u chung v&#7873; QE v&#224; QT</strong></h4><p>Qua 4 l&#7847;n QE, ch&#250;ng ta c&#243; th&#7875; r&#250;t ra hai k&#7871;t lu&#7853;n quan tr&#7885;ng:</p><p>(1) Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; lu&#244;n l&#224; h&#7879; qu&#7843; gi&#225;n ti&#7871;p, kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; m&#7909;c ti&#234;u trong c&#225;c l&#7847;n QE. M&#7909;c ti&#234;u c&#7911;a QE c&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; c&#7913;u th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng t&#224;i s&#7843;n x&#7845;u, h&#7841; l&#227;i su&#7845;t d&#224;i h&#7841;n, ho&#7863;c &#8220;in ti&#7873;n&#8221; M2 tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p v&#224;o n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;, tu&#7923; thu&#7897;c v&#224;o b&#7889;i c&#7843;nh t&#7915;ng th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m.</p><p>(2) QE c&#243; quy&#7873;n n&#259;ng v&#244; h&#7841;n. N&#243; c&#243; th&#7875; th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n b&#7845;t k&#7923; m&#7909;c &#273;&#237;ch g&#236; n&#7857;m ngo&#224;i kh&#7843; n&#259;ng c&#7911;a khu&#244;n kh&#7893; ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch ti&#7873;n t&#7879; truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng, nh&#432; vi&#7879;c "in ti&#7873;n&#8221; M2 tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p v&#224;o n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;, &#273;i&#7873;u m&#224; tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#226;y ch&#7881; ng&#226;n h&#224;ng th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i m&#7899;i l&#224;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c.</p><p>(3) Trong 4 l&#7847;n QE tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#7873;u di&#7877;n ra trong b&#7889;i c&#7843;nh l&#227;i su&#7845;t &#273;i&#7873;u h&#224;nh ch&#7841;m m&#7913;c 0%. Tuy nhi&#234;n tu&#7923; m&#7909;c ti&#234;u v&#224; b&#7889;i c&#7843;nh, trong t&#432;&#417;ng lai Fed c&#243; th&#7875; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng QE &#7903; b&#7845;t k&#7923; th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m n&#224;o, b&#7845;t k&#7875; l&#227;i su&#7845;t l&#227;i &#273;i&#7873;u h&#224;nh c&#243; &#273;ang &#7903; ng&#432;&#7905;ng 0% hay kh&#244;ng.</p><p><em><strong>V&#7853;y c&#242;n Th&#7855;t ch&#7863;t &#273;&#7883;nh l&#432;&#7907;ng th&#236; sao?</strong></em></p><p>Th&#7855;t ch&#7863;t &#273;&#7883;nh l&#432;&#7907;ng l&#224; qu&#225; tr&#236;nh ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i. Fed thu h&#7865;p BC&#272;KT c&#7911;a m&#236;nh, ch&#7911; y&#7871;u b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch &#273;&#7875; c&#225;c gi&#7845;y t&#7901; c&#243; gi&#225; t&#7921; &#273;&#225;o h&#7841;n m&#224; kh&#244;ng t&#225;i &#273;&#7847;u t&#432;.</p><p>Khi 100 t&#7927; TPCP tr&#234;n b&#7843;ng c&#7911;a Fed &#273;&#225;o h&#7841;n, Kho b&#7841;c ph&#7843;i tr&#7843; 100 t&#7927; n&#224;y cho Fed. &#272;&#7875; c&#243; ti&#7873;n, Kho b&#7841;c ph&#7843;i ph&#225;t h&#224;nh 100 t&#7927; TPCP m&#7899;i ra th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng (n&#7871;u kh&#244;ng s&#7917; d&#7909;ng t&#224;i kho&#7843;n TGA).</p><ul><li><p>N&#7871;u ng&#432;&#7901;i mua l&#224; t&#7893; ch&#7913;c phi ng&#226;n h&#224;ng, h&#7885; s&#7869; d&#249;ng &#8220;Ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i&#8221; c&#7911;a m&#236;nh &#273;&#7875; mua. &#8220;Ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i&#8221; M2 gi&#7843;m, v&#224; th&#244;ng qua ng&#226;n h&#224;ng trung gian, &#8220;Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919;&#8221; c&#361;ng gi&#7843;m t&#432;&#417;ng &#7913;ng.</p></li><li><p>N&#7871;u ng&#432;&#7901;i mua l&#224; Qu&#7929; th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng ti&#7873;n t&#7879;, h&#7885; c&#243; th&#7875; d&#249;ng ti&#7873;n &#273;ang g&#7917;i &#7903; &#8220;RRP&#8221; &#273;&#7875; mua. K&#7871;t qu&#7843; &#8220;RRP&#8221; tr&#234;n N&#7907; ph&#7843;i tr&#7843; c&#7911;a Fed c&#361;ng gi&#7843;m t&#432;&#417;ng &#7913;ng.</p></li><li><p>N&#7871;u ng&#432;&#7901;i mua l&#224; ng&#226;n h&#224;ng, h&#7885; d&#249;ng &#8220;Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919;&#8221; c&#7911;a m&#236;nh &#273;&#7875; mua. &#8220;Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919;&#8221; gi&#7843;m.</p></li></ul><p>Nh&#432; v&#7853;y, d&#249; b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch n&#224;o, Th&#7855;t ch&#7863;t &#273;&#7883;nh l&#432;&#7907;ng c&#361;ng lu&#244;n lu&#244;n d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n vi&#7879;c Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; ho&#7863;c RRP b&#7883; h&#250;t r&#242;ng kh&#7887;i h&#7879; th&#7889;ng. D&#7919; li&#7879;u t&#7915; gi&#7919;a n&#259;m 2022 &#273;&#7871;n nay cho th&#7845;y r&#245; qu&#225; tr&#236;nh n&#224;y: T&#7893;ng t&#224;i s&#7843;n c&#7911;a Fed gi&#7843;m t&#7915; 8.9 ng&#224;n t&#7927; xu&#7889;ng 6.8 ng&#224;n t&#7927; USD. V&#224; &#7903; ph&#237;a Ngu&#7891;n v&#7889;n, c&#7843; Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; v&#224; RRP &#273;&#7873;u gi&#7843;m m&#7841;nh &#273;&#7875; h&#7845;p th&#7909; l&#432;&#7907;ng t&#224;i s&#7843;n gi&#7843;m &#273;i n&#224;y. &#272;&#226;y ch&#237;nh l&#224; qu&#225; tr&#236;nh &#8220;h&#250;t ti&#7873;n&#8221; v&#7873;.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OmES!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38c71de6-cee4-4355-aaa7-3ced20c31c52_1650x991.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OmES!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38c71de6-cee4-4355-aaa7-3ced20c31c52_1650x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OmES!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38c71de6-cee4-4355-aaa7-3ced20c31c52_1650x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OmES!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38c71de6-cee4-4355-aaa7-3ced20c31c52_1650x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OmES!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38c71de6-cee4-4355-aaa7-3ced20c31c52_1650x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OmES!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38c71de6-cee4-4355-aaa7-3ced20c31c52_1650x991.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/38c71de6-cee4-4355-aaa7-3ced20c31c52_1650x991.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:66782,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/178616108?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38c71de6-cee4-4355-aaa7-3ced20c31c52_1650x991.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OmES!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38c71de6-cee4-4355-aaa7-3ced20c31c52_1650x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OmES!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38c71de6-cee4-4355-aaa7-3ced20c31c52_1650x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OmES!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38c71de6-cee4-4355-aaa7-3ced20c31c52_1650x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OmES!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38c71de6-cee4-4355-aaa7-3ced20c31c52_1650x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h4><strong>K&#7871;t lu&#7853;n</strong></h4><p>M&#7897;t c&#226;u h&#7887;i cu&#7889;i c&#249;ng: N&#7871;u QE quy&#7873;n n&#259;ng nh&#432; v&#7853;y, t&#7841;i sao c&#225;c NHTW nh&#432; SBV hay PBoC kh&#244;ng th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n QE &#273;&#7875; k&#237;ch th&#237;ch n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;? C&#226;u tr&#7843; l&#7901;i n&#7857;m &#7903; h&#7879; qu&#7843; c&#7911;a n&#243;. Cho d&#249; m&#7909;c ti&#234;u c&#7911;a QE l&#224; g&#236;, n&#243; s&#7869; lu&#244;n gi&#225;n ti&#7871;p l&#224;m t&#259;ng Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919;. Nh&#432; &#273;&#227; th&#7845;y, sau c&#225;c g&#243;i QE, l&#432;&#7907;ng Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; t&#7841;o ra l&#224; qu&#225; l&#7899;n, khi&#7871;n h&#7879; th&#7889;ng chuy&#7875;n t&#7915; &#8220;khan hi&#7871;m&#8221; sang &#8220;d&#432; th&#7915;a&#8221; d&#7921; tr&#7919;.</p><p>C&#225;c NHTW nh&#432; Fed &#273;&#227; ch&#7845;p nh&#7853;n v&#224; chuy&#7875;n sang m&#7897;t h&#7879; th&#7889;ng v&#7853;n h&#224;nh ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch ti&#7873;n t&#7879; ho&#224;n to&#224;n m&#7899;i g&#7885;i l&#224; c&#417; ch&#7871; d&#7921; tr&#7919; d&#432; th&#7915;a. Trong khi &#273;&#243;, SBV v&#224; PBoC v&#7851;n &#273;ang v&#7853;n h&#224;nh ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch ti&#7873;n t&#7879; d&#7921;a tr&#234;n c&#417; s&#7903; d&#7921; tr&#7919; khan hi&#7871;m truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng, n&#417;i h&#7885; &#273;i&#7873;u ti&#7871;t l&#227;i su&#7845;t b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch gi&#7919; cho Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; lu&#244;n &#7903; m&#7913;c v&#7915;a &#273;&#7911; ho&#7863;c thi&#7871;u h&#7909;t. Vi&#7879;c &#225;p d&#7909;ng QE s&#7869; ph&#225; v&#7905; ho&#224;n to&#224;n c&#417; ch&#7871; &#273;i&#7873;u h&#224;nh n&#224;y.</p><p>V&#7853;y, d&#7921; tr&#7919; khan hi&#7871;m v&#224; d&#7921; tr&#7919; d&#432; th&#7915;a l&#224; g&#236;? Hai c&#417; ch&#7871; n&#224;y v&#7853;n h&#224;nh kh&#225;c nhau ra sao? Ch&#250;ng ta s&#7869; t&#236;m hi&#7875;u trong b&#224;i vi&#7871;t ti&#7871;p theo c&#7911;a chu&#7895;i &#8220;Monetary&#8221;: H&#224;nh lang l&#227;i su&#7845;t.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Monetary (P4): Bảng cân đối kế toán của Ngân hàng Trung ương]]></title><description><![CDATA[B&#7843;ng c&#226;n &#273;&#7889;i k&#7871; to&#225;n kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; l&#224; m&#7897;t b&#225;o c&#225;o t&#224;i ch&#237;nh, m&#224; ch&#237;nh l&#224; b&#7843;ng &#273;i&#7873;u khi&#7875;n ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch ti&#7873;n t&#7879; c&#7911;a Ng&#226;n h&#224;ng Trung &#432;&#417;ng. B&#7857;ng c&#225;ch ph&#226;n t&#237;ch c&#7845;u tr&#250;c t&#224;i s&#7843;n v&#224; ngu&#7891;n v&#7889;n, ch&#250;ng ta c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#7885;c v&#7883; to&#224;n b&#7897; m&#244; h&#236;nh &#273;i&#7873;u h&#224;nh kinh t&#7871; c&#7911;a Fed, ECB v&#224; PBoC. &#272;&#226;y l&#224; n&#7873;n t&#7843;ng b&#7855;t bu&#7897;c ph&#7843;i hi&#7875;u tr&#432;&#7899;c khi &#273;i s&#226;u v&#224;o c&#417; ch&#7871; c&#7911;a N&#7899;i l&#7887;ng &#273;&#7883;nh l&#432;&#7907;ng (QE).]]></description><link>https://40yo.vn/p/monetary-p4-bang-can-oi-ke-toan-cua</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://40yo.vn/p/monetary-p4-bang-can-oi-ke-toan-cua</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[40 Years Old]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 04 Nov 2025 00:00:34 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ae86f485-b2a8-4abb-9ca2-d29f2a5bc7cf_645x280.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Trong c&#225;c ph&#7847;n tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a chu&#7895;i b&#224;i &#8220;Monetary&#8221;, ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#227; c&#249;ng nhau b&#243;c t&#225;ch ba h&#236;nh th&#225;i c&#7889;t l&#245;i c&#7911;a ti&#7873;n v&#224; &#273;i s&#226;u v&#224;o b&#7889;n c&#417; ch&#7871; ch&#237;nh t&#7841;o ra v&#224; ph&#225; h&#7911;y &#8220;Ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i&#8221; (M2) &#8211; h&#236;nh th&#225;i ti&#7873;n quan tr&#7885;ng nh&#7845;t v&#7853;n h&#224;nh trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;. Nh&#7919;ng ki&#7871;n th&#7913;c &#273;&#243; l&#224; n&#7873;n t&#7843;ng &#273;&#7875; hi&#7875;u c&#225;ch thanh kho&#7843;n trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; (M2) v&#224; thanh kho&#7843;n trong h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng (Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919;) v&#7853;n h&#224;nh.</p><p>Tr&#432;&#7899;c khi ch&#250;ng ta &#273;i &#273;&#7871;n ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; m&#7845;u ch&#7889;t v&#224; th&#432;&#7901;ng b&#7883; hi&#7875;u nh&#7847;m nh&#7845;t trong ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch ti&#7873;n t&#7879; hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i &#8211; N&#7899;i l&#7887;ng &#273;&#7883;nh l&#432;&#7907;ng (Quantitative Easing), c&#243; m&#7897;t n&#7897;i dung mang t&#237;nh b&#7843;n l&#7873; m&#224; ch&#250;ng ta b&#7855;t bu&#7897;c ph&#7843;i n&#7855;m r&#245;: B&#7843;ng c&#226;n &#273;&#7889;i k&#7871; to&#225;n c&#7911;a Ng&#226;n h&#224;ng Trung &#432;&#417;ng.</p><p>&#272;&#226;y l&#224; c&#417; s&#7903; quan tr&#7885;ng nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7875; hi&#7875;u v&#7873; c&#417; ch&#7871; &#273;i&#7873;u h&#224;nh ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch ti&#7873;n t&#7879; v&#224; c&#225;ch NHTW b&#417;m hay h&#250;t ti&#7873;n trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;. Gi&#7889;ng v&#7899;i b&#7845;t k&#7923; t&#7893; ch&#7913;c n&#224;o, NHTW c&#361;ng c&#243; m&#7897;t b&#7843;ng c&#226;n &#273;&#7889;i k&#7871; to&#225;n v&#7899;i hai v&#7871; c&#417; b&#7843;n: T&#192;I S&#7842;N v&#224; NGU&#7890;N V&#7888;N. Tuy nhi&#234;n, kh&#244;ng gi&#7889;ng b&#7845;t k&#7923; t&#7893; ch&#7913;c n&#224;o kh&#225;c, BC&#272;KT c&#7911;a NHTW l&#224; m&#7897;t c&#244;ng c&#7909; ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch, v&#224; m&#7885;i thay &#273;&#7893;i tr&#234;n &#273;&#243;, d&#249; l&#224; nh&#7887; nh&#7845;t, &#273;&#7873;u c&#243; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng &#273;&#7871;n to&#224;n b&#7897; n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; v&#297; m&#244;.</p><p>B&#7843;n ch&#7845;t c&#7911;a CSTT, d&#249; l&#224; truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng hay phi truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng (nh&#432; QE), &#273;&#7873;u l&#224; h&#224;nh &#273;&#7897;ng ch&#7911; &#273;&#7897;ng thay &#273;&#7893;i quy m&#244; v&#224; c&#7845;u tr&#250;c c&#7911;a BC&#272;KT n&#224;y. &#272;&#7875; minh h&#7885;a r&#245; n&#233;t nh&#7845;t, ch&#250;ng ta s&#7869; kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; ph&#226;n t&#237;ch v&#7873; m&#7863;t l&#253; thuy&#7871;t m&#224; c&#242;n so s&#225;nh tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p BC&#272;KT c&#7911;a ba NHTW l&#7899;n v&#224; quy&#7873;n l&#7921;c nh&#7845;t th&#7871; gi&#7899;i: C&#7909;c D&#7921; tr&#7919; Li&#234;n bang M&#7929; (Fed), Ng&#226;n h&#224;ng Nh&#226;n d&#226;n Trung Qu&#7889;c (PBoC), v&#224; Ng&#226;n h&#224;ng Trung &#432;&#417;ng Ch&#226;u &#194;u (ECB). D&#7921;a tr&#234;n d&#7919; li&#7879;u t&#237;nh &#273;&#7871;n cu&#7889;i th&#225;ng 9, m&#7897;t &#273;i&#7875;m th&#250; v&#7883; c&#243; th&#7875; th&#7845;y ngay l&#7853;p t&#7913;c: quy m&#244; BC&#272;KT c&#7911;a c&#7843; ba &#8220;g&#227; kh&#7893;ng l&#7891;&#8221; n&#224;y t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#432;&#417;ng nhau, x&#7845;p x&#7881; 6.6 ng&#224;n t&#7927; USD. Nh&#432;ng &#273;i&#7873;u th&#7921;c s&#7921; quan tr&#7885;ng kh&#244;ng n&#7857;m &#7903; t&#7893;ng quy m&#244;, m&#224; n&#7857;m &#7903; c&#7845;u tr&#250;c b&#234;n trong n&#243;. S&#7921; kh&#225;c bi&#7879;t v&#7873; c&#7845;u tr&#250;c n&#224;y ph&#7843;n &#225;nh r&#245; n&#233;t m&#244; h&#236;nh kinh t&#7871; v&#224; c&#225;ch th&#7913;c &#273;i&#7873;u h&#224;nh CSTT ho&#224;n to&#224;n kh&#225;c bi&#7879;t c&#7911;a m&#7895;i khu v&#7921;c.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uGY9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbc8df160-08fa-436c-8d9e-fb74d76668ae_645x280.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uGY9!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbc8df160-08fa-436c-8d9e-fb74d76668ae_645x280.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uGY9!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbc8df160-08fa-436c-8d9e-fb74d76668ae_645x280.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uGY9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbc8df160-08fa-436c-8d9e-fb74d76668ae_645x280.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uGY9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbc8df160-08fa-436c-8d9e-fb74d76668ae_645x280.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uGY9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbc8df160-08fa-436c-8d9e-fb74d76668ae_645x280.png" width="645" height="280" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bc8df160-08fa-436c-8d9e-fb74d76668ae_645x280.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:280,&quot;width&quot;:645,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:20965,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/177908404?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbc8df160-08fa-436c-8d9e-fb74d76668ae_645x280.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uGY9!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbc8df160-08fa-436c-8d9e-fb74d76668ae_645x280.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uGY9!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbc8df160-08fa-436c-8d9e-fb74d76668ae_645x280.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uGY9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbc8df160-08fa-436c-8d9e-fb74d76668ae_645x280.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uGY9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbc8df160-08fa-436c-8d9e-fb74d76668ae_645x280.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h4><strong>T&#192;I S&#7842;N (ASSETS)</strong></h4><p>Ph&#7847;n T&#224;i s&#7843;n cho ch&#250;ng ta bi&#7871;t NHTW &#273;ang &#8220;n&#7855;m gi&#7919;&#8221; nh&#7919;ng g&#236;, hay n&#243;i c&#225;ch kh&#225;c, NHTW &#273;&#227; &#8220;b&#417;m&#8221; ti&#7873;n ra n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; th&#244;ng qua vi&#7879;c mua ho&#7863;c cho vay nh&#7919;ng lo&#7841;i t&#224;i s&#7843;n n&#224;o.</p><h4><strong>Ch&#7913;ng kho&#225;n (Securities)</strong></h4><p>&#272;&#226;y l&#224; c&#225;c lo&#7841;i gi&#7845;y t&#7901; c&#243; gi&#225; m&#224; NHTW n&#7855;m gi&#7919;, bao g&#7891;m ch&#7911; y&#7871;u l&#224; Tr&#225;i phi&#7871;u Ch&#237;nh ph&#7911;, Tr&#225;i phi&#7871;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c b&#7843;o &#273;&#7843;m b&#7857;ng th&#7871; ch&#7845;p (MBS), v&#224; &#273;&#244;i khi c&#243; c&#7843; Tr&#225;i phi&#7871;u Doanh nghi&#7879;p. Nh&#236;n v&#224;o b&#7843;ng, ch&#250;ng ta th&#7845;y m&#7897;t s&#7921; t&#432;&#417;ng ph&#7843;n r&#245; r&#7879;t. Fed n&#7855;m gi&#7919; t&#7899;i 6,510 t&#7927; USD GTCG, chi&#7871;m 98.5% t&#7893;ng t&#224;i s&#7843;n c&#7911;a m&#236;nh. T&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921;, ECB n&#7855;m gi&#7919; 4,531 t&#7927; USD GTCG, chi&#7871;m 69% t&#7893;ng t&#224;i s&#7843;n. Ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i, PBoC ch&#7881; n&#7855;m gi&#7919; 309 t&#7927; USD GTCG, m&#7897;t con s&#7889; chi&#7871;m v&#7887;n v&#7865;n 4.6% t&#7893;ng t&#224;i s&#7843;n c&#7911;a h&#7885;.</p><p>S&#7921; kh&#225;c bi&#7879;t kh&#7893;ng l&#7891; n&#224;y ch&#237;nh l&#224; d&#7845;u v&#7871;t c&#7911;a N&#7899;i l&#7887;ng &#273;&#7883;nh l&#432;&#7907;ng. Kho&#7843;n m&#7909;c n&#224;y ch&#7881; ph&#236;nh to ra &#7903; c&#225;c NHTW th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n QE, t&#7913;c l&#224; c&#225;c ch&#432;&#417;ng tr&#236;nh mua GTCG v&#7899;i quy m&#244; c&#7921;c l&#7899;n. V&#7899;i c&#225;c NHTW &#273;i&#7873;u h&#224;nh theo ki&#7875;u truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng nh&#432; Ng&#226;n h&#224;ng Nh&#224; n&#432;&#7899;c Vi&#7879;t Nam (SBV) hay PBoC, kho&#7843;n m&#7909;c n&#224;y th&#432;&#7901;ng r&#7845;t nh&#7887; v&#224; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; c&#244;ng c&#7909; &#273;i&#7873;u h&#224;nh ch&#237;nh.</p><p>Khi Fed th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n QE, h&#7885; mua TPCP t&#7915; c&#225;c t&#7893; ch&#7913;c phi ng&#226;n h&#224;ng (v&#237; d&#7909; m&#7897;t qu&#7929; h&#432;u tr&#237;). V&#7873; m&#7863;t h&#7841;ch to&#225;n tr&#234;n BC&#272;KT c&#7911;a Fed, t&#224;i s&#7843;n Securities s&#7869; t&#259;ng l&#234;n v&#236; Fed mua tr&#225;i phi&#7871;u v&#7873;. &#272;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i, b&#234;n ph&#237;a Ngu&#7891;n v&#7889;n, Reserve (Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919;) c&#361;ng t&#259;ng l&#234;n m&#7897;t l&#432;&#7907;ng t&#432;&#417;ng &#7913;ng, v&#236; Fed tr&#7843; ti&#7873;n cho ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#225;n b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch ghi c&#243; v&#224;o t&#224;i kho&#7843;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; c&#7911;a ng&#226;n h&#224;ng th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i ph&#7909;c v&#7909; ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#225;n &#273;&#243;. Ch&#250;ng ta s&#7869; ph&#226;n t&#237;ch c&#417; ch&#7871; n&#224;y k&#7929; h&#417;n trong b&#224;i ti&#7871;p theo, nh&#432;ng nh&#236;n v&#224;o &#273;&#226;y, ta c&#243; th&#7875; hi&#7875;u ngay r&#7857;ng Securities ch&#237;nh l&#224; &#8220;d&#7845;u v&#7871;t&#8221; v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t c&#7911;a c&#225;c ch&#432;&#417;ng tr&#236;nh QE.</p><h4><strong>C&#225;c kho&#7843;n ph&#7843;i thu (Loans / Claims)</strong></h4><p>&#272;&#226;y l&#224; c&#225;c kho&#7843;n cho vay m&#224; NHTW c&#7845;p cho c&#225;c t&#7893; ch&#7913;c t&#237;n d&#7909;ng (NHTM) ho&#7863;c c&#225;c t&#7893; ch&#7913;c kh&#225;c. &#272;&#226;y ch&#237;nh l&#224; c&#244;ng c&#7909; &#273;i&#7873;u h&#224;nh CSTT truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng. V&#237; d&#7909;, khi SBV &#8220;b&#417;m&#8221; ti&#7873;n qua nghi&#7879;p v&#7909; th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng m&#7903; b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch mua repo GTCG t&#7915; c&#225;c NHTM, th&#236; b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t &#273;&#243; l&#224; m&#7897;t kho&#7843;n cho vay c&#243; t&#224;i s&#7843;n b&#7843;o &#273;&#7843;m. D&#432; n&#7907; c&#7911;a kho&#7843;n vay n&#224;y s&#7869; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ghi nh&#7853;n v&#224;o m&#7909;c Claims b&#234;n ph&#237;a T&#224;i s&#7843;n. T&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921;, c&#225;c kho&#7843;n vay t&#225;i c&#7845;p v&#7889;n hay vay t&#225;i chi&#7871;t kh&#7845;u c&#361;ng n&#7857;m &#7903; &#273;&#226;y.</p><p>Ch&#250;ng ta l&#7841;i th&#7845;y m&#7897;t s&#7921; &#273;&#7889;i l&#7853;p th&#250; v&#7883;. Claims tr&#234;n BC&#272;KT c&#7911;a PBoC l&#234;n t&#7899;i 2,859 t&#7927; USD, chi&#7871;m 43% t&#7893;ng t&#224;i s&#7843;n. Trong khi &#273;&#243;, con s&#7889; n&#224;y &#7903; Fed ch&#7881; l&#224; 14 t&#7927; USD v&#224; &#7903; ECB l&#224; 59 t&#7927; USD. &#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y cho th&#7845;y PBoC &#273;i&#7873;u ti&#7871;t thanh kho&#7843;n h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng ch&#7911; y&#7871;u qua c&#225;c c&#244;ng c&#7909; cho vay tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p. Ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i, Fed v&#224; ECB, sau khi th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n QE, &#273;&#227; l&#224;m cho h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng &#8220;ng&#7853;p&#8221; trong Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; (ch&#250;ng ta s&#7869; th&#7845;y &#7903; ph&#7847;n Liability). Khi h&#7879; th&#7889;ng &#273;&#227; th&#7915;a ti&#7873;n, c&#225;c NHTM &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n l&#224; kh&#244;ng c&#243; nhu c&#7847;u vay m&#432;&#7907;n t&#7915; NHTW n&#7919;a. Nhu c&#7847;u vay qua c&#225;c c&#7917;a s&#7893; chi&#7871;t kh&#7845;u hay OMO truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng g&#7847;n nh&#432; bi&#7871;n m&#7845;t, khi&#7871;n kho&#7843;n m&#7909;c Claims n&#224;y teo t&#243;p v&#7873; g&#7847;n nh&#432; b&#7857;ng kh&#244;ng.</p><h4><strong>D&#7921; tr&#7919; ngo&#7841;i h&#7889;i (Foreign Exchange)</strong></h4><p>Kho&#7843;n m&#7909;c n&#224;y bao g&#7891;m c&#225;c t&#224;i s&#7843;n b&#7857;ng ngo&#7841;i t&#7879; m&#224; NHTW n&#7855;m gi&#7919;: ti&#7873;n m&#7863;t ngo&#7841;i t&#7879;, ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i ngo&#7841;i t&#7879;, v&#224; ch&#7911; y&#7871;u l&#224; GTCG c&#7911;a n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#224;i (v&#237; d&#7909; PBoC n&#7855;m gi&#7919; Tr&#225;i phi&#7871;u Kho b&#7841;c M&#7929;). N&#243; c&#361;ng bao g&#7891;m V&#224;ng v&#224; Quy&#7873;n r&#250;t v&#7889;n &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t (SDR) t&#7841;i IMF.</p><p>&#272;&#226;y l&#224; &#273;i&#7875;m kh&#225;c bi&#7879;t l&#7899;n th&#7913; ba, ph&#7843;n &#225;nh m&#244; h&#236;nh kinh t&#7871; c&#7911;a t&#7915;ng qu&#7889;c gia. PBoC n&#7855;m gi&#7919; 3,198 t&#7927; USD d&#7921; tr&#7919; ngo&#7841;i h&#7889;i, chi&#7871;m 48% t&#7893;ng t&#224;i s&#7843;n. &#272;&#226;y l&#224; con s&#7889; kh&#7893;ng l&#7891;, ph&#7843;n &#225;nh v&#7883; th&#7871; ch&#7911; n&#7907; c&#7911;a th&#7871; gi&#7899;i trong &#8220;Tr&#7853;t t&#7921; c&#361;&#8221;. Ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i, ECB ch&#7881; n&#7855;m gi&#7919; 1,638 t&#7927; USD v&#224; Fed ch&#7881; n&#7855;m gi&#7919; 46 t&#7927; USD.</p><p>S&#7921; kh&#225;c bi&#7879;t n&#224;y &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; hai nguy&#234;n nh&#226;n ch&#237;nh. Th&#7913; nh&#7845;t l&#224; m&#244; h&#236;nh kinh t&#7871;. PBoC v&#224; SBV l&#224; NHTW c&#7911;a c&#225;c n&#432;&#7899;c d&#7921;a nhi&#7873;u v&#224;o xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u. Khi doanh nghi&#7879;p xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u thu USD v&#7873; v&#224; b&#225;n l&#7841;i cho NHTM, NHTM l&#7841;i b&#225;n s&#7889; USD &#273;&#243; cho NHTW &#273;&#7875; c&#226;n b&#7857;ng tr&#7841;ng th&#225;i. Khi NHTW (PBoC/SBV) mua USD, h&#7885; ph&#7843;i &#8220;in&#8221; ti&#7873;n n&#7897;i t&#7879; (VND, CNY) ra &#273;&#7875; tr&#7843;. V&#7873; m&#7863;t h&#7841;ch to&#225;n, b&#234;n ph&#237;a T&#224;i s&#7843;n, &#8220;Foreign Exchange&#8221; t&#259;ng l&#234;n v&#236; NHTW mua USD v&#7873;. &#272;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i, b&#234;n ph&#237;a Ngu&#7891;n v&#7889;n, &#8220;Reserve&#8221; (Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919;) t&#259;ng l&#234;n v&#236; NHTW tr&#7843; ti&#7873;n n&#7897;i t&#7879; v&#224;o t&#224;i kho&#7843;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; c&#7911;a NHTM &#273;&#227; b&#225;n USD. &#272;&#226;y ch&#237;nh l&#224; c&#417; ch&#7871; m&#224; th&#7863;ng d&#432; th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i &#8220;b&#417;m&#8221; ti&#7873;n n&#7897;i t&#7879; v&#224;o n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;.</p><p>Nguy&#234;n nh&#226;n th&#7913; hai l&#224; c&#417; ch&#7871; qu&#7843;n l&#253;. &#7902; M&#7929; v&#224; Ch&#226;u &#194;u, t&#224;i kho&#7843;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; ngo&#7841;i h&#7889;i ch&#7911; y&#7871;u do B&#7897; T&#224;i ch&#237;nh qu&#7843;n l&#253; (v&#237; d&#7909; &#7903; M&#7929; l&#224; Exchange Stabilization Fund - ESF). Nh&#432;ng &#7903; Vi&#7879;t Nam v&#224; Trung Qu&#7889;c, NHTW l&#224; c&#417; quan tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p qu&#7843;n l&#253; kho d&#7921; tr&#7919; n&#224;y. S&#7921; th&#7889;ng tr&#7883; c&#7911;a &#8220;Foreign Exchange&#8221; tr&#234;n BC&#272;KT c&#7911;a PBoC cho th&#7845;y CSTT c&#7911;a h&#7885; b&#7883; r&#224;ng bu&#7897;c r&#7845;t ch&#7863;t ch&#7869; v&#7899;i t&#7927; gi&#225; v&#224; d&#242;ng v&#7889;n n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#224;i.</p><h3><strong>NGU&#7890;N V&#7888;N (LIABILITIES)</strong></h3><p>Ph&#7847;n Ngu&#7891;n v&#7889;n cho bi&#7871;t NHTW &#273;&#227; &#8220;t&#224;i tr&#7907;&#8221; cho vi&#7879;c n&#7855;m gi&#7919; c&#225;c t&#224;i s&#7843;n c&#7911;a m&#236;nh b&#7857;ng nh&#7919;ng ngu&#7891;n n&#224;o. &#272;&#226;y ch&#237;nh l&#224; n&#417;i th&#7875; hi&#7879;n c&#225;c lo&#7841;i &#8220;ti&#7873;n&#8221; m&#224; NHTW t&#7841;o ra. Hai kho&#7843;n m&#7909;c l&#7899;n nh&#7845;t v&#224; quan tr&#7885;ng nh&#7845;t ch&#237;nh l&#224; Ti&#7873;n m&#7863;t v&#224; Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; &#8211; nh&#432; ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#227; h&#7885;c, t&#7893;ng c&#7911;a hai kho&#7843;n n&#224;y ch&#237;nh l&#224; C&#417; s&#7903; ti&#7873;n t&#7879; (Monetary Base - MB).</p><h4><strong>Ti&#7873;n m&#7863;t (Notes / Currency in Circulation)</strong></h4><p>&#272;&#226;y l&#224; ti&#7873;n gi&#7845;y v&#224; ti&#7873;n xu do NHTW ph&#225;t h&#224;nh v&#224; &#273;ang l&#432;u th&#244;ng trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;, t&#7913;c l&#224; ti&#7873;n n&#7857;m trong v&#237; c&#7911;a d&#226;n, trong k&#233;t c&#7911;a doanh nghi&#7879;p v&#224; t&#7841;i qu&#7929; c&#7911;a NHTM. &#272;&#226;y l&#224; kho&#7843;n n&#7907; &#8220;v&#244; th&#7901;i h&#7841;n, kh&#244;ng l&#227;i su&#7845;t&#8221; c&#7911;a NHTW &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i ng&#432;&#7901;i n&#7855;m gi&#7919;, nh&#432; &#273;&#227; ph&#226;n t&#237;ch trong b&#224;i Ba h&#236;nh th&#225;i c&#7911;a ti&#7873;n. Nh&#236;n v&#224;o d&#7919; li&#7879;u, l&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n m&#7863;t do Fed ph&#225;t h&#224;nh l&#224; 2,359 t&#7927; USD, PBoC l&#224; 1,986 t&#7927; USD, v&#224; ECB l&#224; 1,716 t&#7927; USD.</p><p>Con s&#7889; n&#224;y t&#259;ng l&#234;n &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n l&#224; khi ng&#432;&#7901;i d&#226;n v&#224; NHTM c&#243; nhu c&#7847;u d&#249;ng ti&#7873;n m&#7863;t v&#224; &#273;&#7871;n r&#250;t ti&#7873;n. Khi &#273;&#243;, &#273;&#226;y l&#224; m&#7897;t h&#224;nh &#273;&#7897;ng &#8220;chuy&#7875;n &#273;&#7893;i&#8221; gi&#7919;a hai h&#236;nh th&#225;i ti&#7873;n c&#7911;a NHTW: b&#234;n ph&#237;a Ngu&#7891;n v&#7889;n, &#8220;Reserve&#8221; (Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919;) c&#7911;a NHTM &#273;&#243; gi&#7843;m xu&#7889;ng, v&#224; &#8220;Notes&#8221; (Ti&#7873;n m&#7863;t) t&#259;ng l&#234;n. T&#7893;ng BC&#272;KT c&#7911;a NHTW kh&#244;ng thay &#273;&#7893;i.</p><h4><strong>Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; (Reserves)</strong></h4><p>&#272;&#226;y l&#224; tr&#225;i tim c&#7911;a h&#7879; th&#7889;ng thanh to&#225;n. Nh&#432; &#273;&#227; ph&#226;n t&#237;ch k&#7929; trong c&#225;c b&#224;i tr&#432;&#7899;c, &#273;&#226;y l&#224; ti&#7873;n m&#224; c&#225;c NHTM s&#7903; h&#7919;u v&#224; g&#7917;i t&#7841;i t&#224;i kho&#7843;n c&#7911;a h&#7885; m&#7903; &#7903; NHTW. H&#7885; d&#249;ng t&#224;i kho&#7843;n n&#224;y &#273;&#7875; thanh to&#225;n li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng v&#224; th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n c&#225;c ngh&#297;a v&#7909; d&#7921; tr&#7919; b&#7855;t bu&#7897;c (n&#7871;u c&#243;). Nh&#236;n v&#224;o b&#7843;ng s&#7889; li&#7879;u, c&#7843; ba NHTW &#273;&#7873;u c&#243; s&#7889; d&#432; Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; kh&#7893;ng l&#7891;: PBoC (3,099 t&#7927; USD), Fed (3,000 t&#7927; USD), v&#224; ECB (3,018 t&#7927; USD). Con s&#7889; n&#224;y chi&#7871;m t&#7927; tr&#7885;ng t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#432;&#417;ng nhau, kho&#7843;ng 45-47% t&#7893;ng ngu&#7891;n v&#7889;n c&#7911;a m&#7895;i NHTW.</p><p>Nh&#432; &#273;&#227; gi&#7843;i th&#237;ch &#7903; ph&#7847;n T&#224;i s&#7843;n, Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; ch&#7911; y&#7871;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#8220;b&#417;m&#8221; v&#224;o h&#7879; th&#7889;ng khi NHTW th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n m&#7897;t trong ba h&#224;nh &#273;&#7897;ng: mua GTCG (Securities), cho vay NHTM (Claims), ho&#7863;c mua Ngo&#7841;i h&#7889;i (FX). Trong c&#7843; ba tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p, t&#224;i s&#7843;n c&#7911;a NHTW t&#259;ng l&#234;n v&#224; n&#7907; ph&#7843;i tr&#7843; Reserve c&#361;ng t&#259;ng l&#234;n t&#432;&#417;ng &#7913;ng. Ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i, Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; b&#7883; &#8220;h&#250;t&#8221; ra kh&#7887;i h&#7879; th&#7889;ng khi NHTW th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n c&#225;c h&#224;nh &#273;&#7897;ng ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i: b&#225;n GTCG, thu h&#7891;i n&#7907; vay NHTM, ho&#7863;c b&#225;n Ngo&#7841;i h&#7889;i.</p><h4><strong>T&#224;i kho&#7843;n Ch&#237;nh ph&#7911; (General Account)</strong></h4><p>&#272;&#226;y l&#224; t&#224;i kho&#7843;n ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i c&#7911;a Kho b&#7841;c (B&#7897; T&#224;i ch&#237;nh) t&#7841;i NHTW. &#272;&#226;y l&#224; m&#7897;t &#273;i&#7875;m kh&#225;c bi&#7879;t c&#7921;c k&#7923; quan tr&#7885;ng trong c&#417; ch&#7871; v&#7853;n h&#224;nh thanh kho&#7843;n h&#224;ng ng&#224;y. D&#7919; li&#7879;u cho th&#7845;y s&#7889; d&#432; t&#224;i kho&#7843;n n&#224;y t&#7841;i Fed (g&#7885;i l&#224; TGA - Treasury General Account) l&#224; 758 t&#7927; USD, v&#224; t&#7841;i PBoC l&#224; 746 t&#7927; USD.</p><p>&#7902; M&#7929;, Kho b&#7841;c (US Treasury) g&#7847;n nh&#432; &#273;&#7875; to&#224;n b&#7897; ti&#7873;n c&#7911;a m&#236;nh t&#7841;i t&#224;i kho&#7843;n TGA &#7903; Fed. &#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y c&#243; t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7921;c l&#7899;n &#273;&#7871;n thanh kho&#7843;n h&#7879; th&#7889;ng. Khi Ch&#237;nh ph&#7911; thu thu&#7871;, ti&#7873;n c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i d&#226;n/doanh nghi&#7879;p (v&#7889;n l&#224; Ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i M2) t&#7841;i NHTM b&#7883; r&#250;t ra v&#224; chuy&#7875;n v&#224;o t&#224;i kho&#7843;n TGA. V&#7873; h&#7841;ch to&#225;n, Reserve (c&#7911;a NHTM) gi&#7843;m v&#224; General Account (c&#7911;a Kho b&#7841;c) t&#259;ng. K&#7871;t qu&#7843; l&#224; thanh kho&#7843;n (Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919;) b&#7883; h&#250;t kh&#7887;i h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng. Ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i, khi Ch&#237;nh ph&#7911; chi ti&#234;u, ti&#7873;n t&#7915; t&#224;i kho&#7843;n TGA &#273;&#432;&#7907;c chuy&#7875;n ra t&#224;i kho&#7843;n c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i d&#226;n/doanh nghi&#7879;p (Ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i M2) t&#7841;i NHTM. V&#7873; h&#7841;ch to&#225;n, General Account gi&#7843;m v&#224; Reserve t&#259;ng. K&#7871;t qu&#7843; l&#224; thanh kho&#7843;n (Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919;) &#273;&#432;&#7907;c b&#417;m v&#224;o h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng. Do &#273;&#243;, s&#7889; d&#432; TGA l&#224; m&#7897;t bi&#7871;n s&#7889; kh&#7893;ng l&#7891; v&#224; &#8220;th&#7845;t th&#432;&#7901;ng&#8221; t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng &#273;&#225;ng k&#7875; &#273;&#7871;n thanh kho&#7843;n (Reserve) c&#7911;a h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng M&#7929;.</p><p>&#7902; Vi&#7879;t Nam v&#224; Trung Qu&#7889;c th&#236; kh&#225;c. Kho b&#7841;c &#273;&#7875; ti&#7873;n c&#7911;a m&#236;nh &#7903; c&#7843; NHTW v&#224; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng NHTM. Khi Kho b&#7841;c thu thu&#7871;, ti&#7873;n c&#243; th&#7875; ch&#7881; ch&#7841;y t&#7915; t&#224;i kho&#7843;n c&#7911;a doanh nghi&#7879;p t&#7841;i Vietcombank sang t&#224;i kho&#7843;n c&#7911;a Kho b&#7841;c t&#7841;i Vietcombank. Ti&#7873;n kh&#244;ng h&#7873; r&#7901;i kh&#7887;i h&#7879; th&#7889;ng NHTM, do &#273;&#243; kh&#244;ng &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;&#7871;n t&#7893;ng Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919;. &#272;&#226;y l&#224; s&#7921; kh&#225;c bi&#7879;t l&#7899;n trong c&#417; ch&#7871; &#273;i&#7873;u h&#224;nh.</p><h4><strong>T&#237;n phi&#7871;u / Tr&#225;i phi&#7871;u NHTW (Bond / Bill)</strong></h4><p>&#272;&#226;y l&#224; c&#225;c GTCG ng&#7855;n h&#7841;n do ch&#237;nh NHTW ph&#225;t h&#224;nh (ch&#7913; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i Ch&#237;nh ph&#7911;) v&#7899;i m&#7909;c &#273;&#237;ch duy nh&#7845;t l&#224; &#273;i&#7873;u ti&#7871;t thanh kho&#7843;n. Kho&#7843;n m&#7909;c n&#224;y, v&#7899;i s&#7889; d&#432; 28 t&#7927; USD t&#7841;i PBoC (v&#224; 0 t&#7841;i Fed/ECB), th&#432;&#7901;ng ch&#7881; xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n &#7903; c&#225;c NHTW theo c&#417; ch&#7871; &#8220;d&#7921; tr&#7919; thi&#7871;u h&#7909;t&#8221; nh&#432; SBV v&#224; PBoC.</p><p>T&#7841;i sao PBoC c&#7847;n c&#244;ng c&#7909; n&#224;y?. Ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#227; th&#7845;y PBoC mua v&#224;o 3,198 t&#7927; USD ngo&#7841;i h&#7889;i, v&#224; h&#224;nh &#273;&#7897;ng n&#224;y &#8220;b&#417;m&#8221; m&#7897;t l&#432;&#7907;ng Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; n&#7897;i t&#7879; kh&#7893;ng l&#7891; v&#224;o h&#7879; th&#7889;ng. &#272;&#7875; ch&#7889;ng l&#7841;m ph&#225;t do l&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n n&#224;y g&#226;y ra, PBoC ph&#7843;i &#8220;h&#250;t&#8221; b&#7899;t Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; v&#7873;. H&#7885; l&#224;m &#273;i&#7873;u n&#224;y b&#7857;ng hai c&#225;ch ch&#237;nh: m&#7897;t l&#224; t&#259;ng D&#7921; tr&#7919; b&#7855;t bu&#7897;c (n&#7857;m trong m&#7909;c Reserve), v&#224; hai l&#224; ph&#225;t h&#224;nh T&#237;n phi&#7871;u NHTW (kho&#7843;n m&#7909;c Bond/Bill n&#224;y). Khi PBoC b&#225;n t&#237;n phi&#7871;u cho NHTM, Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; c&#7911;a NHTM &#273;&#243; b&#7883; gi&#7843;m &#273;i (v&#236; d&#249;ng ti&#7873;n &#273;&#243; &#273;&#7875; mua t&#237;n phi&#7871;u). Fed v&#224; ECB, trong m&#244;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#8220;d&#432; th&#7915;a&#8221; thanh kho&#7843;n sau QE, kh&#244;ng c&#243; nhu c&#7847;u h&#250;t ti&#7873;n v&#7873; n&#234;n h&#7885; kh&#244;ng c&#7847;n d&#249;ng c&#244;ng c&#7909; n&#224;y.</p><h4><strong>Th&#7887;a thu&#7853;n Mua l&#7841;i &#273;&#7843;o ng&#432;&#7907;c (Reverse Repurchase Agreements - RRP)</strong></h4><p>&#272;&#226;y l&#224; m&#7897;t kho&#7843;n m&#7909;c &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t v&#224; c&#7921;c k&#7923; quan tr&#7885;ng tr&#234;n BC&#272;KT c&#7911;a Fed, v&#7899;i s&#7889; d&#432; 409 t&#7927; USD (con s&#7889; n&#224;y c&#243; l&#250;c l&#234;n &#273;&#7871;n h&#417;n 2,000 t&#7927; USD). &#272;&#226;y l&#224; s&#7889; d&#432; m&#224; Fed vay c&#7911;a c&#225;c t&#7893; ch&#7913;c phi ng&#226;n h&#224;ng, ch&#7911; y&#7871;u l&#224; c&#225;c Qu&#7929; th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng ti&#7873;n t&#7879; (Money Market Funds - MMF). N&#7871;u Repo truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng l&#224; NHTW cho vay NHTM (ghi v&#224;o Asset), th&#236; Reverse Repo l&#224; NHTW &#273;i vay (ghi v&#224;o Liability).</p><p>Trong m&#244;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng d&#432; th&#7915;a Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919;, l&#227;i su&#7845;t li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng (Fed Funds Rate) c&#243; xu h&#432;&#7899;ng b&#7883; k&#233;o v&#7873; 0. Fed &#273;&#7863;t ra m&#7897;t h&#224;nh lang l&#227;i su&#7845;t v&#7899;i Tr&#7847;n l&#224; l&#227;i su&#7845;t cho vay (Discount Rate) v&#224; S&#224;n l&#224; l&#227;i su&#7845;t tr&#7843; tr&#234;n Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; (Interest on Reserves - IORB). V&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; l&#224;: ch&#7881; c&#225;c NHTM m&#7899;i c&#243; t&#224;i kho&#7843;n Reserve t&#7841;i Fed v&#224; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&#432;&#7903;ng l&#227;i IORB. C&#225;c t&#7893; ch&#7913;c phi ng&#226;n h&#224;ng nh&#432; MMF c&#361;ng ng&#7853;p trong ti&#7873;n th&#236; kh&#244;ng. H&#7885; s&#7869; s&#7861;n s&#224;ng cho vay v&#7899;i l&#227;i su&#7845;t th&#7845;p h&#417;n c&#7843; s&#224;n IORB, k&#233;o s&#7853;p m&#7909;c ti&#234;u l&#227;i su&#7845;t c&#7911;a Fed.</p><p>&#272;&#7875; gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t, Fed m&#7903; ra m&#7897;t c&#244;ng c&#7909; g&#7885;i l&#224; RRP: Fed cho ph&#233;p c&#225;c MMF n&#224;y &#8220;g&#7917;i ti&#7873;n&#8221; (cho Fed vay) qua &#273;&#234;m v&#224; h&#432;&#7903;ng l&#227;i su&#7845;t RRP. L&#227;i su&#7845;t RRP n&#224;y tr&#7903; th&#224;nh m&#7913;c s&#224;n c&#7913;ng cho to&#224;n b&#7897; th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng ti&#7873;n t&#7879;, v&#236; kh&#244;ng ai d&#7841;i g&#236; cho vay v&#7899;i l&#227;i su&#7845;t th&#7845;p h&#417;n m&#7913;c an to&#224;n tuy&#7879;t &#273;&#7889;i m&#224; Fed &#273;&#432;a ra. &#272;&#226;y l&#224; m&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng c&#417; s&#7903; khi&#7871;n h&#224;nh lang l&#227;i su&#7845;t c&#7911;a Fed (v&#7853;n h&#224;nh b&#7857;ng IORB + RRP) r&#7845;t kh&#225;c bi&#7879;t so v&#7899;i h&#224;nh lang l&#227;i su&#7845;t truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng (v&#7853;n h&#224;nh b&#7857;ng OMO repo/reverse repo) nh&#432; c&#7911;a SBV hay nh&#432; c&#7911;a ECB.</p><h3><strong>K&#7870;T LU&#7852;N</strong></h3><p>B&#7843;ng c&#226;n &#273;&#7889;i k&#7871; to&#225;n c&#7911;a Ng&#226;n h&#224;ng Trung &#432;&#417;ng kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; l&#224; m&#7897;t b&#225;o c&#225;o t&#224;i ch&#237;nh. N&#243; l&#224; b&#7843;ng &#273;i&#7873;u khi&#7875;n c&#7911;a ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch ti&#7873;n t&#7879;.</p><p>Ch&#7881; c&#7847;n nh&#236;n v&#224;o c&#7845;u tr&#250;c BC&#272;KT, ch&#250;ng ta c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#7885;c v&#7883; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c to&#224;n b&#7897; m&#244; h&#236;nh kinh t&#7871; v&#224; c&#225;ch th&#7913;c &#273;i&#7873;u h&#224;nh c&#7911;a m&#7897;t qu&#7889;c gia. BC&#272;KT c&#7911;a Fed/ECB b&#7883; th&#7889;ng tr&#7883; b&#7903;i Securities b&#234;n ph&#237;a T&#224;i s&#7843;n; &#273;&#226;y l&#224; d&#7845;u hi&#7879;u c&#7911;a m&#7897;t n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n QE quy m&#244; l&#7899;n, n&#417;i CSTT &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7921;c thi b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch mua t&#224;i s&#7843;n t&#224;i ch&#237;nh v&#224; v&#7853;n h&#224;nh trong m&#244;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng d&#432; th&#7915;a thanh kho&#7843;n. Ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i, BC&#272;KT c&#7911;a PBoC b&#7883; th&#7889;ng tr&#7883; b&#7903;i Foreign Exchange (ph&#7843;n &#225;nh m&#244; h&#236;nh xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u) v&#224; Claims b&#234;n ph&#237;a T&#224;i s&#7843;n. &#272;&#226;y l&#224; d&#7845;u hi&#7879;u c&#7911;a m&#7897;t n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; m&#224; CSTT b&#7883; r&#224;ng bu&#7897;c m&#7841;nh m&#7869; b&#7903;i t&#7927; gi&#225; v&#224; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng c&#225;c c&#244;ng c&#7909; cho vay tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p &#273;&#7875; &#273;i&#7873;u ti&#7871;t thanh kho&#7843;n.</p><p>Vi&#7879;c hi&#7875;u r&#245; t&#7915;ng kho&#7843;n m&#7909;c n&#224;y, c&#225;ch ch&#250;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra, m&#7845;t &#273;i v&#224; t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng l&#7851;n nhau l&#224; &#273;i&#7873;u ki&#7879;n ti&#234;n quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7875; ch&#250;ng ta c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;i s&#226;u v&#224;o ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; ti&#7871;p theo, c&#361;ng l&#224; ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p: N&#7899;i l&#7887;ng &#273;&#7883;nh l&#432;&#7907;ng. Ch&#250;ng ta s&#7869; c&#249;ng t&#236;m hi&#7875;u QE th&#7921;c s&#7921; l&#224; g&#236;, v&#224; t&#7841;i sao n&#243; l&#7841;i l&#224;m thay &#273;&#7893;i ho&#224;n to&#224;n c&#225;ch th&#7913;c v&#7853;n h&#224;nh c&#7911;a NHTW trong b&#224;i &#8220;N&#7899;i l&#7887;ng &#273;&#7883;nh l&#432;&#7907;ng&#8221;.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Tâm lý thị trường đang ở đâu?]]></title><description><![CDATA[Th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng v&#7853;n &#273;&#7897;ng nh&#432; m&#7897;t qu&#7843; l&#7855;c gi&#7919;a Tham lam v&#224; S&#7907; h&#227;i, hi&#7871;m khi d&#7915;ng l&#7841;i &#7903; &#273;i&#7875;m c&#226;n b&#7857;ng. Ch&#250;ng t&#244;i s&#7917; d&#7909;ng d&#7919; li&#7879;u &#273;&#7875; "&#273;o l&#432;&#7901;ng" nh&#7919;ng c&#7843;m x&#250;c v&#244; h&#236;nh, qua &#273;&#243; x&#225;c &#273;&#7883;nh v&#7883; tr&#237; c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng ta trong chu k&#7923; t&#226;m l&#253; hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i.]]></description><link>https://40yo.vn/p/tam-ly-thi-truong-ang-o-au</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://40yo.vn/p/tam-ly-thi-truong-ang-o-au</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[40 Years Old]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 20 Aug 2025 10:40:44 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5hkp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7bfdcbd-b710-493a-b524-a1a2951316a7_1650x990.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p><em>"T&#226;m l&#253; c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng v&#7853;n &#273;&#7897;ng nh&#432; m&#7897;t qu&#7843; l&#7855;c. D&#249; &#273;i&#7875;m gi&#7919;a c&#7911;a v&#242;ng cung &#273;&#7841;i di&#7879;n cho m&#7897;t m&#7913;c &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; h&#7907;p l&#253; v&#224; kh&#225;ch quan, qu&#7843; l&#7855;c hi&#7871;m khi d&#7915;ng l&#7841;i &#7903; &#273;&#243;. Thay v&#224;o &#273;&#243;, n&#243; g&#7847;n nh&#432; lu&#244;n lu&#244;n dao &#273;&#7897;ng v&#7873; ph&#237;a ho&#7863;c ra xa kh&#7887;i m&#7897;t th&#225;i c&#7921;c."</em></p></blockquote><p>Howard Marks &#273;&#227; m&#244; t&#7843; m&#7897;t c&#225;ch ho&#224;n h&#7843;o v&#7873; chu k&#7923; t&#226;m l&#253; c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng th&#244;ng qua m&#7897;t v&#237; d&#7909; &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n. Th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng v&#7853;n &#273;&#7897;ng nh&#432; m&#7897;t qu&#7843; l&#7855;c &#273;&#7891;ng h&#7891; v&#224; hi&#7871;m khi d&#7915;ng l&#7841;i &#7903; nh&#7919;ng c&#7843;m x&#250;c t&#7889;t x&#7845;u th&#244;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng. Thay v&#224;o &#273;&#243;, n&#243; dao &#273;&#7897;ng t&#7915; "h&#432;ng ph&#7845;n t&#7897;t &#273;&#7897;", n&#417;i m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i tin r&#7857;ng m&#7885;i th&#7913; &#273;&#7873;u ho&#224;n h&#7843;o v&#224; r&#7911;i ro kh&#244;ng t&#7891;n t&#7841;i, &#273;&#7871;n &#8220;t&#7853;n c&#249;ng s&#7907; h&#227;i&#8221;, n&#417;i m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i tin r&#7857;ng m&#7885;i th&#7913; &#273;&#7873;u v&#244; v&#7885;ng v&#224; kh&#244;ng c&#243; hy v&#7885;ng ph&#7909;c h&#7891;i. Tr&#7841;ng th&#225;i h&#7907;p l&#253; hay gi&#225; tr&#7883; th&#7921;c ch&#7881; l&#224; m&#7897;t &#273;i&#7875;m tho&#225;ng qua m&#224; qu&#7843; l&#7855;c l&#432;&#7899;t qua tr&#234;n h&#224;nh tr&#236;nh c&#7911;a n&#243;, ch&#7913; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; n&#417;i n&#243; d&#7915;ng l&#7841;i. Qu&#7843; l&#7855;c c&#224;ng dao &#273;&#7897;ng xa v&#7873; m&#7897;t ph&#237;a (v&#237; d&#7909;, c&#224;ng tham lam), n&#243; c&#224;ng t&#237;ch t&#7909; nhi&#7873;u n&#259;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng cho c&#250; dao &#273;&#7897;ng ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i v&#7873; ph&#237;a s&#7907; h&#227;i. &#272;&#226;y ch&#237;nh l&#224; b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t c&#7911;a c&#225;c chu k&#7923; b&#249;ng n&#7893; v&#224; s&#7909;p &#273;&#7893;.</p><p>Trong ph&#7847;n l&#7899;n th&#7901;i gian ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng, ch&#250;ng t&#244;i cho r&#7857;ng vi&#7879;c nh&#7853;n bi&#7871;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#226;m l&#253; th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;ang &#7903; &#273;&#226;u l&#224; &#273;i&#7873;u v&#244; c&#249;ng kh&#243;. Th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng ch&#7913;ng kho&#225;n &#273;ang &#7903; m&#7913;c cao nh&#7845;t l&#7883;ch s&#7917;, ho&#7863;c k&#7871;t qu&#7843; kinh doanh t&#237;ch c&#7921;c h&#417;n c&#249;ng k&#7923;, ho&#7863;c &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;ang &#7903; m&#7913;c &#273;&#7855;t&#8230; T&#7845;t c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng nh&#7853;n &#273;&#7883;nh tr&#234;n, ch&#250;ng c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#225;nh gi&#225; m&#7897;t c&#225;ch d&#7877; d&#224;ng v&#236; ch&#250;ng d&#7921;a tr&#234;n m&#7897;t c&#417; s&#7903; quan tr&#7885;ng: d&#7919; li&#7879;u. V&#237; d&#7909; nh&#432; P/E cho &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; ho&#7863;c t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng doanh thu, t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n cho xu h&#432;&#7899;ng kinh doanh c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng. Nh&#432;ng t&#226;m l&#253; l&#7841;i l&#224; m&#7897;t c&#226;u chuy&#7879;n kh&#225;c, ch&#250;ng r&#7845;t thi&#234;n v&#7873; &#273;&#7883;nh t&#237;nh. R&#7845;t kh&#243; &#273;&#7875; ch&#250;ng ta c&#243; th&#7875; &#8220;&#273;o&#8221; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#226;m l&#253; c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;ang &#7903; m&#7913;c n&#224;o, v&#236; n&#243; kh&#244;ng ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng d&#7921;a tr&#234;n m&#7897;t c&#244;ng th&#7913;c to&#225;n h&#7885;c nh&#432; nh&#7919;ng y&#7871;u t&#7889; kh&#225;c.</p><p>Nh&#432;ng n&#243; r&#7845;t quan tr&#7885;ng. Vi&#7879;c nh&#7853;n ra &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7921; &#273;&#7891;ng thu&#7853;n c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;ang trong tr&#7841;ng th&#225;i nh&#432; th&#7871; n&#224;o s&#7869; r&#7845;t h&#7919;u &#237;ch trong vi&#7879;c cung c&#7845;p th&#244;ng tin cho ch&#250;ng t&#244;i v&#7873; &#8220;ng&#432;&#7905;ng ch&#7883;u &#273;&#7921;ng&#8221; c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng, hay th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng c&#243; th&#7875; c&#243; nh&#7919;ng b&#432;&#7899;c chuy&#7875;n m&#236;nh l&#7899;n. Ch&#237;nh v&#236; &#273;i&#7873;u n&#224;y, ch&#250;ng t&#244;i &#273;&#227; n&#7895; l&#7921;c &#273;&#7875; &#273;o l&#432;&#7901;ng n&#243; v&#224; &#273;i&#7873;u m&#259;y m&#7855;n l&#224; ch&#250;ng t&#244;i c&#361;ng t&#236;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c 1 s&#7889; k&#7871;t qu&#7843; d&#7921;a tr&#234;n nh&#7919;ng g&#236; &#273;&#227; di&#7877;n ra trong qu&#225; kh&#7913;.</p><h4><strong>&#272;i&#7873;u g&#236; t&#7841;o ra tr&#7841;ng th&#225;i t&#226;m l&#253; c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng?</strong></h4><p>TTCK l&#224; s&#226;n ch&#417;i c&#7911;a h&#224;ng tri&#7879;u nh&#224; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; kh&#225;c nhau, trong &#273;&#243; c&#243; th&#7875; chia th&#224;nh 3 nh&#243;m sau:</p><ul><li><p><strong>C&#7915;u non:</strong> nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i m&#7899;i tham gia th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng ho&#7863;c tham gia th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#7911; l&#226;u nh&#432;ng kh&#244;ng h&#7885;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c b&#224;i h&#7885;c &#273;&#225;ng k&#7875; trong qu&#225; tr&#236;nh &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; c&#7911;a h&#7885;. Kh&#244;ng c&#243; nhi&#7873;u s&#7921; kh&#225;c bi&#7879;t &#273;&#225;ng k&#7875; b&#7903;i v&#236; h&#7885; lu&#244;n nh&#236;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng theo m&#7897;t c&#225;ch gi&#7889;ng nhau. T&#244;i kh&#244;ng th&#7875; bi&#7871;t ch&#237;nh x&#225;c s&#7889; l&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7911;a &#8220;c&#7915;u non&#8221;, nh&#432;ng &#273;&#7875; d&#7877; h&#236;nh dung, trong v&#242;ng 4 n&#259;m v&#7915;a qua th&#236; s&#7921; tham gia c&#7911;a c&#225;c nh&#224; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; m&#7899;i &#273;ang chi&#7871;m 70% s&#7889; l&#432;&#7907;ng c&#225;c t&#224;i kho&#7843;n &#273;ang ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng.</p></li></ul><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5hkp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7bfdcbd-b710-493a-b524-a1a2951316a7_1650x990.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5hkp!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7bfdcbd-b710-493a-b524-a1a2951316a7_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5hkp!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7bfdcbd-b710-493a-b524-a1a2951316a7_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5hkp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7bfdcbd-b710-493a-b524-a1a2951316a7_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5hkp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7bfdcbd-b710-493a-b524-a1a2951316a7_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5hkp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7bfdcbd-b710-493a-b524-a1a2951316a7_1650x990.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f7bfdcbd-b710-493a-b524-a1a2951316a7_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:58638,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/171454418?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7bfdcbd-b710-493a-b524-a1a2951316a7_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5hkp!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7bfdcbd-b710-493a-b524-a1a2951316a7_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5hkp!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7bfdcbd-b710-493a-b524-a1a2951316a7_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5hkp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7bfdcbd-b710-493a-b524-a1a2951316a7_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5hkp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7bfdcbd-b710-493a-b524-a1a2951316a7_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><ul><li><p><strong>S&#243;i x&#225;m:</strong> nh&#224; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; c&#225; nh&#226;n, c&#243; nhi&#7873;u kinh nghi&#7879;m v&#224; th&#7853;n tr&#7885;ng h&#417;n so v&#7899;i ph&#7847;n c&#242;n l&#7841;i. H&#7885; kh&#244;ng ki&#7875;m so&#225;t cu&#7897;c ch&#417;i nh&#432;ng &#273;&#7911; t&#7881;nh t&#225;o &#273;&#7875; bi&#7871;t v&#7883; tr&#237; c&#7911;a m&#236;nh. T&#7845;t nhi&#234;n, s&#7889; l&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7911;a &#8220;s&#243;i x&#225;m&#8221; kh&#244;ng nhi&#7873;u b&#7903;i v&#236; h&#7885; s&#7889; &#237;t nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i c&#242;n &#8220;s&#7889;ng s&#243;t&#8221; sau c&#225;c giai &#273;o&#7841;n downtrend c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng.</p></li></ul><ul><li><p><strong>C&#225; m&#7853;p:</strong> nh&#7919;ng nh&#224; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; s&#7903; h&#7919;u l&#432;&#7907;ng l&#7899;n c&#7893; phi&#7871;u v&#224; th&#432;&#7901;ng c&#243; m&#7889;i li&#234;n h&#7879; ch&#7863;t ch&#7869; v&#7899;i n&#7897;i b&#7897; c&#7911;a doanh nghi&#7879;p. H&#7885; l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i hi&#7875;u r&#245; nh&#7845;t &#273;i&#7873;u g&#236; &#273;ang di&#7877;n ra v&#7899;i c&#7893; phi&#7871;u, b&#7903;i v&#236; m&#7909;c ti&#234;u c&#7911;a h&#7885; kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; &#273;&#417;n thu&#7847;n l&#224; s&#7903; h&#7919;u doanh nghi&#7879;p, h&#7885; mu&#7889;n ki&#7875;m so&#225;t c&#7843; gi&#225;.</p></li></ul><p>C&#417; ch&#7871; v&#7853;n h&#224;nh c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng th&#7921;c t&#7871; r&#7845;t &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n. C&#225; m&#7853;p l&#224; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i c&#243; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#244;ng tin v&#224; ki&#7875;m so&#225;t m&#7897;t l&#432;&#7907;ng &#8220;h&#224;ng h&#243;a&#8221; &#273;&#225;ng k&#7875; trong giai &#273;o&#7841;n &#273;&#7847;u c&#7911;a tr&#242; ch&#417;i. H&#7885; kh&#7903;i t&#7841;o xu h&#432;&#7899;ng v&#224; t&#7841;o s&#7921; k&#237;ch th&#237;ch t&#7915; ph&#237;a c&#7915;u non th&#244;ng qua c&#225;c &#8220;c&#226;u chuy&#7879;n&#8221; ho&#7863;c &#273;&#244;i khi l&#224; m&#7897;t v&#224;i con s&#7889;. V&#224; cu&#7889;i c&#249;ng khi &#273;&#227; &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7909;c ti&#234;u c&#7911;a m&#236;nh, m&#7897;t l&#7847;n n&#7919;a h&#7885; l&#7841;i kh&#7903;i t&#7841;o m&#7897;t xu h&#432;&#7899;ng t&#226;m l&#253; m&#7899;i nh&#432;ng theo chi&#7873;u h&#432;&#7899;ng ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i. T&#7845;t nhi&#234;n trong tr&#242; ch&#417;i nay, c&#225; m&#7853;p kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i lu&#244;n d&#224;nh chi&#7871;n th&#7855;ng, b&#7903;i v&#236; t&#226;m l&#253; c&#7911;a c&#7915;u non c&#242;n ch&#7883;u &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng b&#7903;i nh&#7919;ng y&#7871;u t&#7889; kh&#225;c ngo&#224;i t&#7847;m ki&#7875;m so&#225;t c&#7911;a c&#225; m&#7853;p, v&#237; d&#7909; nh&#432; di&#7877;n bi&#7871;n c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng qu&#7889;c t&#7871;. Vai tr&#242; c&#7911;a s&#243;i x&#225;m t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7889;i nho&#224; trong tr&#242; ch&#417;i n&#224;y v&#224; s&#7869; n&#432;&#417;ng theo 1 trong 2 phe tu&#7923; thu&#7897;c v&#224;o th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m.</p><p>Nh&#236;n chung:</p><pre><code>&#8220;T&#226;m l&#253; th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c k&#237;ch th&#237;ch b&#7903;i c&#225;c nh&#224; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; c&#225; m&#7853;p, c&#7915;u non v&#224; s&#243;i x&#225;m c&#243; vai tr&#242; khu&#7871;ch &#273;&#7841;i ch&#250;ng&#8221;.</code></pre><h4><strong>Theo d&#245;i h&#224;nh vi c&#7911;a c&#225; m&#7853;p</strong></h4><p>M&#7897;t &#273;&#7863;c tr&#432;ng c&#243; th&#7875; nh&#7853;n ra trong nh&#7919;ng th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m chuy&#7875;n d&#7883;ch t&#226;m l&#253;, &#273;&#243; l&#224; s&#7921; bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng. &#272;&#226;y l&#224; nh&#7919;ng giai &#273;o&#7841;n m&#224; t&#226;m l&#253; c&#7911;a c&#7915;u non d&#7877; &#8220;s&#225;ng n&#7855;ng chi&#7873;u m&#432;a&#8221; nh&#7845;t . &#272;&#7875; c&#243; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7897;t l&#432;&#7907;ng h&#224;ng ho&#225; c&#7847;n &#7903; &#273;&#7847;u chu k&#7923; ho&#7863;c b&#225;n ch&#7913;ng v&#7899;i m&#7897;t m&#7913;c gi&#225; t&#7889;t, c&#225;c c&#225; m&#7853;p c&#7847;n kh&#233;o l&#233;o th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n s&#7921; chuy&#7875;n d&#7883;ch h&#224;ng ho&#225; (mua ho&#7863;c b&#225;n) m&#224; kh&#244;ng g&#226;y ra s&#7921; &#273;&#7843;o chi&#7873;u t&#226;m l&#253; ngay l&#7853;p t&#7913;c cho &#273;&#7871;n khi g&#7847;n &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7909;c ti&#234;u c&#7911;a m&#236;nh. Do v&#7853;y, b&#234;n c&#7841;nh s&#7921; bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7897;ng ng&#7855;n h&#7841;n, &#7903; nh&#7919;ng giai &#273;o&#7841;n chuy&#7875;n d&#7883;ch t&#226;m l&#253; y&#7871;u t&#7889; th&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;i k&#232;m kh&#225;c &#273;&#243; l&#224; s&#7921; gia t&#259;ng v&#7873; m&#7863;t thanh kho&#7843;n, th&#7875; hi&#7879;n cho l&#432;&#7907;ng l&#7899;n h&#224;ng ho&#225; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c trao tay t&#7915; c&#225; m&#7853;p sang c&#7915;u non.</p><p>S&#7921; bi&#7875;u hi&#7879;n v&#7873; m&#7863;t thanh kho&#7843;n r&#7845;t d&#7877; nh&#7853;n bi&#7871;t v&#236; &#273;&#243; l&#224; m&#7897;t trong hai y&#7871;u t&#7889; nh&#224; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; th&#432;&#7901;ng theo d&#245;i nh&#7845;t, b&#234;n c&#7841;nh di&#7877;n bi&#7871;n v&#7873; gi&#225;. &#272;&#7889;i v&#7899;i s&#7921; bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng, ch&#250;ng t&#244;i theo d&#245;i ch&#250;ng b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch &#273;o l&#432;&#7901;ng &#8220;kho&#7843;ng c&#225;ch l&#7899;n nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a gi&#225; ng&#224;y h&#244;m qua so v&#7899;i gi&#225; ng&#224;y h&#244;m nay&#8221; v&#224; so s&#225;nh ch&#250;ng v&#7899;i gi&#225; &#273;&#243;ng c&#7917;a &#273;&#7875; lo&#7841;i b&#7887; &#273;i t&#237;nh tuy&#7879;t &#273;&#7889;i (t&#7913;c ch&#7881; x&#233;t &#273;&#7871;n s&#7921; bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7897;ng t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7889;i). Sau &#273;&#243; ch&#250;ng t&#244;i ch&#7881; &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n l&#7845;y m&#7913;c trung b&#236;nh c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng trong 50 ng&#224;y &#273;&#7875; xem m&#7913;c bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7897;ng trong kho&#7843;ng th&#7901;i gian n&#224;y. V&#236; v&#7853;y bi&#7875;u &#273;&#7891; d&#432;&#7899;i &#273;&#226;y c&#243; th&#7875; hi&#7875;u l&#224;: b&#236;nh qu&#226;n bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7897;ng gi&#225; l&#7899;n nh&#7845;t gi&#7919;a 2 ng&#224;y trong 50 ng&#224;y g&#7847;n nh&#7845;t.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K8_d!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb0be029e-84c1-4fb9-b453-d3fefffdb1c6_1650x1062.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K8_d!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb0be029e-84c1-4fb9-b453-d3fefffdb1c6_1650x1062.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K8_d!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb0be029e-84c1-4fb9-b453-d3fefffdb1c6_1650x1062.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K8_d!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb0be029e-84c1-4fb9-b453-d3fefffdb1c6_1650x1062.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K8_d!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb0be029e-84c1-4fb9-b453-d3fefffdb1c6_1650x1062.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K8_d!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb0be029e-84c1-4fb9-b453-d3fefffdb1c6_1650x1062.png" width="1456" height="937" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b0be029e-84c1-4fb9-b453-d3fefffdb1c6_1650x1062.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:937,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:98150,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/171454418?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb0be029e-84c1-4fb9-b453-d3fefffdb1c6_1650x1062.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K8_d!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb0be029e-84c1-4fb9-b453-d3fefffdb1c6_1650x1062.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K8_d!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb0be029e-84c1-4fb9-b453-d3fefffdb1c6_1650x1062.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K8_d!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb0be029e-84c1-4fb9-b453-d3fefffdb1c6_1650x1062.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K8_d!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb0be029e-84c1-4fb9-b453-d3fefffdb1c6_1650x1062.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>M&#7863;c d&#249; m&#7913;c hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i kh&#244;ng qu&#225; &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n so v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng giai kh&#225;c trong qu&#225; kh&#7913;, nh&#432;ng m&#7897;t &#273;&#7863;c &#273;i&#7875;m c&#243; th&#7875; nh&#7853;n th&#7845;y l&#224;: trong nh&#7919;ng giai &#273;o&#7841;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng t&#7841;o &#273;&#225;y, m&#7913;c bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng l&#7899;n h&#417;n &#273;&#225;ng k&#7875; so v&#7899;i khi t&#7841;o &#273;&#7881;nh. V&#7899;i m&#7913;c bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7897;ng gia t&#259;ng &#7903; ng&#432;&#7905;ng hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i, &#273;&#243; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; m&#7897;t bi&#7875;u hi&#7879;n t&#237;ch c&#7921;c cho t&#226;m l&#253; c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng. Nh&#432;ng ch&#250;ng kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; d&#7845;u hi&#7879;u quan tr&#7885;ng nh&#7845;t.</p><h4><strong>C&#225;c bi&#7875;u hi&#7879;n c&#7911;a t&#226;m l&#253; th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng</strong></h4><p>Ch&#250;ng t&#244;i d&#224;nh m&#7897;t ph&#7847;n th&#7901;i gian trong ng&#224;y &#273;&#7875; theo d&#245;i nh&#7919;ng g&#236; th&#7921;c s&#7921; &#273;ang di&#7877;n ra tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng. T&#7845;t nhi&#234;n, &#273;i&#7873;u n&#224;y kh&#244;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch nh&#236;n v&#224;o b&#7843;ng &#273;i&#7879;n. Thay v&#224;o &#273;&#243;, ch&#250;ng t&#244;i c&#7889; g&#7855;ng t&#236;m hi&#7875;u c&#225;c th&#244;ng &#273;i&#7879;p &#273;&#7857;ng sau c&#225;c d&#7919; li&#7879;u li&#234;n quan &#273;&#7871;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng, b&#7903;i v&#236; &#8220;&#273;&#7857;ng sau m&#7895;i con s&#7889; lu&#244;n l&#224; m&#7897;t c&#226;u chuy&#7879;n&#8221; v&#224; t&#236;m c&#225;ch k&#7871;t n&#7889;i ch&#250;ng v&#7899;i nhau &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7897;t c&#225;i nh&#236;n &#273;&#7847;y &#273;&#7911;. X&#233;t tr&#234;n g&#243;c nh&#236;n bi&#7875;u hi&#7879;n cho t&#226;m l&#253; c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng, ch&#250;ng t&#244;i s&#7917; d&#7909;ng c&#225;c ch&#7881; s&#7889; sau:</p><p><strong>(1) &#272;&#7897; r&#7897;ng th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng</strong></p><p>&#272;&#226;y l&#224; m&#7897;t ch&#7881; s&#7889; t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7889;i ph&#7893; hi&#7871;n v&#224; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng r&#7897;ng r&#227;i trong nh&#7919;ng n&#259;m g&#7847;n &#273;&#226;y. Hi&#7875;u 1 c&#225;ch &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n, thay v&#236; &#273;o l&#432;&#7901;ng ch&#237;nh ch&#7881; s&#7889; Vnindex &#273;&#7875; bi&#7871;t tr&#7841;ng th&#225;i c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng (v&#237; d&#7909; nh&#432; RSI c&#7911;a Vnindex tr&#234;n 70 c&#243; th&#7875; bi&#7875;u hi&#7879;n cho tr&#7841;ng th&#225;i qu&#225; mua ch&#7859;ng h&#7841;n), ng&#432;&#7901;i ta s&#7869; &#273;o l&#432;&#7901;ng &#8220;nh&#7919;ng g&#236; t&#7841;o ra n&#243;&#8221;, hay ch&#237;nh c&#225;c c&#7893; phi&#7871;u t&#7841;o n&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng. &#431;u &#273;i&#7875;m c&#7911;a ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&#225;p n&#224;y l&#224; n&#243; bi&#7875;u hi&#7879;n t&#7889;t s&#7921; &#273;&#7891;ng thu&#7853;n c&#7911;a ph&#7847;n l&#7899;n c&#225;c c&#7893; phi&#7871;u, thay v&#236; 1 ch&#7881; s&#7889; duy nh&#7845;t v&#7889;n b&#7883; t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng b&#7903;i c&#225;c c&#7893; phi&#7871;u v&#7889;n ho&#225; l&#7899;n.</p><p>C&#243; r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u c&#225;ch &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#7885;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c tr&#7841;ng th&#225;i c&#7911;a 1 c&#7893; phi&#7871;u. V&#237; d&#7909; nh&#432; xu h&#432;&#7899;ng th&#244;ng qua c&#225;c &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng MA (&#273;&#226;y l&#224; c&#225;ch &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n h&#417;n c&#7843;), tr&#7841;ng th&#225;i qu&#225; mua qu&#225; b&#225;n th&#7875; hi&#7879;n qua &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng RSI&#8230; B&#7857;ng vi&#7879;c t&#237;nh t&#7927; l&#7879; s&#7889; l&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7893; phi&#7871;u &#273;&#225;p &#7913;ng c&#225;c ti&#234;u ch&#237; n&#224;y, ch&#250;ng ch&#237;nh l&#224; bi&#7875;u hi&#7879;n cho ph&#7847;n l&#7899;n c&#225;c c&#7893; phi&#7871;u tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng. Ch&#250;ng t&#244;i c&#361;ng s&#7917; d&#7909;ng 1 ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&#225;p t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; nh&#432;ng c&#243; ph&#7847;n &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t h&#417;n, &#273;&#243; l&#224; t&#237;nh t&#7927; l&#7879; c&#225;c c&#7893; phi&#7871;u c&#243; m&#7913;c t&#259;ng gi&#225; tr&#234;n 20% trong v&#242;ng 1 qu&#253; g&#7847;n nh&#7845;t. Xin &#273;&#7915;ng nh&#7847;m l&#7851;n s&#7921; kh&#225;c bi&#7879;t v&#7899;i s&#7921; hi&#7879;u qu&#7843;, ch&#250;ng t&#244;i &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n s&#7917; d&#7909;ng ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&#225;p &#273;o l&#432;&#7901;ng n&#224;y v&#236; th&#7845;y n&#243; ph&#249; h&#7907;p v&#7899;i m&#7909;c ti&#234;u c&#7911;a m&#236;nh. Hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i, &#273;ang c&#243; &#273;&#7871;n h&#417;n 1 n&#7917;a s&#7889; c&#7893; phi&#7871;u &#273;&#7841;t m&#7913;c t&#259;ng h&#417;n 20% trong v&#242;ng 1 qu&#253; g&#7847;n &#273;&#226;y.</p><p>M&#7863;c d&#249; ch&#432;a th&#7917; nh&#7919;ng c&#225;ch &#273;o l&#432;&#7901;ng kh&#225;c tr&#234;n c&#249;ng khung th&#7901;i gian, nh&#432;ng v&#7899;i xu h&#432;&#7899;ng lan t&#7887;a tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng trong th&#7901;i gian g&#7847;n &#273;&#226;y, kh&#244;ng kh&#243; &#273;&#7875; nh&#7853;n ra s&#7921; &#273;&#7891;ng thu&#7853;n c&#7911;a c&#225;c tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;ang &#7903; v&#249;ng c&#7921;c &#273;&#7841;i.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!axPu!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d77f24a-ab49-43f1-9ec8-31b53e796d0d_1650x990.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!axPu!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d77f24a-ab49-43f1-9ec8-31b53e796d0d_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!axPu!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d77f24a-ab49-43f1-9ec8-31b53e796d0d_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!axPu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d77f24a-ab49-43f1-9ec8-31b53e796d0d_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!axPu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d77f24a-ab49-43f1-9ec8-31b53e796d0d_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!axPu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d77f24a-ab49-43f1-9ec8-31b53e796d0d_1650x990.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9d77f24a-ab49-43f1-9ec8-31b53e796d0d_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:96138,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/171454418?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d77f24a-ab49-43f1-9ec8-31b53e796d0d_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!axPu!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d77f24a-ab49-43f1-9ec8-31b53e796d0d_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!axPu!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d77f24a-ab49-43f1-9ec8-31b53e796d0d_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!axPu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d77f24a-ab49-43f1-9ec8-31b53e796d0d_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!axPu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d77f24a-ab49-43f1-9ec8-31b53e796d0d_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>(2) T&#7927; l&#7879; kh&#7899;p l&#7879;nh</strong></p><p>Ph&#7847;n l&#7899;n m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i s&#7869; nh&#236;n v&#224;o m&#7913;c thanh kho&#7843;n h&#224;ng ng&#224;y &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#225;nh gi&#225; v&#7873; t&#226;m l&#253; c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng. Ch&#250;ng t&#244;i cho r&#7857;ng &#273;i&#7873;u n&#224;y l&#224; ch&#432;a &#273;&#7911; v&#7873; m&#7913;c thanh kho&#7843;n giao d&#7883;ch h&#224;ng ng&#224;y kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; t&#7845;t c&#7843; th&#244;ng tin v&#7873; nhu c&#7847;u th&#7921;c t&#7871; c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng. B&#7903;i v&#236;, ch&#250;ng ch&#7881; cung c&#7845;p th&#244;ng tin v&#7873; l&#432;&#7907;ng h&#224;ng ho&#225; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c trao &#273;&#7893;i (l&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7893; phi&#7871;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c giao d&#7883;ch th&#224;nh c&#244;ng) m&#224; thi&#7871;u &#273;i m&#7897;t y&#7871;u t&#7889; quan tr&#7885;ng: ng&#432;&#7901;i mua tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng, h&#7885; s&#7861;n s&#224;ng mua bao nhi&#234;u h&#224;ng ho&#225; (l&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7893; phi&#7871;u &#273;&#7863;t mua).</p><p>Trong m&#7897;t tr&#7841;ng th&#225;i t&#226;m l&#253; th&#7853;n tr&#7885;ng, m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i s&#7869; kh&#244;ng s&#7861;n s&#224;ng &#273;&#7875; mua c&#7893; phi&#7871;u n&#7871;u n&#243; kh&#244;ng &#273;&#7911; r&#7867;, ch&#7913; &#273;&#7915;ng n&#243;i &#273;&#7871;n gi&#225; cao. T&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; nh&#432; th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m &#273;&#7847;u 2025, m&#7913;c thanh kho&#7843;n giao d&#7883;ch tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng ch&#7881; kho&#7843;ng 12 ngh&#236;n t&#7927;/phi&#234;n (t&#7913;c b&#7857;ng kho&#7843;ng 1/4 b&#226;y gi&#7901;, sau h&#417;n n&#7917;a n&#259;m). Nh&#432;ng &#273;&#226;y l&#224; bi&#7875;u hi&#7879;n c&#7911;a t&#226;m l&#253;, kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; bi&#7875;u hi&#7879;n c&#7911;a d&#242;ng ti&#7873;n th&#7921;c s&#7921;, khi con s&#7889; n&#224;y ch&#7881; t&#432;&#417;ng &#7913;ng v&#7899;i 20% l&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7893; phi&#7871;u &#273;&#7863;t mua.</p><p>Ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i trong nh&#7919;ng giai &#273;o&#7841;n t&#226;m l&#253; h&#432;ng ph&#7845;n, ng&#432;&#7901;i ta s&#7869; mu&#7889;n mua c&#7893; phi&#7871;u b&#7857;ng m&#7885;i gi&#225;. &#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y &#273;&#7849;y t&#7927; l&#7879; c&#7893; phi&#7871;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c giao d&#7883;ch th&#224;nh c&#244;ng/kh&#7889;i l&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7893; phi&#7871;u &#273;&#7863;t mua l&#234;n m&#7897;t m&#7913;c cao v&#236; t&#226;m l&#253; s&#7907; b&#7887; l&#7905;. &#272;&#226;y l&#224; nguy&#234;n t&#7855;c ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n c&#7911;a ch&#7881; s&#7889; n&#224;y. Hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i, c&#7913; 2 c&#7893; phi&#7871;u &#273;&#7863;t mua th&#236; c&#243; &#237;t nh&#7845;t h&#417;n 1 c&#7893; phi&#7871;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c kh&#7899;p l&#7879;nh. &#272;&#226;y l&#224; t&#7927; l&#7879; cao nh&#7845;t trong v&#242;ng g&#7847;n 10 n&#259;m tr&#7903; l&#7841;i &#273;&#226;y, ch&#7881; th&#7845;p h&#417;n giai &#273;o&#7841;n &#273;&#7847;u 2018.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HT7J!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbbe1aea4-2cd8-4bb3-a679-613db4c88461_1650x990.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HT7J!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbbe1aea4-2cd8-4bb3-a679-613db4c88461_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HT7J!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbbe1aea4-2cd8-4bb3-a679-613db4c88461_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HT7J!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbbe1aea4-2cd8-4bb3-a679-613db4c88461_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HT7J!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbbe1aea4-2cd8-4bb3-a679-613db4c88461_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HT7J!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbbe1aea4-2cd8-4bb3-a679-613db4c88461_1650x990.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bbe1aea4-2cd8-4bb3-a679-613db4c88461_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:71052,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/171454418?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbbe1aea4-2cd8-4bb3-a679-613db4c88461_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HT7J!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbbe1aea4-2cd8-4bb3-a679-613db4c88461_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HT7J!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbbe1aea4-2cd8-4bb3-a679-613db4c88461_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HT7J!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbbe1aea4-2cd8-4bb3-a679-613db4c88461_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HT7J!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbbe1aea4-2cd8-4bb3-a679-613db4c88461_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>(3) Kh&#7889;i l&#432;&#7907;ng &#273;&#7863;t l&#7879;nh mua b&#236;nh qu&#226;n</strong></p><p>Nh&#224; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; nh&#7887; l&#7867; th&#244;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng l&#224; nh&#7919;ng nh&#224; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; c&#243; quy m&#244; t&#224;i s&#7843;n b&#233;, do v&#7853;y kh&#7889;i l&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7893; phi&#7871;u tr&#234;n m&#7895;i l&#7847;n &#273;&#7863;t l&#7879;nh c&#7911;a h&#7885; c&#361;ng kh&#244;ng nhi&#7873;u. &#272;&#226;y ch&#237;nh l&#224; logic &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n c&#7911;a ch&#7881; s&#7889; n&#224;y: t&#7927; l&#7879; kh&#7889;i l&#432;&#7907;ng b&#236;nh qu&#226;n tr&#234;n m&#7895;i l&#7879;nh c&#224;ng b&#233;, &#273;i&#7873;u &#273;&#243; c&#224;ng cho th&#7845;y s&#7921; tham gia ch&#7911; &#273;&#7841;o c&#7911;a c&#225;c c&#225;c nh&#224; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; nh&#7887; l&#7867; c&#224;ng l&#7899;n.</p><p>Sau giai &#273;o&#7841;n t&#259;ng m&#7841;nh v&#224; ghi nh&#7853;n m&#7913;c &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n v&#224;o cu&#7889;i 2024 (r&#245; r&#224;ng &#273;&#226;y l&#224; giai &#273;o&#7841;n tham gia nhi&#7873;u c&#7911;a c&#225;c d&#242;ng ti&#7873;n l&#7899;n), kh&#7889;i l&#432;&#7907;ng b&#236;nh qu&#226;n &#273;&#7863;t mua tr&#234;n 1 l&#7879;nh c&#243; xu h&#432;&#7899;ng gi&#7843;m m&#7841;nh v&#7873; m&#7913;c trung b&#236;nh c&#7911;a nhi&#7873;u n&#259;m kho&#7843;ng 4000 c&#7893; phi&#7871;u/l&#7879;nh. M&#7863;c d&#249; &#273;&#226;y kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; m&#7897;t t&#237;n hi&#7879;u c&#7921;c &#273;oan, nh&#432;ng n&#243; truy&#7873;n t&#7843;i m&#7897;t th&#244;ng &#273;i&#7879;p r&#7857;ng: &#273;&#7897;ng l&#7921;c ch&#237;nh cho &#273;&#224; t&#259;ng c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng g&#7847;n &#273;&#226;y &#273;&#7871;n s&#7921; tham gia c&#7911;a nh&#224; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; nh&#7887; l&#7867;. T&#7845;t nhi&#234;n, &#273;&#7897; l&#7899;n c&#7911;a m&#7895;i l&#7879;nh cho th&#7845;y s&#7921; tham gia n&#224;y ch&#432;a c&#243; d&#7845;u hi&#7879;u l&#7845;n &#225;t nh&#432; nh&#7919;ng giai &#273;o&#7841;n 2018 hay &#273;&#7847;u 2022. Ho&#7863;c c&#225;c nh&#224; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; nh&#7887; l&#7867; &#273;ang ng&#224;y c&#224;ng c&#243; quy m&#244; l&#7899;n h&#417;n, ho&#7863;c c&#225;ch hi&#7875;u m&#224; t&#244;i c&#7843;m th&#7845;y h&#7907;p l&#253; h&#417;n &#273;&#243; l&#224; s&#7921; khu&#7871;ch &#273;&#7841;i c&#7911;a xu h&#432;&#7899;ng hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i c&#242;n c&#243; s&#7921; tham gia c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng d&#242;ng ti&#7873;n l&#7899;n h&#417;n.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GV5Q!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F613f01cb-e1fb-4279-8ae9-1ad9d3ae8bb3_1650x990.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GV5Q!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F613f01cb-e1fb-4279-8ae9-1ad9d3ae8bb3_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GV5Q!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F613f01cb-e1fb-4279-8ae9-1ad9d3ae8bb3_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GV5Q!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F613f01cb-e1fb-4279-8ae9-1ad9d3ae8bb3_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GV5Q!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F613f01cb-e1fb-4279-8ae9-1ad9d3ae8bb3_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GV5Q!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F613f01cb-e1fb-4279-8ae9-1ad9d3ae8bb3_1650x990.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/613f01cb-e1fb-4279-8ae9-1ad9d3ae8bb3_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:71420,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/171454418?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F613f01cb-e1fb-4279-8ae9-1ad9d3ae8bb3_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GV5Q!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F613f01cb-e1fb-4279-8ae9-1ad9d3ae8bb3_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GV5Q!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F613f01cb-e1fb-4279-8ae9-1ad9d3ae8bb3_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GV5Q!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F613f01cb-e1fb-4279-8ae9-1ad9d3ae8bb3_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GV5Q!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F613f01cb-e1fb-4279-8ae9-1ad9d3ae8bb3_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>(4) T&#7927; l&#7879; sang tay</strong></p><p>C&#7893; phi&#7871;u t&#7889;t kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; m&#7897;t c&#7893; phi&#7871;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c mua b&#225;n li&#234;n t&#7909;c. B&#7903;i v&#236; n&#7871;u ng&#432;&#7901;i n&#7855;m gi&#7919; n&#243; c&#7843;m th&#7845;y &#273;&#243; l&#224; 1 c&#7893; phi&#7871;u t&#7889;t, h&#7885; s&#7869; kh&#244;ng d&#7877; g&#236; b&#225;n ra. Tuy nhi&#234;n, di&#7877;n bi&#7871;n g&#7847;n &#273;&#226;y cho th&#7845;y &#273;i&#7873;u n&#224;y &#273;ang kh&#244;ng di&#7877;n ra v&#7899;i ph&#7847;n &#273;&#244;ng th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng. M&#7897;t s&#7889; v&#237; d&#7909; &#273;&#7875; ch&#250;ng ta d&#7877; h&#236;nh dung: DIG, CEO, SHS&#8230; b&#236;nh qu&#226;n m&#7895;i ng&#224;y &#273;ang giao d&#7883;ch 5% gi&#225; tr&#7883; c&#244;ng ty (d&#7921;a tr&#234;n t&#7927; l&#7879; gi&#7919;a kh&#7889;i l&#432;&#7907;ng giao d&#7883;ch b&#236;nh qu&#226;n v&#224; kh&#7889;i l&#432;&#7907;ng l&#432;u h&#224;nh). Ho&#7863;c SSI, SHB, VND, VCG&#8230; &#273;ang &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#8220;sang tay&#8221; m&#7895;i ng&#224;y 3% gi&#225; tr&#7883;.</p><p>T&#7845;t nhi&#234;n, &#273;i&#7873;u n&#224;y kh&#244;ng c&#243; ngh&#297;a &#273;&#226;y l&#224; nh&#7919;ng doanh nghi&#7879;p x&#7845;u. Nh&#432;ng n&#243; cho th&#7845;y h&#224;nh vi hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a d&#242;ng ti&#7873;n hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i ho&#224;n to&#224;n kh&#244;ng &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; nh&#7919;ng y&#7871;u t&#7889; c&#417; b&#7843;n, n&#417;i m&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i mua &#273;&#225;nh gi&#225; tri&#7875;n v&#7885;ng t&#237;ch c&#7921;c c&#7911;a doanh nghi&#7879;p v&#224; n&#7855;m gi&#7919; ch&#250;ng. Thay v&#224;o &#273;&#243;, m&#7897;t c&#7909;c than n&#243;ng &#273;ang &#273;&#432;&#7907;c sang thay nhanh ch&#243;ng t&#7915; ng&#432;&#7901;i n&#224;y sang ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&#225;c v&#7899;i m&#7909;c &#273;&#237;ch kh&#244;ng g&#236; h&#417;n ngo&#224;i vi&#7879;c ki&#7871;m l&#7901;i t&#7915; nh&#7919;ng bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7897;ng ng&#7855;n h&#7841;n. &#272;&#226;y l&#224;m m&#7897;t d&#7845;u hi&#7879;u m&#224; t&#244;i cho r&#7857;ng l&#224; kh&#244;ng b&#7873;n v&#7919;ng. Tr&#234;n g&#243;c to&#224;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng, &#273;ang c&#243; kho&#7843;ng 0,7% c&#7893; phi&#7871;u tr&#234;n to&#224;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c sang tay m&#7895;i ng&#224;y. T&#7927; l&#7879; n&#224;y ch&#7881; th&#7845;p 1 ch&#250;t so v&#7899;i giai &#273;o&#7841;n &#273;&#7847;u 2022.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TGV9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49974a4d-31e7-4d4e-8926-d8819cb2bea5_1650x990.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TGV9!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49974a4d-31e7-4d4e-8926-d8819cb2bea5_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TGV9!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49974a4d-31e7-4d4e-8926-d8819cb2bea5_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TGV9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49974a4d-31e7-4d4e-8926-d8819cb2bea5_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TGV9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49974a4d-31e7-4d4e-8926-d8819cb2bea5_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TGV9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49974a4d-31e7-4d4e-8926-d8819cb2bea5_1650x990.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/49974a4d-31e7-4d4e-8926-d8819cb2bea5_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:85360,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/171454418?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49974a4d-31e7-4d4e-8926-d8819cb2bea5_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TGV9!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49974a4d-31e7-4d4e-8926-d8819cb2bea5_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TGV9!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49974a4d-31e7-4d4e-8926-d8819cb2bea5_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TGV9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49974a4d-31e7-4d4e-8926-d8819cb2bea5_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TGV9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49974a4d-31e7-4d4e-8926-d8819cb2bea5_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h4><strong>Quan &#273;i&#7875;m c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng t&#244;i</strong></h4><p>Quay tr&#7903; l&#7841;i v&#7899;i h&#236;nh &#7843;nh qu&#7843; l&#7855;c c&#7911;a Howard Marks, c&#226;u h&#7887;i &#273;&#7863;t ra l&#224;: "T&#226;m l&#253; th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;ang &#7903; &#273;&#226;u tr&#234;n h&#224;nh tr&#236;nh c&#7911;a n&#243;?". Ch&#250;ng t&#244;i quan s&#225;t nh&#7919;ng t&#237;n hi&#7879;u v&#7873; &#273;&#7897; r&#7897;ng th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#7903; m&#7913;c c&#7921;c &#273;&#7841;i, t&#7927; l&#7879; kh&#7899;p l&#7879;nh cao k&#7927; l&#7909;c cho th&#7845;y t&#226;m l&#253; FOMO, s&#7921; tham gia ng&#224;y c&#224;ng l&#7899;n c&#7911;a nh&#224; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; nh&#7887; l&#7867; v&#224; t&#7927; l&#7879; "sang tay" c&#7893; phi&#7871;u nh&#432; m&#7897;t c&#7909;c than n&#243;ng, b&#7913;c tranh t&#7893;ng th&#7875; &#273;ang hi&#7879;n l&#234;n kh&#225; r&#245; r&#224;ng. Nh&#7919;ng d&#7845;u hi&#7879;u t&#7915; d&#7919; li&#7879;u &#273;ang c&#243; xu h&#432;&#7899;ng h&#7897;i t&#7909; v&#224; ch&#7881; ra r&#7857;ng qu&#7843; l&#7855;c t&#226;m l&#253; &#273;ang dao &#273;&#7897;ng v&#7873; ph&#237;a c&#7921;c &#273;oan c&#7911;a v&#249;ng "Tham lam".</p><p>&#272;&#226;y l&#224; tr&#7841;ng th&#225;i m&#224; s&#7921; &#273;&#7891;ng thu&#7853;n c&#7911;a &#273;&#225;m &#273;&#244;ng &#273;ang &#7903; m&#7913;c cao nh&#7845;t, h&#224;nh vi mua &#273;u&#7893;i l&#7845;n &#225;t s&#7921; th&#7853;n tr&#7885;ng v&#224; r&#7911;i ro b&#7883; xem nh&#7865;. L&#7883;ch s&#7917; cho th&#7845;y, m&#7897;t th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng v&#7853;n h&#224;nh b&#7903;i c&#7843;m t&#237;nh thay v&#236; c&#225;c y&#7871;u t&#7889; n&#7873;n t&#7843;ng th&#236; hi&#7871;m khi b&#7873;n v&#7919;ng. Nh&#432; quy lu&#7853;t b&#7845;t bi&#7871;n, qu&#7843; l&#7855;c c&#224;ng &#273;i xa v&#7873; m&#7897;t th&#225;i c&#7921;c, n&#259;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng t&#237;ch t&#7909; cho m&#7897;t c&#250; &#273;&#7843;o chi&#7873;u c&#224;ng l&#7899;n. &#272;&#226;y ch&#237;nh l&#224; &#273;&#7863;c t&#237;nh r&#7911;i ro l&#7899;n nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#7903; th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>B&#224;i vi&#7871;t n&#224;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n v&#7899;i m&#7909;c &#273;&#237;ch cung c&#7845;p th&#244;ng tin, th&#7875; hi&#7879;n g&#243;c nh&#236;n v&#224; &#273;&#225;nh gi&#225; ch&#7911; quan c&#7911;a t&#225;c gi&#7843; v&#7873; th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng. M&#7885;i th&#244;ng tin, d&#7919; li&#7879;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7893;ng h&#7907;p t&#7915; c&#225;c ngu&#7891;n m&#224; ch&#250;ng t&#244;i cho l&#224; &#273;&#225;ng tin c&#7853;y. N&#7897;i dung n&#224;y kh&#244;ng nh&#7857;m m&#7909;c &#273;&#237;ch &#273;&#432;a ra khuy&#7871;n ngh&#7883; ho&#7863;c t&#432; v&#7845;n &#273;&#7847;u t&#432;. Do v&#7853;y, ch&#250;ng t&#244;i kh&#244;ng ch&#7883;u tr&#225;ch nghi&#7879;m tr&#432;&#7899;c b&#7845;t k&#7923; thi&#7879;t h&#7841;i n&#224;o n&#7871;u nh&#224; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng nghi&#234;n c&#7913;u c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng t&#244;i ph&#7909;c v&#7909; cho quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; c&#7911;a m&#236;nh.</p></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[4 nguyên tắc định giá thị trường]]></title><description><![CDATA[Thay v&#236; theo &#273;u&#7893;i ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t &#273;o&#225;n &#273;&#7881;nh &#273;&#225;y, ch&#250;ng t&#244;i x&#226;y d&#7921;ng m&#7897;t ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&#225;p &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; khoa h&#7885;c d&#7921;a tr&#234;n c&#225;c nguy&#234;n t&#7855;c &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225;. H&#7879; th&#7889;ng n&#224;y cho ph&#233;p ch&#250;ng t&#244;i x&#225;c &#273;&#7883;nh khi n&#224;o th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng ph&#249; h&#7907;p v&#7899;i c&#225;c quy t&#7855;c c&#7911;a m&#236;nh.]]></description><link>https://40yo.vn/p/4-nguyen-tac-inh-gia-thi-truong</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://40yo.vn/p/4-nguyen-tac-inh-gia-thi-truong</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[40 Years Old]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 06 Aug 2025 12:36:35 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D-3t!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd114f218-4240-4604-b274-cff21329202b_1650x990.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#272;&#7847;u t&#432; l&#224; m&#7897;t m&#244;n khoa h&#7885;c nhi&#7873;u h&#417;n hay ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t nhi&#7873;u h&#417;n? Tr&#432;&#7899;c h&#7871;t, kh&#244;ng th&#7875; ph&#7911; nh&#7853;n &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; l&#224; m&#7897;t c&#244;ng vi&#7879;c c&#243; h&#224;m l&#432;&#7907;ng &#8220;khoa h&#7885;c&#8221; cao v&#236; c&#225;c quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh c&#7911;a n&#243; ph&#7909; thu&#7897;c nhi&#7873;u v&#224;o c&#225;c con s&#7889;. V&#237; d&#7909;, v&#7899;i m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i theo ph&#226;n t&#237;ch k&#7929; thu&#7853;t th&#236; gi&#225; c&#7855;t l&#234;n tr&#234;n &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng MA20 l&#224; 1 t&#237;n hi&#7879;u mua &#273;&#225;ng tin c&#7853;y v&#236; n&#243; &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ki&#7875;m nghi&#7879;m trong qu&#225; kh&#7913;. C&#244;ng vi&#7879;c c&#7911;a m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i theo phong c&#225;ch &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; n&#224;y l&#224; ch&#7881; c&#7847;n tu&#226;n theo nh&#7919;ng nguy&#234;n t&#7855;c giao d&#7883;ch &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c v&#7841;ch ra t&#7915; tr&#432;&#7899;c. T&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921;, v&#7899;i m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i theo tr&#432;&#7901;ng ph&#225;i c&#417; b&#7843;n, vi&#7879;c &#273;&#225;nh gi&#225; m&#7897;t c&#7893; phi&#7871;u th&#244;ng qua c&#225;c con s&#7889; v&#7873; t&#236;nh h&#236;nh t&#224;i ch&#237;nh, ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng kinh doanh l&#224; &#273;i&#7873;u ti&#234;n quy&#7871;t tr&#432;&#7899;c khi quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh &#8220;xu&#7889;ng ti&#7873;n&#8221;.</p><p>Tuy nhi&#234;n, &#273;i&#7873;u th&#250; v&#7883; trong &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; l&#224; n&#243; kh&#244;ng ho&#224;n to&#224;n l&#224; m&#7897;t m&#244;n khoa h&#7885;c, n&#417;i m&#224; A + B ch&#7855;c ch&#7855;n s&#7869; b&#7857;ng C. B&#7903;i v&#236; h&#224;m ch&#7913;a trong n&#243; c&#242;n c&#243; t&#237;nh ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t, v&#7889;n b&#7883; chi ph&#7889;i nhi&#7873;u nh&#7845;t t&#7915; vi&#7879;c &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225;. C&#249;ng v&#7899;i m&#7897;t l&#432;&#7907;ng th&#244;ng tin, m&#7897;t m&#7895;i ng&#432;&#7901;i s&#7869; tr&#7843; cho A + B b&#7857;ng 1 c&#225;i gi&#225; kh&#225;c nhau, c&#243; th&#7875; s&#7869; l&#224; D ho&#7863;c E. T&#7845;t nhi&#234;n, c&#7843; C, D v&#224; E &#273;&#7873;u kh&#244;ng sai, ch&#250;ng s&#7869; l&#7847;n l&#432;&#7907;t &#273;&#250;ng &#7903; t&#7915;ng th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m do m&#7913;c &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng l&#224; thay &#273;&#7893;i li&#234;n t&#7909;c. Th&#7853;t v&#7853;y, ph&#7847;n l&#7899;n th&#7901;i gian c&#225;c nh&#224; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; d&#249;ng &#273;&#7875; &#273;i t&#236;m m&#7897;t m&#7913;c gi&#225; &#8220;h&#7907;p l&#253;&#8221; cho th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng, ho&#7863;c kh&#243; h&#417;n l&#224; t&#236;m c&#225;ch x&#225;c &#273;&#7883;nh &#273;&#225;y v&#224; &#273;&#7881;nh d&#7921;a tr&#234;n vi&#7879;c &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225;. &#272;&#226;y ch&#237;nh l&#224; ph&#7847;n kh&#243; nh&#7845;t trong &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; v&#236; n&#243; kh&#244;ng c&#242;n tu&#226;n theo c&#225;c t&#237;nh ch&#7845;t &#8220;khoa h&#7885;c&#8221;, v&#7889;n ch&#7881; c&#243; 1 k&#7871;t qu&#7843; duy nh&#7845;t.</p><p>Quan &#273;i&#7875;m c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng t&#244;i l&#224;: &#272;&#7847;u t&#432; n&#234;n l&#224; m&#7897;t m&#244;n khoa h&#7885;c v&#224; ch&#250;ng t&#244;i &#273;ang n&#7895; l&#7921;c &#273;&#7875; hi&#7879;n th&#7921;c ho&#225; &#273;i&#7873;u n&#224;y. B&#7857;ng c&#225;ch lo&#7841;i b&#7887; m&#7909;c ti&#234;u x&#225;c &#273;&#7883;nh m&#7913;c &#8220;h&#7907;p l&#253;&#8221; c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng (t&#7913;c l&#224; m&#7913;c gi&#225; m&#224; s&#7869; nh&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7921; &#273;&#7891;ng thu&#7853;n c&#7911;a ph&#7847;n l&#7899;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng), ch&#250;ng t&#244;i t&#7853;p trung nhi&#7873;u h&#417;n v&#224;o m&#7913;c &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; m&#224; &#7903; &#273;&#243; s&#7869; ph&#249; h&#7907;p nh&#7845;t v&#7899;i c&#225;c nguy&#234;n t&#7855;c &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng t&#244;i. &#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y c&#243; ngh&#297;a l&#224;, thay v&#236; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; nh&#432; m&#7897;t c&#244;ng c&#7909; &#273;&#7875; x&#225;c &#273;&#7883;nh m&#7913;c &#273;&#225;y v&#224; &#273;&#7881;nh c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng, ch&#250;ng t&#244;i s&#7917; d&#7909;ng n&#243; &#273;&#7875; x&#225;c &#273;&#7883;nh nh&#7919;ng th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m m&#224; t&#7841;i &#273;&#243; n&#243; ph&#249; h&#7907;p ho&#7863;c kh&#244;ng c&#242;n ph&#249; h&#7907;p v&#7899;i c&#225;c nguy&#234;n t&#7855;c &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; c&#7911;a m&#236;nh. &#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y gi&#250;p ch&#250;ng t&#244;i &#273;&#432;a vi&#7879;c &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; tr&#7903; v&#7873; m&#7897;t c&#244;ng vi&#7879;c mang t&#237;nh ch&#7845;t khoa h&#7885;c nhi&#7873;u h&#417;n l&#224; ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t, khi c&#225;c quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i &#273;&#7875; ph&#7909;c v&#7909; s&#7921; &#273;&#7891;ng thu&#7853;n c&#7911;a s&#7889; &#273;&#244;ng. Do v&#7853;y, c&#225;c nguy&#234;n t&#7855;c n&#224;y tuy ph&#249; h&#7907;p v&#7899;i ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&#225;p &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng t&#244;i, nh&#432;ng ch&#432;a ch&#7855;c n&#243; s&#7869; ph&#249; h&#7907;p v&#7899;i b&#7841;n. D&#432;&#7899;i &#273;&#226;y l&#224; c&#225;c nguy&#234;n t&#7855;c m&#224; ch&#250;ng t&#244;i d&#249;ng &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#225;nh gi&#225; v&#7873; m&#7913;c &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng v&#224; quan &#273;i&#7875;m c&#7911;a m&#236;nh v&#7873; t&#237;nh ph&#249; h&#7907;p c&#7911;a n&#243; &#7903; th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i:</p><h4><strong>Nguy&#234;n t&#7855;c 1: Th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng kh&#225;c v&#7899;i t&#7845;t c&#7843;</strong></h4><p>Th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng ch&#7913;ng kho&#225;n l&#224; m&#7897;t t&#7853;p h&#7907;p c&#7911;a r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u doanh nghi&#7879;p, kho&#7843;ng g&#7847;n 390 doanh nghi&#7879;p tr&#234;n HSX v&#224; g&#7845;p 3 l&#7847;n con s&#7889; n&#224;y tr&#234;n HNX v&#224; UPCOM. Tuy nhi&#234;n, &#273;&#244;i khi di&#7877;n bi&#7871;n c&#7911;a n&#243; v&#224; trong ph&#7841;m vi b&#224;i vi&#7871;t n&#224;y l&#224; y&#7871;u t&#7889; &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225;, l&#7841;i b&#7883; chi ph&#7889;i nhi&#7873;u b&#7903;i m&#7897;t s&#7889; doanh nghi&#7879;p l&#7899;n. V&#237; d&#7909; nh&#432; &#432;&#7899;c t&#237;nh 30 c&#7893; phi&#7871;u trong nh&#243;m VN30 &#273;&#227; chi&#7871;m &#273;&#7871;n g&#7847;n 70% v&#7889;n ho&#225; c&#7911;a s&#224;n HSX. &#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y c&#243; ngh&#297;a l&#224; g&#7847;n 70% &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; c&#7911;a Vnindex &#273;&#432;&#7907;c quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh b&#7903;i m&#7897;t nh&#243;m nh&#7887; c&#225;c c&#7893; phi&#7871;u v&#7889;n ho&#225; l&#7899;n, v&#224; &#273;&#243; l&#224; l&#253; do khi&#7871;n ch&#250;ng c&#243; di&#7877;n bi&#7871;n t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; nhau:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D-3t!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd114f218-4240-4604-b274-cff21329202b_1650x990.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D-3t!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd114f218-4240-4604-b274-cff21329202b_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D-3t!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd114f218-4240-4604-b274-cff21329202b_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D-3t!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd114f218-4240-4604-b274-cff21329202b_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D-3t!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd114f218-4240-4604-b274-cff21329202b_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D-3t!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd114f218-4240-4604-b274-cff21329202b_1650x990.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d114f218-4240-4604-b274-cff21329202b_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:95328,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/170261676?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd114f218-4240-4604-b274-cff21329202b_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D-3t!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd114f218-4240-4604-b274-cff21329202b_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D-3t!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd114f218-4240-4604-b274-cff21329202b_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D-3t!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd114f218-4240-4604-b274-cff21329202b_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D-3t!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd114f218-4240-4604-b274-cff21329202b_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Nh&#432;ng &#273;i&#7873;u n&#224;y ch&#432;a ch&#7855;c &#273;&#250;ng v&#7899;i nh&#243;m c&#225;c c&#7893; phi&#7871;u c&#242;n l&#7841;i. Trong khi th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng (b&#7883; chi ph&#7889;i b&#7903;i nh&#243;m v&#7889;n ho&#225; l&#7899;n) &#273;ang giao d&#7883;ch m&#7913;c &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; h&#7907;p l&#253; (g&#7847;n v&#249;ng trung v&#7883; c&#7911;a l&#7883;ch s&#7917;), th&#236; nh&#243;m midcap (VNMID) &#273;ang giao d&#7883;ch &#7903; m&#7913;c PE g&#7847;n v&#249;ng &#273;&#7881;nh l&#7883;ch s&#7917;. &#272;&#7875; ch&#237;nh x&#225;c h&#417;n, ch&#250;ng t&#244;i s&#7917; d&#7909;ng th&#234;m 1 ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&#225;p kh&#225;c l&#224; &#273;o l&#432;&#7901;ng m&#7913;c &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; &#7903; gi&#7919;a (ho&#7863;c trung v&#7883;) c&#7911;a h&#417;n 300 doanh nghi&#7879;p l&#7899;n nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a t&#7845;t c&#7843; c&#225;c ng&#224;nh (m&#7895;i ng&#224;nh ch&#250;ng t&#244;i s&#7869; l&#7845;y 1 s&#7889; l&#432;&#7907;ng doanh nghi&#7879;p kh&#225;c nhau &#273;&#225;p &#7913;ng &#273;&#7911; quy m&#244; v&#7873; v&#7889;n ho&#225; &#273;&#7875; lo&#7841;i b&#7887; t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng v&#7873; m&#7913;c &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; c&#7911;a c&#225;c doanh nghi&#7879;p nh&#7887;). Con s&#7889; n&#224;y cho bi&#7871;t m&#7913;c &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; &#8220;chung nh&#7845;t&#8221; m&#224; th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;ang tr&#7843; cho ph&#7847;n l&#7899;n c&#225;c doanh nghi&#7879;p tr&#234;n s&#224;n. T&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921;, n&#243; c&#361;ng &#273;ang &#7903; g&#7847;n v&#249;ng &#273;&#7881;nh.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z_Nr!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F032499dd-9593-465e-802e-08315d52a1ce_1650x990.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z_Nr!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F032499dd-9593-465e-802e-08315d52a1ce_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z_Nr!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F032499dd-9593-465e-802e-08315d52a1ce_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z_Nr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F032499dd-9593-465e-802e-08315d52a1ce_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z_Nr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F032499dd-9593-465e-802e-08315d52a1ce_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z_Nr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F032499dd-9593-465e-802e-08315d52a1ce_1650x990.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/032499dd-9593-465e-802e-08315d52a1ce_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:92713,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/170261676?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F032499dd-9593-465e-802e-08315d52a1ce_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z_Nr!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F032499dd-9593-465e-802e-08315d52a1ce_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z_Nr!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F032499dd-9593-465e-802e-08315d52a1ce_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z_Nr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F032499dd-9593-465e-802e-08315d52a1ce_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z_Nr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F032499dd-9593-465e-802e-08315d52a1ce_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Nh&#432; v&#7853;y, n&#7871;u ch&#7881;nh t&#237;nh &#273;&#7871;n ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&#225;p c&#417; b&#7843;n nh&#7845;t l&#224; P/E, m&#7913;c &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#236;n chung &#273;ang &#8220;h&#7907;p l&#253;&#8221;, tuy nhi&#234;n x&#233;t tr&#234;n g&#243;c &#273;&#7897; ri&#234;ng l&#7867; c&#7911;a t&#7915;ng c&#7893; phi&#7871;u, s&#7921; &#273;&#7891;ng thu&#7853;n l&#224; &#272;&#7854;T.</p><h4><strong>Nguy&#234;n t&#7855;c 2: L&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n kh&#225;c v&#7899;i s&#7893; s&#225;ch</strong></h4><p>P/E l&#224; m&#7913;c &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; d&#7921;a tr&#234;n l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n v&#7899;i gi&#7843; &#273;&#7883;nh l&#224; m&#7913;c l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n n&#224;y n&#7871;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c duy tr&#236; &#7893;n &#273;&#7883;nh h&#224;ng n&#259;m th&#236; ch&#250;ng ta s&#7869; m&#7845;t bao nhi&#234;u l&#226;u &#273;&#7875; thu h&#7891;i v&#7889;n. Nh&#432;&#7907;c &#273;i&#7875;m l&#7899;n nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a n&#243; l&#224; n&#243; kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; b&#7883; t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng b&#7903;i t&#7917; s&#7889; (P) m&#224; c&#242;n b&#7883; t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng b&#7903;i m&#7851;u s&#7889; (E), v&#7889;n l&#224; y&#7871;u t&#7889; r&#7845;t bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7897;ng v&#224; &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n l&#224; kh&#244;ng th&#7875; x&#225;c &#273;&#7883;nh &#273;&#432;&#7907;c trong t&#432;&#417;ng lai. V&#237; d&#7909; nh&#432; giai &#273;o&#7841;n cu&#7889;i 2023, &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; c&#7911;a nh&#243;m Midcap t&#259;ng m&#7841;nh kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; b&#7903;i t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7911;a di&#7877;n bi&#7871;n gi&#225; m&#224; c&#242;n &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; s&#7921; suy gi&#7843;m v&#7873; m&#7863;t l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n. &#7902; th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m n&#224;y, th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng s&#7861;n s&#224;ng tr&#7843; m&#7897;t m&#7913;c gi&#225; cao h&#417;n cho c&#7893; phi&#7871;u v&#236; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng ph&#7909;c h&#7891;i l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n sau giai &#273;o&#7841;n gi&#7843;m m&#7841;nh c&#243; x&#225;c su&#7845;t x&#7843;y ra cao.</p><p>Tuy nhi&#234;n, &#7903; nh&#7919;ng th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m m&#224; tri&#7875;n v&#7885;ng t&#432;&#417;ng lai kh&#244;ng r&#245; r&#224;ng nh&#432; hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i (xin &#273;&#7885;c l&#7841;i b&#224;i <a href="https://40yo.vn/p/ieu-gi-dan-dat-thi-truong">&#8220;&#272;i&#7873;u g&#236; d&#7851;n d&#7855;t th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng&#8221;</a> c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng t&#244;i), s&#7921; chi&#7871;t kh&#7845;u cho l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n trong t&#432;&#417;ng lai l&#224; kh&#244;ng kh&#244;ng r&#245; r&#224;ng th&#236; m&#7913;c &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; P/E hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i ho&#224;n to&#224;n ph&#7843;n &#225;nh &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#8220;chi ph&#237;&#8221; th&#7921;c t&#7871; m&#224; th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;ang tr&#7843; cho m&#7895;i &#273;&#7891;ng l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n. Do v&#7853;y, con s&#7889; P/E hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i l&#224; ho&#224;n to&#224;n kh&#225;ch quan v&#236; &#273;&#227; kh&#7917; &#273;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c y&#7871;u t&#7889; &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n v&#7873; l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n so v&#7899;i giai &#273;o&#7841;n tr&#432;&#7899;c. T&#7845;t nhi&#234;n, ch&#250;ng t&#244;i kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; d&#7921;a tr&#234;n P/E.</p><p>Tr&#234;n th&#7921;c t&#7871;, trong ph&#7847;n l&#7899;n th&#7901;i gian, ch&#250;ng t&#244;i &#237;t khi s&#7917; d&#7909;ng m&#7913;c &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; P/E v&#236; s&#7921; bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7911;a n&#243;. Thay v&#224;o &#273;&#243;, ch&#250;ng t&#244;i s&#7917; d&#7909;ng 1 ch&#7881; s&#7889; &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; c&#243; &#8220;&#273;&#7897; m&#432;&#7907;t&#8221; h&#417;n nhi&#7873;u, &#273;&#243; ch&#237;nh l&#224; &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; d&#7921;a tr&#234;n t&#224;i s&#7843;n c&#7911;a doanh nghi&#7879;p (gi&#225; tr&#7883; s&#7889; s&#225;ch), hay P/B.</p><p>N&#7871;u nh&#432; P/E cho th&#7845;y ph&#7847;n l&#7899;n c&#225;c doanh nghi&#7879;p &#273;ang giao d&#7883;ch &#7903; v&#249;ng &#273;&#7881;nh l&#7883;ch s&#7917;, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&#224; nh&#243;m doanh nghi&#7879;p v&#7889;n ho&#225; v&#7915;a th&#236; P/B l&#7841;i k&#7875; m&#7897;t c&#226;u chuy&#7879;n kh&#225;c. &#272;&#7883;nh gi&#225; theo gi&#225; tr&#7883; s&#7893; s&#225;ch c&#7911;a c&#225;c doanh nghi&#7879;p n&#224;y v&#7851;n &#273;ang trong khu v&#7921;c h&#7907;p l&#253; d&#7921;a tr&#234;n l&#7883;ch s&#7917; c&#7911;a n&#243; trong nhi&#7873;u n&#259;m. V&#237; d&#7909; b&#7841;n c&#243; th&#7875; theo d&#245;i s&#7921; ph&#226;n c&#7921;c n&#224;y qua bi&#7875;u &#273;&#7891; d&#432;&#7899;i &#273;&#226;y. Trong khi s&#7889; l&#432;&#7907;ng doanh nghi&#7879;p c&#243; &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; P/E d&#432;&#7899;i 10 l&#7847;n (r&#7867;) &#273;ang &#7903; v&#249;ng r&#7845;t th&#7845;p (th&#7845;p h&#417;n &#273;&#225;ng k&#7875; so v&#7899;i giai &#273;o&#7841;n &#273;&#7847;u 2018 v&#224; cao h&#417;n 1 ch&#250;t so v&#7899;i giai &#273;o&#7841;n &#273;&#7847;u 2022) th&#236; v&#7851;n c&#242;n r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u doanh nghi&#7879;p &#273;ang giao d&#7883;ch v&#7899;i P/B b&#233; h&#417;n 1 l&#7847;n.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lUoD!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6b58fff8-1c27-4cad-90ff-f598daa4e78b_1650x990.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lUoD!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6b58fff8-1c27-4cad-90ff-f598daa4e78b_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lUoD!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6b58fff8-1c27-4cad-90ff-f598daa4e78b_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lUoD!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6b58fff8-1c27-4cad-90ff-f598daa4e78b_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lUoD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6b58fff8-1c27-4cad-90ff-f598daa4e78b_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lUoD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6b58fff8-1c27-4cad-90ff-f598daa4e78b_1650x990.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6b58fff8-1c27-4cad-90ff-f598daa4e78b_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:111050,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/170261676?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6b58fff8-1c27-4cad-90ff-f598daa4e78b_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lUoD!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6b58fff8-1c27-4cad-90ff-f598daa4e78b_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lUoD!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6b58fff8-1c27-4cad-90ff-f598daa4e78b_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lUoD!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6b58fff8-1c27-4cad-90ff-f598daa4e78b_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lUoD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6b58fff8-1c27-4cad-90ff-f598daa4e78b_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h4><strong>Nguy&#234;n t&#7855;c 3: Tuy&#7879;t &#273;&#7889;i kh&#225;c v&#7899;i t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7889;i</strong></h4><p>S&#7921; so s&#225;nh v&#7873; m&#7863;t &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; &#8220;tuy&#7879;t &#273;&#7889;i&#8221; c&#7911;a n&#243; so v&#7899;i qu&#225; kh&#7913; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#250;c n&#224;o c&#361;ng h&#7907;p l&#253;. M&#7913;c &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; c&#7911;a m&#7897;t k&#234;nh &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; c&#242;n ph&#7909; thu&#7897;c v&#224;o s&#7921; thay th&#7871; c&#7911;a m&#7897;t k&#234;nh &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; kh&#225;c. V&#237; d&#7909;, m&#7897;t qu&#7843; t&#225;o n&#7871;u &#273;&#7913;ng ri&#234;ng n&#243; m&#224; c&#243; ra 100 ngh&#236;n th&#236; c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#7855;t. Nh&#432;ng n&#7871;u so s&#225;nh v&#7899;i m&#7897;t qu&#7843; l&#234; c&#243; gi&#225; 1 tri&#7879;u &#273;&#7891;ng th&#236; ch&#432;a ch&#7855;c n&#243; s&#7869; &#273;&#7855;t. T&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; nh&#432; v&#7853;y, v&#7899;i th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng c&#7893; phi&#7871;u v&#224; c&#225;c lo&#7841;i t&#224;i s&#7843;n r&#7911;i ro kh&#225;c, m&#7913;c &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; s&#7869; ph&#7909; thu&#7897;c nhi&#7873;u v&#224;o m&#7897;t k&#234;nh &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; phi r&#7911;i ro l&#224; l&#227;i su&#7845;t. Ho&#7863;c theo c&#225;ch gi&#7843;i th&#237;ch c&#7911;a m&#244; h&#236;nh CAMP l&#224;:</p><pre><code>T&#7927; l&#7879; l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n k&#7923; v&#7885;ng c&#7911;a kho&#7843;n &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; = T&#7927; su&#7845;t sinh l&#7907;i phi r&#7911;i ro + Beta * Ph&#7847;n b&#249; r&#7911;i ro.</code></pre><p>&#272;&#7889;i v&#7899;i th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng c&#7893; phi&#7871;u, t&#7927; l&#7879; l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n k&#7923; v&#7885;ng l&#224; s&#7889; ti&#7873;n thu &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7895;i n&#259;m t&#7915; m&#7913;c chi ph&#237; b&#7887; ra, hay n&#243; ch&#237;nh l&#224; ngh&#7883;ch &#273;&#7843;o c&#7911;a P/E. N&#7871;u nh&#236;n v&#224;o trong qu&#225; kh&#7913;, ch&#250;ng ta s&#7869; th&#7845;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&#243; nh&#7919;ng th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng s&#7861;n s&#224;ng tr&#7843; m&#7897;t m&#7913;c &#8220;l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n k&#7923; v&#7885;ng&#8221; th&#7845;p h&#417;n c&#7843; vi&#7879;c g&#7917;i ti&#7873;n v&#224;o ng&#226;n h&#224;ng (L&#253; do ch&#250;ng t&#244;i kh&#244;ng s&#7917; d&#7909;ng k&#234;nh TPCP &#7903; VN b&#7903;i v&#236; n&#243; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;n &#225;nh &#273;&#250;ng tr&#7841;ng th&#225;i cung c&#7847;u c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng, t&#244;i s&#7869; vi&#7871;t 1 b&#224;i kh&#225;c &#273;&#7875; tr&#236;nh b&#224;y quan &#273;i&#7875;m c&#7911;a m&#236;nh v&#7873; v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; n&#224;y). &#7902; th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i, th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;ang tr&#7843; cho 1 m&#7913;c &#8220;ph&#7847;n b&#249; r&#7911;i ro&#8221; khi &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; c&#7893; phi&#7871;u so v&#7899;i vi&#7879;c g&#7917;i ti&#7873;n l&#224; 2,24 ho&#7863;c 0,40 &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i ri&#234;ng nh&#243;m phi ng&#226;n h&#224;ng. &#272;&#226;y l&#224; m&#7913;c cao n&#7871;u nh&#236;n chung to&#224;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng, nh&#432;ng l&#224; h&#7907;p l&#253; n&#7871;u ch&#7881; t&#237;nh &#273;&#7871;n nh&#243;m phi ng&#226;n h&#224;ng.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bRef!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e5288a6-0f4b-47de-8688-33bae0ec701d_1650x990.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bRef!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e5288a6-0f4b-47de-8688-33bae0ec701d_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bRef!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e5288a6-0f4b-47de-8688-33bae0ec701d_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bRef!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e5288a6-0f4b-47de-8688-33bae0ec701d_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bRef!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e5288a6-0f4b-47de-8688-33bae0ec701d_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bRef!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e5288a6-0f4b-47de-8688-33bae0ec701d_1650x990.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8e5288a6-0f4b-47de-8688-33bae0ec701d_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:115635,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/170261676?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e5288a6-0f4b-47de-8688-33bae0ec701d_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bRef!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e5288a6-0f4b-47de-8688-33bae0ec701d_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bRef!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e5288a6-0f4b-47de-8688-33bae0ec701d_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bRef!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e5288a6-0f4b-47de-8688-33bae0ec701d_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bRef!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e5288a6-0f4b-47de-8688-33bae0ec701d_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h4><strong>Nguy&#234;n t&#7855;c 4: &#8220;S&#7921; ph&#249; h&#7907;p&#8221; kh&#225;c nhau &#7903; t&#7915;ng th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m</strong></h4><p>Ph&#7847;n l&#7899;n s&#7921; &#273;&#225;nh gi&#225; m&#7913;c &#273;&#7897; &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; vi&#7879;c nh&#236;n v&#224;o n&#243; trong qu&#225; kh&#7913;, ho&#7863;c so s&#225;nh n&#243; v&#7899;i m&#7897;t k&#234;nh &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; phi r&#7911;i ro. Tuy nhi&#234;n, ch&#250;ng t&#244;i cho r&#7857;ng &#273;i&#7873;u n&#224;y l&#224; v&#7851;n ch&#432;a &#273;&#7911;. L&#253; do l&#224; v&#236; m&#7895;i giai &#273;o&#7841;n, th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng s&#7869; s&#7861;n s&#224;ng tr&#7843; m&#7897;t m&#7913;c &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; kh&#225;c nhau, v&#7889;n kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; ph&#7909; thu&#7897;c v&#224;o l&#7907;i su&#7845;t c&#7911;a k&#234;nh &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; phi r&#7911;i ro m&#224; c&#242;n ph&#7909; thu&#7897;c b&#7903;i m&#7897;t y&#7871;u t&#7889; quan tr&#7885;ng nh&#7845;t: t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n. Th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng s&#7861;n s&#224;ng tr&#7843; m&#7897;t m&#7913;c &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; cao h&#417;n n&#7871;u n&#243; nh&#7853;n ra r&#7857;ng s&#7869; c&#243; s&#7921; t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n &#8220;cao h&#417;n m&#7913;c b&#236;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng&#8221; trong t&#432;&#417;ng lai. &#272;&#7889;i v&#7899;i giai &#273;o&#7841;n cu&#7889;i 2023 &#273;&#7847;u 2024, &#273;&#243; l&#224; s&#7921; k&#7923; v&#7885;ng ph&#7909;c h&#7891;i l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n t&#7915; m&#7913;c n&#7873;n th&#7845;p. Ho&#7863;c giai &#273;o&#7841;n 2021 l&#224; s&#7921; b&#249;ng n&#7893; v&#7873; l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n k&#7923; v&#7885;ng s&#7869; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ti&#7871;p di&#7877;n.</p><p>S&#7921; k&#7923; v&#7885;ng n&#224;y c&#224;ng l&#7899;n, th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng s&#7869; c&#224;ng s&#7861;n s&#224;ng tr&#7843; nh&#7919;ng m&#7913;c &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; c&#224;ng phi l&#253;. Tuy nhi&#234;n n&#7871;u s&#7921; k&#7923; v&#7885;ng n&#224;y l&#224; kh&#244;ng c&#243; c&#417; s&#7903;, ho&#7863;c &#237;t nh&#7845;t n&#243; kh&#244;ng d&#7921;a tr&#234;n nh&#7919;ng g&#236; &#273;ang di&#7877;n ra (v&#237; d&#7909; m&#7897;t xu h&#432;&#7899;ng &#273;ang t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng m&#7841;nh c&#7911;a l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n) th&#236; r&#7845;t kh&#243; &#273;&#7875; th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c tr&#7843; m&#7897;t c&#225;i gi&#225; qu&#225; cao. T&#7845;t nhi&#234;n, s&#7869; c&#243; nh&#7919;ng y&#7871;u t&#7889; kh&#225;c th&#250;c &#273;&#7849;y quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh tr&#7843; gi&#225; c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng m&#224; ph&#7847;n l&#7899;n n&#243; &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; y&#7871;u t&#7889; t&#226;m l&#253;, v&#237; d&#7909; nh&#432; s&#7921; k&#7923; v&#7885;ng v&#224;o vi&#7879;c th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c n&#226;ng h&#7841;ng. Nh&#432;ng trong trung h&#7841;n, l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n l&#224; king. &#272;&#226;y l&#224; l&#253; do m&#224; giai &#273;o&#7841;n cu&#7889;i 2021, &#273;&#7847;u 2022, m&#7913;c &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#7903; m&#7913;c cao nh&#7845;t trong l&#7883;ch s&#7917; (kh&#244;ng t&#237;nh &#273;&#7871;n 10 n&#259;m &#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n s&#417; khai).</p><h4><strong>V&#7853;y m&#7913;c &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng l&#224; ph&#249; h&#7907;p hay kh&#244;ng ph&#249; h&#7907;p?</strong></h4><p>S&#7869; r&#7845;t kh&#243; &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#432;a ra quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; n&#7871;u ch&#7881; nh&#236;n v&#224;o m&#7897;t g&#243;c c&#7841;nh, v&#236; vi&#7879;c n&#224;y c&#361;ng gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; &#8220;th&#7847;y b&#243;i xem voi&#8221;. B&#7857;ng c&#225;ch k&#7871;t h&#7907;p 3 nguy&#234;n t&#7855;c &#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n v&#224; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng m&#7897;t s&#7889; c&#244;ng th&#7913;c to&#225;n h&#7885;c, ch&#250;ng t&#244;i t&#237;nh to&#225;n ra &#273;&#432;&#7907;c 1 ch&#7881; s&#7889; &#8220;Value index&#8221;, th&#7875; hi&#7879;n cho m&#7913;c &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; chung c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng. V&#7873; l&#253; thuy&#7871;t th&#236; n&#243; s&#7869; giao &#273;&#7897;ng t&#7915; 0 &#273;&#7871;n 100, c&#243; ngh&#297;a l&#224; c&#224;ng v&#7873; 100 th&#236; m&#7913;c &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng l&#224; c&#224;ng c&#7921;c &#273;oan v&#224; ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i. Tuy nhi&#234;n, tr&#234;n th&#7921;c t&#7871; th&#236; trong v&#242;ng g&#7847;n 12 n&#259;m qua, Value index ch&#7881; dao &#273;&#7897;ng trong v&#249;ng t&#7915; 35 &#273;i&#7875;m &#273;&#7871;n 75 &#273;i&#7875;m v&#7899;i m&#7913;c &#273;&#7881;nh &#273;&#432;&#7907;c thi&#7871;t l&#7853;p v&#224;o giai &#273;o&#7841;n cu&#7889;i 2021 - &#273;&#7847;u 2022 v&#224; m&#7913;c &#273;&#225;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c thi&#7871;t l&#7853;p 2 l&#7847;n v&#224;o &#273;&#7847;u n&#259;m 2015 v&#224; &#273;&#7847;u n&#259;m 2023. Ch&#250;ng t&#244;i s&#7917; d&#7909;ng ch&#7881; s&#7889; n&#224;y cho vi&#7879;c x&#225;c &#273;&#7883;nh s&#7921; ph&#249; h&#7907;p v&#224; kh&#244;ng ph&#249; h&#7907;p v&#7873; m&#7863;t &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; nh&#432; th&#7871; n&#224;o?</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ktfv!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F202398d2-65ba-4d57-bb25-777e5d720a9f_1650x990.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ktfv!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F202398d2-65ba-4d57-bb25-777e5d720a9f_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ktfv!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F202398d2-65ba-4d57-bb25-777e5d720a9f_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ktfv!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F202398d2-65ba-4d57-bb25-777e5d720a9f_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ktfv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F202398d2-65ba-4d57-bb25-777e5d720a9f_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ktfv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F202398d2-65ba-4d57-bb25-777e5d720a9f_1650x990.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/202398d2-65ba-4d57-bb25-777e5d720a9f_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:98817,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/170261676?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F202398d2-65ba-4d57-bb25-777e5d720a9f_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ktfv!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F202398d2-65ba-4d57-bb25-777e5d720a9f_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ktfv!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F202398d2-65ba-4d57-bb25-777e5d720a9f_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ktfv!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F202398d2-65ba-4d57-bb25-777e5d720a9f_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ktfv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F202398d2-65ba-4d57-bb25-777e5d720a9f_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><ul><li><p>C&#243; 2 v&#249;ng &#273;&#7883;nh m&#224; m&#7913;c &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng l&#224; c&#7921;c &#273;oan, &#273;&#243; l&#224; v&#249;ng &#272;&#7855;t (m&#7889;c 55 &#273;i&#7875;m) v&#224; v&#249;ng R&#7845;t &#273;&#7855;t (m&#7889;c 65 &#273;i&#7875;m). V&#249;ng &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; &#272;&#7855;t l&#224; v&#249;ng m&#224; m&#7913;c &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7903; r&#7897;ng nh&#432;ng kh&#244;ng &#273;i k&#232;m s&#7921; b&#249;ng n&#7893; v&#7873; m&#7863;t l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n (v&#237; d&#7909; nh&#432; giai &#273;o&#7841;n &#273;&#7847;u 2018 ho&#7863;c &#273;&#7847;u 2024). &#272;&#226;y l&#224; nh&#7919;ng chu k&#7923; c&#243; t&#7847;n su&#7845;t xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n kh&#225; th&#432;&#7901;ng xuy&#234;n, kho&#7843;ng 2 - 4 n&#259;m 1 l&#7847;n nh&#7901; s&#7921; t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n (nh&#432;ng kh&#244;ng &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n) v&#224; c&#225;c y&#7871;u t&#7889; k&#237;ch th&#237;ch kh&#225;c v&#7873; m&#7863;t t&#226;m l&#253;. Ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i v&#249;ng &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; R&#7845;t &#273;&#7855;t (nh&#432; giai &#273;o&#7841;n cu&#7889;i 2021 - 2022) &#273;i k&#232;m v&#7899;i s&#7921; b&#249;ng n&#7893; v&#7873; m&#7863;t l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n, l&#224; m&#7897;t s&#7921; ki&#7879;n r&#7845;t hi&#7871;m g&#7863;p m&#224; t&#244;i ngh&#297; ch&#7881; xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n v&#7899;i t&#7847;n su&#7845;t t&#237;nh t&#7915; ch&#7909;c n&#259;m.</p></li><li><p>Ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i, x&#233;t v&#7873; m&#7913;c h&#7845;p d&#7851;n, th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng c&#361;ng c&#243; 2 v&#249;ng &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225;. &#272;&#243; l&#224; v&#249;ng R&#7867; (m&#7889;c 45, v&#237; d&#7909; nh&#432; ng&#224;y 2/4, gi&#7919;a 2023 ho&#7863;c giai &#273;o&#7841;n &#273;&#7847;u Covid) v&#224; v&#249;ng R&#7845;t r&#7867; (m&#7889;c 35, v&#237; d&#7909; nh&#432; giai &#273;o&#7841;n &#273;&#7847;u 2023). V&#249;ng &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; R&#7867; c&#361;ng t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7889;i d&#7877; g&#7863;p v&#7899;i nguy&#234;n nh&#226;n &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; s&#7921; ho&#7843;ng lo&#7841;n v&#7873; m&#7863;t t&#226;m l&#253; nhi&#7873;u h&#417;n. Nh&#432;ng v&#249;ng R&#7845;t r&#7867; l&#224; m&#7897;t s&#7921; ki&#7879;n hi&#7871;m g&#7863;p v&#224; theo t&#244;i ch&#7881; x&#7843;y ra khi c&#243; Suy tho&#225;i (s&#7921; s&#7909;t gi&#7843;m v&#7873; m&#7863;t l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n trong nhi&#7873;u qu&#253; li&#234;n ti&#7871;p), nh&#432; trong giai &#273;o&#7841;n 2022.</p></li></ul><p>Trong giai &#273;o&#7841;n hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i, m&#244; h&#236;nh c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng t&#244;i cho th&#7845;y &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; &#273;ang &#7903; v&#249;ng &#272;&#7855;t v&#224; r&#7845;t kh&#243; &#273;&#7875; ti&#7871;n &#273;&#7871;n v&#249;ng R&#7845;t &#273;&#7855;t do s&#7921; m&#7903; r&#7897;ng l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n l&#224; h&#7841;n ch&#7871; (Xin &#273;&#7885;c b&#224;i &#272;i&#7873;u g&#236; d&#7851;n d&#7855;t th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng?). Do v&#7853;y, &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i ch&#250;ng t&#244;i, m&#7913;c &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;ang l&#224; kh&#244;ng ph&#249; h&#7907;p.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Điều gì dẫn dắt thị trường?]]></title><description><![CDATA[Th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng ch&#7913;ng kho&#225;n kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7897;ng b&#7903;i t&#226;m l&#253;, m&#224; c&#242;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c d&#7851;n d&#7855;t b&#7903;i c&#225;c y&#7871;u t&#7889; c&#7889;t l&#245;i. C&#249;ng nh&#236;n l&#7841;i l&#7883;ch s&#7917; 3 chu k&#7923; g&#7847;n nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7875; hi&#7875;u r&#245; h&#417;n v&#7873; &#273;&#7897;ng l&#7921;c t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i.]]></description><link>https://40yo.vn/p/ieu-gi-dan-dat-thi-truong</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://40yo.vn/p/ieu-gi-dan-dat-thi-truong</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[40 Years Old]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 30 Jul 2025 11:45:53 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!szR3!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04b279d4-c42d-4a34-849a-81dd65c0205f_750x450.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>200 &#273;i&#7875;m trong v&#242;ng 1 th&#225;ng, ho&#7863;c g&#7847;n 50% trong ch&#432;a &#273;&#7871;n 3 th&#225;ng. &#272;&#243; l&#224; m&#7897;t s&#7889; th&#224;nh t&#237;ch &#8220; kh&#244;ng m&#7845;y b&#236;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng&#8221; m&#224; th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c trong th&#7901;i gian g&#7847;n &#273;&#226;y. T&#7845;t nhi&#234;n, &#273;&#7857;ng m&#7895;i di&#7877;n bi&#7871;n &#8220;b&#7845;t th&#432;&#7901;ng&#8221; c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng, lu&#244;n lu&#244;n c&#243; m&#7897;t &#273;&#7897;ng l&#7921;c &#8220;b&#236;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng&#8221; th&#250;c &#273;&#7849;y cho n&#243;. B&#224;i vi&#7871;t n&#224;y t&#244;i s&#7869; chia s&#7867; nh&#7919;ng c&#7843;m nh&#7853;n c&#7911;a m&#236;nh  v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng g&#236; &#273;&#227; v&#224; &#273;ang di&#7877;n ra tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng trong th&#7901;i gian g&#7847;n &#273;&#226;y.</p><p>Th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng ch&#7913;ng kho&#225;n b&#7883; t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng b&#7903;i h&#224;ng ngh&#236;n y&#7871;u t&#7889;, b&#7903;i v&#236; n&#243; ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch d&#7921;a tr&#234;n t&#7845;t c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng th&#244;ng tin &#7903; th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i &#273;&#7875; ph&#7843;n &#225;nh c&#225;i nh&#236;n v&#224;o t&#432;&#417;ng lai. C&#225;c th&#244;ng tin n&#224;y c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; v&#297; m&#244;, ng&#224;nh, doanh nghi&#7879;p ho&#7863;c &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n ch&#7881; l&#224; 1 d&#242;ng tweet m&#7899;i c&#7911;a Donald Trump. T&#7845;t nhi&#234;n, b&#224;i vi&#7871;t n&#224;y (v&#224; lu&#244;n l&#224; nh&#432; v&#7853;y), t&#244;i s&#7869; kh&#244;ng &#273;&#432;a nh&#7919;ng quan &#273;i&#7875;m v&#7873; th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng trong ng&#7855;n h&#7841;n ho&#7863;c t&#236;m c&#225;ch &#8220;h&#7907;p l&#253; ho&#225;&#8221; nh&#7919;ng bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7897;ng ng&#7855;n h&#7841;n c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng. Thay v&#224;o &#273;&#243;, t&#244;i s&#7869; chia s&#7867; nh&#7919;ng quan &#273;i&#7875;m c&#7911;a m&#236;nh v&#7873; c&#226;u h&#7887;i: &#8220;&#272;i&#7873;u g&#236; &#273;&#227; v&#224; &#273;ang d&#7851;n d&#7855;t th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng&#8221;?</p><p>T&#244;i th&#237;ch vi&#7879;c x&#226;y d&#7921;ng c&#225;c m&#244; h&#236;nh, v&#236; ch&#250;ng gi&#250;p t&#244;i l&#432;&#7907;ng ho&#225; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#244;ng tin m&#7897;t c&#225;ch ch&#237;nh x&#225;c nh&#7845;t. H&#227;y t&#432;&#7903;ng t&#432;&#7907;ng th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng l&#224; 1 c&#7893; phi&#7871;u, v&#224; &#8220;gi&#225;&#8221; c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng ch&#237;nh l&#224; Vnindex. Ch&#250;ng ta c&#243; c&#244;ng th&#7913;c: P (Vnindex)= EPS * P/E.</p><p>V&#236; c&#417; ch&#7871; gi&#225; t&#7921; &#273;i&#7873;u ch&#7881;nh trong c&#225;c ng&#224;y giao d&#7883;ch kh&#244;ng h&#432;&#7903;ng quy&#7873;n, n&#234;n v&#7873; c&#417; b&#7843;n m&#244; h&#236;nh tr&#234;n c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c vi&#7871;t l&#7841;i th&#224;nh: P = L&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n * &#272;&#7883;nh gi&#225;.</p><p>Ho&#7863;c chi ti&#7871;t h&#417;n: P = Doanh thu * Bi&#234;n l&#227;i * &#272;&#7883;nh gi&#225;.</p><p>V&#7851;n c&#242;n 1 ch&#250;t g&#236; &#273;&#243; c&#242;n thi&#7871;u. &#272;&#243; ch&#237;nh l&#224; l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n c&#7911;a nh&#243;m T&#224;i ch&#237;nh, v&#7889;n kh&#244;ng th&#7875; &#273;o l&#432;&#7901;ng b&#7903;i doanh thu v&#224; bi&#234;n l&#227;i theo c&#225;ch th&#244;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng. V&#7853;y c&#244;ng th&#7913;c &#273;&#7847;y &#273;&#7911; s&#7869; l&#224;:</p><pre><code>P = (Doanh thu * Bi&#234;n l&#227;i + L&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n c&#7911;a nh&#243;m T&#224;i ch&#237;nh) * &#272;&#7883;nh gi&#225;.</code></pre><p>Bi&#7875;u &#273;&#7891; d&#432;&#7899;i &#273;&#226;y s&#7869; cho b&#7841;n m&#7897;t g&#243;c nh&#236;n to&#224;n c&#7843;nh v&#7873; th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng trong giai &#273;o&#7841;n t&#7915; 2017 &#273;&#7871;n nay. L&#432;u &#253;, PE Adjusted l&#224; d&#7919; li&#7879;u PE &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;i&#7873;u ch&#7881;nh th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m c&#244;ng b&#7889; b&#225;o c&#225;o t&#224;i ch&#237;nh. C&#7909; th&#7875;, c&#225;c doanh nghi&#7879;p b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u c&#244;ng b&#7889; BCTC v&#224;o gi&#7919;a th&#225;ng &#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n c&#7911;a qu&#253; cho &#273;&#7871;n h&#7871;t th&#225;ng &#273;&#243; (v&#237; d&#7909; gi&#7919;a th&#225;ng 7 cho &#273;&#7871;n h&#7871;t th&#225;ng 7) v&#224; PE s&#7869; b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&#7853;p nh&#7853;t d&#7921;a tr&#234;n nh&#7919;ng b&#225;o c&#225;o t&#224;i ch&#237;nh v&#7915;a m&#7899;i c&#244;ng b&#7889; n&#224;y. Do v&#7853;y th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m cu&#7889;i qu&#253; 2 (th&#225;ng 6), PE m&#224; b&#7841;n th&#7845;y tr&#234;n c&#225;c trang t&#224;i ch&#237;nh v&#7851;n &#273;ang &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#237;nh t&#7915; b&#225;o c&#225;o t&#224;i ch&#237;nh c&#7911;a qu&#253; tr&#432;&#7899;c (qu&#253; 1). Ch&#250;ng t&#244;i s&#7869; &#273;i&#7873;u ch&#7881;nh l&#7841;i s&#7889; n&#224;y &#273;&#7875; n&#243; th&#7875; hi&#7879;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#250;ng PE c&#7911;a b&#225;o c&#225;o t&#224;i ch&#237;nh k&#7923; &#273;&#243; (PE cu&#7889;i qu&#253; 2 &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#237;nh d&#7921;a tr&#234;n l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n qu&#253; 2).</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!szR3!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04b279d4-c42d-4a34-849a-81dd65c0205f_750x450.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!szR3!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04b279d4-c42d-4a34-849a-81dd65c0205f_750x450.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!szR3!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04b279d4-c42d-4a34-849a-81dd65c0205f_750x450.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!szR3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04b279d4-c42d-4a34-849a-81dd65c0205f_750x450.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!szR3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04b279d4-c42d-4a34-849a-81dd65c0205f_750x450.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!szR3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04b279d4-c42d-4a34-849a-81dd65c0205f_750x450.png" width="750" height="450" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/04b279d4-c42d-4a34-849a-81dd65c0205f_750x450.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:450,&quot;width&quot;:750,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!szR3!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04b279d4-c42d-4a34-849a-81dd65c0205f_750x450.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!szR3!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04b279d4-c42d-4a34-849a-81dd65c0205f_750x450.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!szR3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04b279d4-c42d-4a34-849a-81dd65c0205f_750x450.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!szR3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04b279d4-c42d-4a34-849a-81dd65c0205f_750x450.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#272;&#432;&#7901;ng m&#224;u &#273;en l&#224; thay &#273;&#7893;i c&#7911;a Vnindex so v&#7899;i c&#249;ng k&#7923;, v&#224; c&#225;c c&#7897;t ch&#7891;ng l&#224; c&#225;c y&#7871;u t&#7889; &#8220;gi&#7843;i th&#237;ch&#8221; cho s&#7921; thay &#273;&#7893;i n&#224;y c&#7911;a Vnindex. V&#7873; m&#7863;t l&#253; thuy&#7871;t, gi&#225; tr&#7883; c&#7911;a &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng m&#224;u &#273;en s&#7869; b&#7857;ng t&#7893;ng c&#7911;a c&#225;c y&#7871;u t&#7889; th&#224;nh ph&#7847;n. L&#253; do c&#243; s&#7921; l&#7879;ch nh&#7865; n&#224;y l&#224; do c&#243; s&#7921; l&#7879;ch nhau &#273;&#244;i ch&#250;t c&#7911;a v&#7889;n h&#243;a c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng (P) so v&#7899;i Vnindex. Trong ph&#7847;n l&#7899;n th&#7901;i gian, v&#7889;n ho&#225; th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng v&#224; Vnindex l&#224; hai &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng song song, tuy nhi&#234;n trong 1 s&#7889; th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m ch&#250;ng l&#224; c&#243; s&#7921; kh&#225;c nhau &#273;&#225;ng k&#7875;. Ch&#7859;ng h&#7841;n nh&#432; 1 doanh nghi&#7879;p ni&#234;m y&#7871;t m&#7899;i, s&#7869; kh&#244;ng l&#224;m thay &#273;&#7893;i Vnindex nh&#432;ng l&#7841;i t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng &#273;&#7871;n v&#7889;n ho&#225;.</p><h4><strong>Gi&#7901; l&#224; l&#250;c &#244;n l&#7841;i l&#7883;ch s&#7917;</strong></h4><p>Kho&#7843;ng th&#7901;i gian 8 n&#259;m v&#7915;a qua l&#224; m&#7897;t giai &#273;o&#7841;n v&#244; c&#249;ng &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t, v&#236; ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#227; tr&#7843; qua &#273;&#7871;n 3 chu k&#7923; nh&#7887; c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng (ch&#237;nh x&#225;c th&#236; 2,5 chu k&#7923; v&#236; chu k&#7923; hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i v&#7851;n &#273;ang ti&#7871;p di&#7877;n). Do v&#7853;y, n&#243; c&#361;ng l&#224; giai &#273;o&#7841;n v&#244; c&#249;ng kh&#243; kh&#259;n trong &#273;&#7847;u t&#432;.</p><ul><li><p><strong>Chu k&#7923; 2017 - &#273;&#7847;u 2019:</strong> th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c d&#7851;n d&#7855;t b&#7903;i 3 &#273;&#7897;ng l&#7921;c ch&#237;nh: (1) l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n c&#7911;a nh&#243;m T&#224;i ch&#237;nh, s&#7921; m&#7903; r&#7897;ng c&#7911;a doanh thu (giai &#273;o&#7841;n n&#224;y kh&#244;ng c&#243; s&#7921; thay &#273;&#7893;i &#273;&#225;ng k&#7875; v&#7873; m&#7863;t bi&#234;n l&#227;i c&#7911;a nh&#243;m Phi t&#224;i ch&#237;nh) v&#224; y&#7871;u t&#7889; cu&#7889;i c&#249;ng ch&#237;nh l&#224; s&#7921; m&#7903; r&#7897;ng c&#7911;a &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225;. Giai &#273;o&#7841;n s&#7909;t gi&#7843;m sau &#273;&#243; c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng th&#236; doanh thu v&#7851;n gi&#7919; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7921; t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng, tuy nhi&#234;n s&#7921; suy gi&#7843;m bi&#234;n l&#227;i v&#224; t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n c&#7911;a nh&#243;m T&#224;i ch&#237;nh l&#224; 2 y&#7871;u t&#7889; khi&#7871;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng gi&#7843;m s&#226;u, v&#224; &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; l&#224; y&#7871;u t&#7889; theo sau.</p></li><li><p><strong>Chu k&#7923; 2020 - 2022:</strong> &#273;&#226;y l&#224; giai &#273;o&#7841;n ch&#7913;ng ki&#7871;n s&#7921; m&#7903; r&#7897;ng &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n c&#7911;a bi&#234;n l&#227;i do s&#7921; m&#7903; r&#7897;ng c&#7911;a cung ti&#7873;n v&#224; t&#224;i kho&#225; tr&#234;n to&#224;n c&#7847;u. Doanh thu kh&#244;ng c&#243; s&#7921; t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;&#225;ng k&#7875; (ph&#249; h&#7907;p v&#7899;i t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng GDP), th&#7853;m ch&#237; t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng &#226;m trong n&#259;m 2020. nh&#243;m T&#224;i ch&#237;nh b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng m&#7841;nh trong n&#259;m 2021 nh&#7901; s&#7921; m&#7903; r&#7897;ng NIM v&#224; t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng t&#237;n d&#7909;ng c&#7911;a ng&#224;nh ng&#226;n h&#224;ng. V&#224; c&#361;ng nh&#432; giai &#273;o&#7841;n tr&#432;&#7899;c, &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c l&#224; y&#7871;u t&#7889; theo sau. Sau khi c&#417;n s&#243;ng l&#7841;m ph&#225;t &#273;i qua, bi&#234;n l&#227;i c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng gi&#7843;m m&#7841;nh d&#7851;n d&#7855;t &#273;&#224; s&#7909;t gi&#7843;m c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng b&#7845;t k&#7875; doanh thu v&#7851;n duy tr&#236; t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng d&#432;&#417;ng trong n&#259;m 2022.</p></li><li><p><strong>Chu k&#7923; 2023 - nay:</strong> doanh thu b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u suy y&#7871;u v&#224;o n&#259;m 2023 v&#224; ch&#7881; ph&#7909;c h&#7891;i t&#7915; 2024, trong khi &#273;&#243; bi&#234;n l&#227;i c&#243; s&#7921; ph&#7909;c h&#7891;i s&#7899;m h&#417;n. Trong giai &#273;o&#7841;n n&#224;y, s&#7921; &#273;&#243;ng g&#243;p c&#7911;a c&#225;c y&#7871;u t&#7889; l&#224; kh&#244;ng r&#245; r&#224;ng. Nh&#243;m T&#224;i ch&#237;nh b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng m&#7841;nh t&#7915; cu&#7889;i qu&#253; n&#259;m 2023, ph&#249; h&#7907;p v&#7899;i di&#7877;n bi&#7871;n c&#7911;a nh&#243;m Phi t&#224;i ch&#237;nh. T&#7845;t nhi&#234;n, &#273;i&#7873;u n&#224;y l&#224; ch&#432;a &#273;&#7911; &#273;&#7875; k&#237;ch th&#237;ch s&#7921; m&#7903; r&#7897;ng c&#7911;a &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225;. Giai &#273;o&#7841;n cu&#7889;i 2024 m&#7913;c &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng th&#7853;m ch&#237; c&#242;n b&#7883; thu h&#7865;p. Tr&#234;n th&#7921;c t&#7871; &#273;&#226;y l&#224; m&#7897;t s&#7921; &#273;i&#7873;u ch&#7881;nh v&#7873; m&#7863;t k&#7929; thu&#7853;t khi l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng quay tr&#7903; l&#7841;i m&#7913;c &#8220;b&#236;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng&#8221;. N&#7871;u lo&#7841;i b&#7887; y&#7871;u t&#7889; n&#224;y th&#236; m&#7913;c &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; s&#7869; &#273;i ngang trong giai &#273;o&#7841;n n&#224;y.</p></li></ul><h4><strong>V&#7853;y ch&#250;ng ta c&#243; th&#7875; r&#250;t ra &#273;i&#7873;u g&#236;?</strong></h4><p>D&#432;&#7899;i &#273;&#226;y l&#224;m m&#7897;t s&#7889; &#273;i&#7873;u t&#244;i r&#250;t ra &#273;&#432;&#7907;c khi nh&#236;n v&#224;o m&#244; h&#236;nh 4 y&#7871;u t&#7889; n&#224;y:</p><ol><li><p>T&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a nh&#243;m T&#224;i ch&#237;nh v&#224; Phi t&#224;i ch&#237;nh c&#243; xu h&#432;&#7899;ng &#273;i c&#249;ng nhau, &#7903; c&#7843; pha m&#7903; r&#7897;ng v&#224; pha suy y&#7871;u. V&#237; d&#7909; nh&#432; giai &#273;o&#7841;n cu&#7889;i 2018 - &#273;&#7847;u 2019 v&#224; cu&#7889;i 2022 - &#273;&#7847;u 2023 th&#236; l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n c&#7911;a 2 nh&#243;m n&#224;y &#273;&#7873;u c&#243; s&#7921; thu h&#7865;p &#273;&#225;ng k&#7875;. T&#7845;t nhi&#234;n &#273;i&#7873;u n&#224;y ch&#7855;c ch&#7855;n kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; ng&#7851;u nhi&#234;n, s&#7869; c&#243; m&#7897;t c&#225;i n&#224;y ph&#7909; thu&#7897;c v&#224;o c&#225;i kia. V&#224; nh&#243;m ph&#7909; thu&#7897;c ch&#7855;c ch&#7855;n kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; nh&#243;m Phi t&#224;i ch&#237;nh. M&#7889;i quan h&#7879; c&#7897;ng sinh c&#7911;a nh&#243;m T&#224;i ch&#237;nh &#273;&#432;&#7907;c thi&#7871;t l&#7853;p qua t&#237;n d&#7909;ng v&#224; s&#7913;c kho&#7867; c&#7911;a nh&#243;m Phi t&#224;i ch&#237;nh. Do v&#7853;y, khi &#273;&#225;nh gi&#225; v&#7873; &#8220;&#272;i&#7873;u g&#236; d&#7851;n d&#7855;t th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng?&#8221;, t&#244;i &#237;t khi quan t&#226;m &#273;&#7871;n nh&#243;m T&#224;i ch&#237;nh. Tr&#7915; phi ch&#250;ng c&#243; nh&#7919;ng r&#7911;i ro &#273;&#7911; l&#7899;n.</p></li><li><p>Giai &#273;o&#7841;n m&#7903; r&#7897;ng m&#7841;nh c&#7911;a &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; th&#432;&#7901;ng theo sau giai &#273;o&#7841;n m&#7903; r&#7897;ng m&#7841;nh c&#7911;a l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n. Ho&#7863;c, n&#7871;u kh&#244;ng c&#243; s&#7921; m&#7903; r&#7897;ng &#273;&#225;ng k&#7875; c&#7911;a l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n (bao g&#7891;m c&#7843; nh&#243;m T&#224;i ch&#237;nh v&#224; Ph&#237; t&#224;i ch&#237;nh), r&#7845;t kh&#243; &#273;&#7875; c&#243; s&#7921; m&#7903; r&#7897;ng &#273;&#225;ng k&#7875; v&#7873; m&#7863;t &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225;. T&#7845;t nhi&#234;n, c&#243; r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u y&#7871;u t&#7889; kh&#225;c t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng &#273;&#7871;n m&#7913;c &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng ngo&#224;i s&#7921; k&#7923; v&#7885;ng v&#7873; l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n. &#272;&#243; c&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; d&#242;ng ti&#7873;n, ho&#7863;c &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n ch&#7881; l&#224; t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng t&#226;m l&#253; t&#7915; di&#7877;n bi&#7871;n c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng b&#234;n ngo&#224;i Vi&#7879;t Nam. &#272;&#226;y l&#224; y&#7871;u t&#7889; kh&#243; &#273;&#225;nh gi&#225; v&#224; c&#361;ng l&#224; l&#253; do ch&#250;ng ta kh&#244;ng bao gi&#7901; c&#243; th&#7875; d&#7921; &#273;o&#225;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ch&#237;nh x&#225;c &#273;&#7881;nh v&#224; &#273;&#225;y c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng.</p></li><li><p>H&#227;y c&#7849;n tr&#7885;ng v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng giai &#273;o&#7841;n m&#7903; r&#7897;ng m&#7841;nh v&#7873; m&#7863;t &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; (v&#237; d&#7909; nh&#432; &#273;&#7847;u 2018, cu&#7889;i 2021). N&#7871;u kh&#244;ng c&#243; s&#7921; gia t&#259;ng t&#432;&#417;ng &#7913;ng v&#7873; m&#7863;t l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n - s&#7921; m&#7903; r&#7897;ng n&#224;y l&#224; kh&#244;ng b&#7873;n v&#7919;ng. T&#244;i g&#7885;i &#273;&#226;y l&#224; c&#417; ch&#7871; &#8220;s&#7921; k&#7923; v&#7885;ng ti&#7871;p di&#7877;n&#8221;, c&#243; ngh&#297;a ng&#432;&#7901;i ta th&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#236;n v&#224;o m&#7913;c t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng &#7903; hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i v&#224; k&#7923; v&#7885;ng n&#243; s&#7869; ti&#7871;p di&#7877;n trong t&#432;&#417;ng lai v&#224; &#273;i&#7873;u n&#224;y gi&#250;p th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng s&#7861;n s&#224;ng tr&#7843; nh&#7919;ng c&#225;i gi&#225; cao h&#417;n cho c&#7893; phi&#7871;u. N&#7871;u s&#7921; k&#7923; v&#7885;ng n&#224;y kh&#244;ng x&#7843;y ra, k&#7871;t qu&#7843; c&#243; th&#7875; r&#7845;t t&#7879;.</p></li><li><p>Trong kho&#7843;ng 2 chu k&#7923; v&#7915;a qua (t&#7915; th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m Covid) &#273;&#7871;n nay, ch&#250;ng ta ch&#7913;ng ki&#7871;n s&#7921; bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7897;ng r&#7845;t m&#7841;nh v&#7873; m&#7863;t bi&#234;n l&#227;i do c&#225;c chu k&#7923; th&#7855;t ch&#7863;t v&#224; n&#7899;i l&#7887;ng ti&#7873;n t&#7879;. Giai &#273;o&#7841;n s&#7855;p t&#7899;i n&#7871;u kh&#244;ng c&#243; y&#7871;u t&#7889; b&#7845;t th&#432;&#7901;ng x&#7843;y ra (v&#237; d&#7909; nh&#432; suy tho&#225;i), xu h&#432;&#7899;ng n&#224;y s&#7869; k&#7871;t th&#250;c. T&#7913;c n&#7871;u kh&#244;ng c&#243; suy tho&#225;i (b&#417;m ti&#7873;n theo sau) th&#236; bi&#234;n l&#227;i c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng s&#7869; quay tr&#7903; l&#7841;i xu h&#432;&#7899;ng &#7893;n &#273;&#7883;nh nh&#432; tr&#432;&#7899;c d&#7883;ch. &#272;&#7897;ng l&#7921;c t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng s&#7869; ch&#7911; y&#7871;u &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; s&#7921; m&#7903; r&#7897;ng c&#7911;a doanh thu v&#224; &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; (nh&#243;m T&#224;i ch&#237;nh l&#224; nh&#243;m ph&#7909; thu&#7897;c). &#272;&#226;y ch&#237;nh l&#224; manh m&#7889;i cho nh&#7919;ng g&#236; ti&#7871;p theo.</p></li></ol><h4><strong>Th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng ch&#7913;ng kho&#225;n v&#224; n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;</strong></h4><p>Th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng ch&#7913;ng kho&#225;n l&#224; n&#417;i t&#7853;p h&#7907;p c&#7911;a c&#225;c doanh nghi&#7879;p qu&#7889;c doanh &#273;&#7913;ng &#273;&#7847;u trong c&#225;c l&#297;nh v&#7921;c. V&#237; d&#7909; th&#233;p ch&#250;ng ta c&#243; Ho&#224; Ph&#225;t, Hoa Sen. B&#225;n l&#7867; c&#243; Th&#7871; gi&#7899;i Di &#273;&#7897;ng, FPT Retail hay h&#224;ng ti&#234;u d&#249;ng c&#243; Masan, Vinamilk&#8230; Tuy nhi&#234;n, ch&#250;ng kh&#244;ng &#273;&#7841;i di&#7879;n cho to&#224;n b&#7897; c&#225;c doanh nghi&#7879;p &#273;ang ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng &#7903; Vi&#7879;t Nam do n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; ph&#7909; thu&#7897;c nhi&#7873;u v&#224;o c&#225;c doanh nghi&#7879;p FDI v&#224; SMEs. Do v&#7853;y, kh&#244;ng kh&#243; &#273;&#7875; nh&#236;n ra k&#7871;t qu&#7843; kinh doanh (doanh thu) c&#7911;a c&#225;c doanh nghi&#7879;p tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng v&#224; t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng kinh t&#7871; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#250;c n&#224;o c&#361;ng l&#224; hai &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng song song. Nh&#432;ng ch&#250;ng c&#243; m&#7897;t m&#7889;i t&#432;&#417;ng quan t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7889;i r&#245; n&#233;t.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FHZi!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F99e1ad87-0ae7-40bc-ad8b-fb681ab0f634_1650x990.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FHZi!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F99e1ad87-0ae7-40bc-ad8b-fb681ab0f634_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FHZi!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F99e1ad87-0ae7-40bc-ad8b-fb681ab0f634_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FHZi!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F99e1ad87-0ae7-40bc-ad8b-fb681ab0f634_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FHZi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F99e1ad87-0ae7-40bc-ad8b-fb681ab0f634_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FHZi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F99e1ad87-0ae7-40bc-ad8b-fb681ab0f634_1650x990.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/99e1ad87-0ae7-40bc-ad8b-fb681ab0f634_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:91735,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/169651603?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F99e1ad87-0ae7-40bc-ad8b-fb681ab0f634_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FHZi!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F99e1ad87-0ae7-40bc-ad8b-fb681ab0f634_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FHZi!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F99e1ad87-0ae7-40bc-ad8b-fb681ab0f634_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FHZi!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F99e1ad87-0ae7-40bc-ad8b-fb681ab0f634_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FHZi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F99e1ad87-0ae7-40bc-ad8b-fb681ab0f634_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>D&#249; c&#417; c&#7845;u &#273;&#243;ng g&#243;p c&#7911;a c&#225;c ng&#224;nh v&#224;o to&#224;n b&#7897; n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; v&#224; KQKD c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng l&#224; kh&#225;c nhau, song s&#7921; m&#7903; r&#7897;ng c&#7911;a n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; ch&#7855;c ch&#7855;n c&#243; l&#7907;i &#273;&#7871;n ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng kinh doanh c&#7911;a c&#225;c doanh nghi&#7879;p ni&#234;m y&#7871;t v&#224; &#273;i&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i c&#361;ng &#273;&#250;ng. N&#243;i c&#225;ch kh&#225;c, &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#225;nh gi&#225; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c xu h&#432;&#7899;ng KQKD (doanh thu) c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng trong t&#432;&#417;ng lai, h&#227;y nh&#236;n v&#224;o n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;.</p><p>2 qu&#253; &#273;&#7847;u n&#259;m ch&#7913;ng ki&#7871;n m&#7913;c t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng m&#7841;nh nh&#7845;t trong nhi&#7873;u n&#259;m tr&#7903; l&#7841;i &#273;&#226;y, v&#224; v&#7899;i m&#7909;c ti&#234;u t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng tr&#234;n 8% trong c&#7843; n&#259;m th&#236; &#273;i&#7873;u t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; c&#361;ng c&#243; th&#7875; x&#7843;y ra trong kho&#7843;ng th&#7901;i gian c&#242;n l&#7841;i c&#7911;a n&#259;m. Kh&#244;ng kh&#243; &#273;&#7875; nh&#7853;n ra 2 trong s&#7889; c&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng l&#7921;c &#273;&#7875; ch&#237;nh ph&#7911; k&#7923; v&#7885;ng c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7909;c ti&#234;u n&#224;y &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch t&#224;i kho&#225; v&#224; s&#7921; ph&#7909;c h&#7891;i c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng b&#7845;t &#273;&#7897;ng s&#7843;n (xin m&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c <a href="https://40yo.vn/p/our-look-mar-2025">Ourlook th&#225;ng 2</a> c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng t&#244;i). Tuy nhi&#234;n, ch&#250;ng ta c&#243; r&#224;o c&#7843;n r&#7845;t l&#7899;n &#7903; khu v&#7921;c s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t, khu v&#7921;c quan tr&#7885;ng nh&#7845;t v&#224; t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng nhi&#7873;u nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7871;n n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;. &#272;&#226;y l&#224; y&#7871;u t&#7889; ch&#250;ng ta kh&#244;ng th&#7875; ki&#7875;m so&#225;t (ch&#7881; c&#243; th&#7875; h&#7895; tr&#7907;), k&#7875; c&#7843; qua k&#234;nh t&#224;i kho&#225; v&#224; k&#234;nh ti&#7873;n t&#7879;, b&#7903;i v&#236; n&#243; ph&#7909; thu&#7897;c r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u v&#224;o nhu c&#7847;u nhi&#7873;u t&#7915; b&#234;n ngo&#224;i (&#273;&#7875; d&#7877; h&#236;nh dung, xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u chi&#7871;m tr&#234;n 80% GDP c&#7911;a c&#7843; n&#432;&#7899;c).</p><p>B&#225;o c&#225;o t&#224;i ch&#237;nh qu&#253; 2 d&#7847;n c&#244;ng b&#7889; b&#7899;i s&#7921; ph&#7909;c h&#7891;i c&#7911;a 1 c&#7911;a 1 s&#7889; nh&#243;m ng&#224;nh nh&#432; v&#7853;t li&#7879;u x&#226;y d&#7921;ng, b&#225;n l&#7867; v&#224; xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u (xu h&#432;&#7899;ng &#273;&#7849;y m&#7841;nh tr&#432;&#7899;c khi thu&#7871; c&#243; hi&#7879;u l&#7921;c). &#272;i&#7873;u &#273;&#243; &#273;&#7911; gi&#250;p th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7913;c t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng t&#237;ch c&#7921;c h&#417;n so v&#7899;i qu&#253; 1 v&#224; c&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; 1 ho&#7863;c 2 qu&#253; t&#7899;i. Nh&#432;ng quan tr&#7885;ng, ch&#7915;ng n&#224;o ch&#432;a c&#243; s&#7921; ch&#7855;c ch&#7855;n v&#7873; t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a nh&#243;m s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t, ch&#250;ng ta ch&#432;a th&#7875; k&#7923; v&#7885;ng v&#224;o m&#7897;t giai &#273;o&#7841;n m&#7903; r&#7897;ng m&#7841;nh m&#7869; v&#7873; KQKD nh&#432; trong 2 chu k&#7923; tr&#432;&#7899;c. Trong khi &#273;&#243;, s&#7921; m&#7903; r&#7897;ng c&#7911;a &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; doanh nghi&#7879;p l&#7841;i &#273;ang di&#7877;n ra v&#7899;i t&#7889;c &#273;&#7897; kh&#244;ng t&#432;&#417;ng x&#7913;ng. Hay n&#243;i c&#225;ch kh&#225;c, c&#243; nh&#7919;ng y&#7871;u t&#7889; kh&#225;c &#273;ang th&#250;c &#273;&#7849;y s&#7921; m&#7903; r&#7897;ng c&#7911;a &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng. Ch&#250;ng c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; t&#226;m l&#253; t&#237;ch c&#7921;c khi d&#242;ng ti&#7873;n n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#224;i quay l&#7841;i, s&#7921; k&#7923; v&#7885;ng n&#226;ng h&#7841;ng, di&#7877;n bi&#7871;n t&#237;ch c&#7921;c t&#7915; c&#225;c th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng b&#234;n ngo&#224;i ho&#7863;c c&#243; th&#7875; t&#7915; s&#7921; k&#7923; v&#7885;ng v&#224;o c&#225;c ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch m&#7899;i c&#7911;a ch&#237;nh ph&#7911;. Trong b&#224;i vi&#7871;t ti&#7871;p theo, t&#244;i s&#7869; chia s&#7867; quan &#273;i&#7875;m c&#7911;a m&#236;nh v&#7873; m&#7913;c &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Trade war (P4): Phép màu kinh tế của Trung Quốc]]></title><description><![CDATA[Trong c&#225;c ph&#7847;n tr&#432;&#7899;c, ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#227; x&#225;c &#273;&#7883;nh m&#7897;t "Tr&#7853;t t&#7921; c&#361;" &#273;&#7847;y ngh&#7883;ch l&#253;: M&#7929;, qu&#7889;c gia c&#243; thu nh&#7853;p (GDP) cao nh&#7845;t l&#7841;i l&#224; con n&#7907; l&#7899;n nh&#7845;t th&#7871; gi&#7899;i.]]></description><link>https://40yo.vn/p/trade-war-phan-4-phep-mau-kinh-te</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://40yo.vn/p/trade-war-phan-4-phep-mau-kinh-te</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[40 Years Old]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 27 Jul 2025 12:56:27 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Cpzm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b13e234-0115-43bd-8f48-15eec8635c9a_1650x990.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Trong c&#225;c ph&#7847;n tr&#432;&#7899;c, ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#227; x&#225;c &#273;&#7883;nh m&#7897;t "Tr&#7853;t t&#7921; c&#361;" &#273;&#7847;y ngh&#7883;ch l&#253;: M&#7929;, qu&#7889;c gia c&#243; thu nh&#7853;p (GDP) cao nh&#7845;t l&#7841;i l&#224; con n&#7907; l&#7899;n nh&#7845;t th&#7871; gi&#7899;i. Trong khi Trung Qu&#7889;c, v&#7899;i vai tr&#242; l&#224; ch&#7911; n&#7907;, &#273;&#227; t&#224;i tr&#7907; cho ch&#237;nh "c&#417;n say" ti&#234;u d&#249;ng c&#7911;a M&#7929;. &#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y &#273;&#7863;t ra m&#7897;t c&#226;u h&#7887;i then ch&#7889;t: &#272;&#7875; c&#243; th&#7875; t&#237;ch l&#361;y m&#7897;t kh&#7889;i t&#224;i s&#7843;n kh&#7893;ng l&#7891; v&#224; tr&#7903; th&#224;nh ch&#7911; n&#7907; c&#7911;a th&#7871; gi&#7899;i, c&#7895; m&#225;y kinh t&#7871; Trung Qu&#7889;c &#273;&#227; v&#7853;n h&#224;nh nh&#432; th&#7871; n&#224;o? Ng&#432;&#7901;i ta th&#432;&#7901;ng g&#7885;i &#273;&#243; l&#224; m&#7897;t "ph&#233;p m&#224;u". Nh&#432;ng trong kinh t&#7871;, m&#7885;i "ph&#233;p m&#224;u" &#273;&#7873;u c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c l&#253; gi&#7843;i b&#7857;ng c&#225;c m&#244; h&#236;nh v&#224; nh&#7919;ng s&#7921; &#273;&#225;nh &#273;&#7893;i. B&#224;i vi&#7871;t n&#224;y s&#7869; ph&#226;n t&#237;ch m&#244; h&#236;nh t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;&#227; t&#7841;o n&#234;n s&#7921; tr&#7895;i d&#7853;y phi th&#432;&#7901;ng c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c, x&#225;c &#273;&#7883;nh nh&#7919;ng tr&#7909; c&#7897;t &#273;&#227; d&#7921;ng n&#234;n n&#243; v&#224; l&#253; gi&#7843;i t&#7841;i sao ch&#237;nh nh&#7919;ng tr&#7909; c&#7897;t &#273;&#243; gi&#7901; &#273;&#226;y l&#7841;i &#273;ang &#273;&#7849;y m&#244; h&#236;nh n&#224;y &#273;&#7871;n gi&#7899;i h&#7841;n c&#7911;a s&#7921; b&#7873;n v&#7919;ng.</p><h4><strong>M&#244; h&#236;nh t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c qua 4 giai &#273;o&#7841;n</strong></h4><p>&#272;&#7875; hi&#7875;u r&#245; m&#244; h&#236;nh n&#224;y, h&#227;y h&#236;nh dung n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; nh&#432; m&#7897;t c&#7895; m&#225;y s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t. S&#7921; ti&#7871;n h&#243;a c&#7911;a c&#7895; m&#225;y n&#224;y c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c chia th&#224;nh b&#7889;n giai &#273;o&#7841;n ch&#237;nh.</p><ul><li><p><strong>Giai &#273;o&#7841;n 1 - C&#7895; m&#225;y kh&#233;p k&#237;n (Tr&#432;&#7899;c 1980): </strong>Tr&#432;&#7899;c th&#7901;i k&#7923; C&#7843;i c&#225;ch v&#224; M&#7903; c&#7917;a, c&#7895; m&#225;y kinh t&#7871; Trung Qu&#7889;c v&#7853;n h&#224;nh trong m&#7897;t chu tr&#236;nh g&#7847;n nh&#432; kh&#233;p k&#237;n. Doanh nghi&#7879;p (ch&#7911; y&#7871;u l&#224; qu&#7889;c doanh) s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t h&#224;ng h&#243;a v&#224; cung c&#7845;p cho khu v&#7921;c h&#7897; gia &#273;&#236;nh. Ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i, h&#7897; gia &#273;&#236;nh cung c&#7845;p l&#7921;c l&#432;&#7907;ng lao &#273;&#7897;ng cho doanh nghi&#7879;p v&#224; c&#361;ng l&#224; th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng ti&#234;u th&#7909; duy nh&#7845;t. &#272;&#226;y l&#224; m&#7897;t m&#244; h&#236;nh t&#7921; cung t&#7921; c&#7845;p v&#7899;i n&#259;ng su&#7845;t v&#224; hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; th&#7845;p, d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n m&#7913;c s&#7889;ng kh&#244;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&#7843;i thi&#7879;n trong m&#7897;t th&#7901;i gian d&#224;i.</p></li><li><p><strong>Giai &#273;o&#7841;n 2 - M&#7903; c&#7917;a v&#224; ti&#7871;p nh&#7853;n ngo&#7841;i l&#7921;c (1980 - 2001):</strong> Sau n&#259;m 1980, c&#7895; m&#225;y n&#224;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7903; ra v&#7899;i th&#7871; gi&#7899;i. Th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng ti&#234;u th&#7909; kh&#244;ng c&#242;n b&#7883; gi&#7899;i h&#7841;n b&#7903;i s&#7913;c mua y&#7871;u &#7899;t trong n&#432;&#7899;c m&#224; &#273;&#227; m&#7903; r&#7897;ng ra to&#224;n c&#7847;u. D&#249; thu nh&#7853;p n&#7897;i &#273;&#7883;a c&#242;n th&#7845;p, Trung Qu&#7889;c s&#7903; h&#7919;u m&#7897;t l&#7907;i th&#7871; kh&#244;ng th&#7875; so s&#225;nh: m&#7897;t quy m&#244; d&#226;n s&#7889; kh&#7893;ng l&#7891; mang l&#7841;i ngu&#7891;n lao &#273;&#7897;ng gi&#225; r&#7867; g&#7847;n nh&#432; v&#244; t&#7853;n. L&#7907;i th&#7871; n&#224;y &#273;&#227; bi&#7871;n Trung Qu&#7889;c th&#224;nh th&#7887;i nam ch&#226;m thu h&#250;t v&#7889;n &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#224;i (FDI). S&#7921; k&#7871;t h&#7907;p gi&#7919;a l&#7921;c l&#432;&#7907;ng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&#7911;ng c&#7889; b&#7903;i FDI v&#224; l&#7921;c l&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#234;u d&#249;ng t&#7915; th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng th&#7871; gi&#7899;i &#273;&#227; kh&#7903;i &#273;&#7897;ng cho giai &#273;o&#7841;n b&#249;ng n&#7893; kinh t&#7871;.</p></li><li><p><strong>Giai &#273;o&#7841;n 3 - Tr&#7903; th&#224;nh "C&#244;ng x&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a th&#7871; gi&#7899;i" (2001 - 2008):</strong> Vi&#7879;c gia nh&#7853;p T&#7893; ch&#7913;c Th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i Th&#7871; gi&#7899;i (WTO) n&#259;m 2001 &#273;&#227; m&#7903; toang c&#225;nh c&#7917;a cho h&#224;ng h&#243;a Trung Qu&#7889;c ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng to&#224;n c&#7847;u v&#7899;i r&#224;o c&#7843;n th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i &#7903; m&#7913;c th&#7845;p. Giai &#273;o&#7841;n n&#224;y ch&#7913;ng ki&#7871;n s&#7921; m&#7903; r&#7897;ng c&#244;ng su&#7845;t s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t &#7903; quy m&#244; ch&#432;a t&#7915;ng c&#243;. T&#7927; tr&#7885;ng c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c trong s&#7843;n l&#432;&#7907;ng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t to&#224;n c&#7847;u t&#259;ng v&#7885;t t&#7915; kho&#7843;ng 7% n&#259;m 2000 l&#234;n g&#7847;n 20% v&#224;o n&#259;m 2010, ch&#237;nh th&#7913;c v&#432;&#7907;t qua M&#7929;. Trung Qu&#7889;c &#273;&#227; tr&#7903; th&#224;nh "c&#244;ng x&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a th&#7871; gi&#7899;i", v&#224; th&#7863;ng d&#432; th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i kh&#7893;ng l&#7891; &#273;&#227; bi&#7871;n h&#7885; th&#224;nh m&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng ch&#7911; n&#7907; l&#7899;n nh&#7845;t h&#224;nh tinh.</p></li></ul><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Cpzm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b13e234-0115-43bd-8f48-15eec8635c9a_1650x990.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Cpzm!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b13e234-0115-43bd-8f48-15eec8635c9a_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Cpzm!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b13e234-0115-43bd-8f48-15eec8635c9a_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Cpzm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b13e234-0115-43bd-8f48-15eec8635c9a_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Cpzm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b13e234-0115-43bd-8f48-15eec8635c9a_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Cpzm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b13e234-0115-43bd-8f48-15eec8635c9a_1650x990.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5b13e234-0115-43bd-8f48-15eec8635c9a_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:82702,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/169362647?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b13e234-0115-43bd-8f48-15eec8635c9a_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Cpzm!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b13e234-0115-43bd-8f48-15eec8635c9a_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Cpzm!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b13e234-0115-43bd-8f48-15eec8635c9a_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Cpzm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b13e234-0115-43bd-8f48-15eec8635c9a_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Cpzm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b13e234-0115-43bd-8f48-15eec8635c9a_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><ul><li><p><strong>Giai &#273;o&#7841;n 4: K&#237;ch th&#237;ch b&#7857;ng &#272;&#7847;u t&#432; v&#224; T&#237;n d&#7909;ng (Sau 2008)</strong> Kh&#7911;ng ho&#7843;ng t&#224;i ch&#237;nh to&#224;n c&#7847;u (GFC) 2008 &#273;&#227; l&#224;m s&#7909;t gi&#7843;m nghi&#234;m tr&#7885;ng nhu c&#7847;u t&#7915; c&#225;c th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u ch&#237;nh, &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng n&#7863;ng n&#7873; &#273;&#7871;n ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c. &#272;&#7875; &#273;&#7889;i ph&#243;, B&#7855;c Kinh &#273;&#227; tung ra m&#7897;t g&#243;i k&#237;ch th&#237;ch kinh t&#7871; kh&#7893;ng l&#7891; v&#224; kh&#7903;i &#273;&#7897;ng m&#7897;t cu&#7897;c b&#249;ng n&#7893; t&#237;n d&#7909;ng. Thay v&#236; t&#225;i c&#7845;u tr&#250;c, Trung Qu&#7889;c ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c &#273;&#7849;y m&#7841;nh &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; v&#224;o s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t, ch&#7845;p nh&#7853;n t&#236;nh tr&#7841;ng d&#432; th&#7915;a c&#244;ng su&#7845;t. Song song &#273;&#243;, t&#237;n d&#7909;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c b&#417;m &#7891; &#7841;t v&#224;o hai k&#234;nh kh&#225;c: b&#7845;t &#273;&#7897;ng s&#7843;n v&#224; x&#226;y d&#7921;ng c&#417; s&#7903; h&#7841; t&#7847;ng. H&#224;ng lo&#7841;t d&#7921; &#225;n b&#7845;t &#273;&#7897;ng s&#7843;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c kh&#7903;i c&#244;ng m&#7899;i m&#224; kh&#244;ng quan t&#226;m &#273;&#7871;n kh&#7843; n&#259;ng h&#7845;p th&#7909; v&#224; ti&#7871;n &#273;&#7897; ho&#224;n th&#224;nh, g&#226;y ra cu&#7897;c kh&#7911;ng ho&#7843;ng ngu&#7891;n cung k&#233;o d&#224;i t&#7915; n&#259;m 2021 &#273;&#7871;n hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i.</p></li></ul><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9W9B!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28d5ef3d-73af-42e1-807c-70ee3e70db86_1651x991.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9W9B!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28d5ef3d-73af-42e1-807c-70ee3e70db86_1651x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9W9B!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28d5ef3d-73af-42e1-807c-70ee3e70db86_1651x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9W9B!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28d5ef3d-73af-42e1-807c-70ee3e70db86_1651x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9W9B!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28d5ef3d-73af-42e1-807c-70ee3e70db86_1651x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9W9B!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28d5ef3d-73af-42e1-807c-70ee3e70db86_1651x991.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/28d5ef3d-73af-42e1-807c-70ee3e70db86_1651x991.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:66349,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/169362647?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28d5ef3d-73af-42e1-807c-70ee3e70db86_1651x991.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9W9B!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28d5ef3d-73af-42e1-807c-70ee3e70db86_1651x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9W9B!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28d5ef3d-73af-42e1-807c-70ee3e70db86_1651x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9W9B!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28d5ef3d-73af-42e1-807c-70ee3e70db86_1651x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9W9B!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28d5ef3d-73af-42e1-807c-70ee3e70db86_1651x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#272;&#226;y l&#224; giai &#273;o&#7841;n m&#224; t&#7893;ng n&#7907; c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c t&#259;ng phi m&#227;, &#7903; c&#7843; khu v&#7921;c doanh nghi&#7879;p (bao g&#7891;m c&#225;c ph&#432;&#417;ng ti&#7879;n t&#224;i ch&#237;nh c&#7911;a ch&#237;nh quy&#7873;n &#273;&#7883;a ph&#432;&#417;ng - LGFV) v&#224; h&#7897; gia &#273;&#236;nh (ch&#7911; y&#7871;u &#273;&#7875; mua nh&#224;). Theo Ng&#226;n h&#224;ng Thanh to&#225;n Qu&#7889;c t&#7871; (BIS), t&#7893;ng t&#237;n d&#7909;ng cho khu v&#7921;c phi t&#224;i ch&#237;nh c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c &#273;&#227; t&#259;ng t&#7915; kho&#7843;ng 140% GDP n&#259;m 2008 l&#234;n g&#7847;n 300% GDP trong nh&#7919;ng n&#259;m g&#7847;n &#273;&#226;y. Trung Qu&#7889;c &#273;&#227; "&#273;&#7889;t ch&#225;y giai &#273;o&#7841;n" v&#7873; n&#7907;, &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#7871;n m&#7897;t t&#7927; l&#7879; m&#224; c&#225;c qu&#7889;c gia ph&#225;t tri&#7875;n ph&#7843;i m&#7845;t h&#224;ng th&#7871; k&#7927; m&#7899;i ch&#7841;m t&#7899;i ch&#7881; trong v&#242;ng h&#417;n m&#7897;t th&#7853;p k&#7927;. H&#7885; &#273;&#227; ch&#7845;p nh&#7853;n &#273;&#225;nh &#273;&#7893;i s&#7921; &#7893;n &#273;&#7883;nh t&#224;i ch&#237;nh trong t&#432;&#417;ng lai &#273;&#7875; l&#7845;y t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng trong ng&#7855;n h&#7841;n.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2RtH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9277acb-7d32-443c-ac54-52d9bba28146_1650x990.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2RtH!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9277acb-7d32-443c-ac54-52d9bba28146_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2RtH!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9277acb-7d32-443c-ac54-52d9bba28146_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2RtH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9277acb-7d32-443c-ac54-52d9bba28146_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2RtH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9277acb-7d32-443c-ac54-52d9bba28146_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2RtH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9277acb-7d32-443c-ac54-52d9bba28146_1650x990.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c9277acb-7d32-443c-ac54-52d9bba28146_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:81971,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/169362647?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9277acb-7d32-443c-ac54-52d9bba28146_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2RtH!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9277acb-7d32-443c-ac54-52d9bba28146_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2RtH!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9277acb-7d32-443c-ac54-52d9bba28146_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2RtH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9277acb-7d32-443c-ac54-52d9bba28146_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2RtH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9277acb-7d32-443c-ac54-52d9bba28146_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h4><strong>Nguy&#234;n l&#253; c&#7889;t l&#245;i: T&#7889;i &#273;a h&#243;a &#272;&#7847;u t&#432; b&#7857;ng T&#237;n d&#7909;ng</strong></h4><p>&#272;i&#7875;m chung c&#7911;a c&#7843; b&#7889;n giai &#273;o&#7841;n l&#224; m&#7897;t chi&#7871;n l&#432;&#7907;c nh&#7845;t qu&#225;n: m&#244; h&#236;nh t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c t&#7853;p trung g&#7847;n nh&#432; ho&#224;n to&#224;n v&#224;o &#272;&#7847;u t&#432; (I) v&#224; b&#7887; qua vai tr&#242; c&#7911;a Ti&#234;u d&#249;ng (C) trong n&#432;&#7899;c. T&#7841;i sao l&#7841;i c&#243; s&#7921; l&#7921;a ch&#7885;n n&#224;y? Ch&#250;ng ta h&#227;y quay l&#7841;i v&#7899;i m&#7897;t nguy&#234;n l&#253; kinh t&#7871; c&#417; b&#7843;n &#273;&#227; &#273;&#7873; c&#7853;p &#7903; c&#225;c b&#224;i tr&#432;&#7899;c. Trong m&#7897;t n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;, &#272;&#7847;u t&#432; ch&#237;nh l&#224; s&#7921; t&#237;ch l&#361;y c&#7911;a c&#7843;i (x&#226;y nh&#224; m&#225;y, l&#224;m c&#7847;u &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng, mua m&#225;y m&#243;c), n&#243; t&#7841;o ra t&#224;i s&#7843;n c&#243; gi&#225; tr&#7883; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng l&#226;u d&#224;i v&#224; t&#259;ng n&#259;ng l&#7921;c s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t trong t&#432;&#417;ng lai. Ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i, ph&#7847;n l&#7899;n ti&#234;u d&#249;ng g&#7847;n nh&#432; s&#7869; "bi&#7871;n m&#7845;t" sau khi s&#7917; d&#7909;ng. B&#7845;t &#273;&#7897;ng s&#7843;n l&#224; m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i &#8220;ti&#234;u d&#249;ng&#8221; &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t v&#7899;i th&#7901;i gian kh&#7845;u hao l&#234;n &#273;&#7871;n h&#224;ng ch&#7909;c n&#259;m, do v&#7853;y n&#243; c&#361;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c x&#7871;p v&#224;o (I) trong m&#244; h&#236;nh t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng kinh t&#7871;.</p><p>Trung Qu&#7889;c &#273;&#227; l&#7921;a ch&#7885;n m&#7897;t con &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng t&#7889;i &#273;a h&#243;a t&#7889;c &#273;&#7897; t&#237;ch l&#361;y t&#224;i s&#7843;n v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch k&#236;m n&#233;n ti&#234;u d&#249;ng v&#224; &#273;&#7849;y t&#7927; l&#7879; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; l&#234;n m&#7913;c c&#7921;c &#273;oan. D&#7919; li&#7879;u cho th&#7845;y, t&#7927; tr&#7885;ng &#272;&#7847;u t&#432; trong GDP c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c c&#243; th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m v&#432;&#7907;t 40% , trong khi Ti&#234;u d&#249;ng ch&#7881; chi&#7871;m kho&#7843;ng 40% &#8211; m&#7897;t s&#7921; t&#432;&#417;ng ph&#7843;n r&#245; r&#7879;t v&#7899;i M&#7929;, n&#417;i Ti&#234;u d&#249;ng chi&#7871;m t&#7899;i g&#7847;n 70% GDP.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IcBl!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6d743a3-5559-465e-b54e-32bc89e67df7_1650x990.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IcBl!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6d743a3-5559-465e-b54e-32bc89e67df7_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IcBl!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6d743a3-5559-465e-b54e-32bc89e67df7_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IcBl!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6d743a3-5559-465e-b54e-32bc89e67df7_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IcBl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6d743a3-5559-465e-b54e-32bc89e67df7_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IcBl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6d743a3-5559-465e-b54e-32bc89e67df7_1650x990.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a6d743a3-5559-465e-b54e-32bc89e67df7_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:79080,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/169362647?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6d743a3-5559-465e-b54e-32bc89e67df7_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IcBl!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6d743a3-5559-465e-b54e-32bc89e67df7_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IcBl!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6d743a3-5559-465e-b54e-32bc89e67df7_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IcBl!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6d743a3-5559-465e-b54e-32bc89e67df7_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IcBl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6d743a3-5559-465e-b54e-32bc89e67df7_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>V&#224; &#273;&#7875; c&#7895; m&#225;y &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; n&#224;y v&#7853;n h&#224;nh &#7903; c&#244;ng su&#7845;t t&#7889;i &#273;a, Trung Qu&#7889;c &#273;&#227; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng nhi&#234;n li&#7879;u ch&#237;nh l&#224; T&#237;n d&#7909;ng. Nh&#432; &#273;&#227; ph&#226;n t&#237;ch, vi&#7879;c b&#417;m t&#237;n d&#7909;ng &#7891; &#7841;t &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;a m&#7913;c n&#7907; c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c l&#234;n ngang h&#224;ng v&#7899;i c&#225;c n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; ph&#225;t tri&#7875;n, nh&#432;ng &#7903; m&#7897;t tr&#236;nh &#273;&#7897; ph&#225;t tri&#7875;n th&#7845;p h&#417;n v&#224; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng t&#224;i ch&#237;nh k&#233;m v&#7919;ng ch&#7855;c h&#417;n.</p><p>Nh&#432; v&#7853;y, "ph&#233;p m&#224;u" kinh t&#7871; c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c th&#7921;c ch&#7845;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c x&#226;y d&#7921;ng d&#7921;a tr&#234;n b&#7889;n tr&#7909; c&#7897;t ch&#237;nh:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Kh&#7843; n&#259;ng ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng b&#234;n ngo&#224;i:</strong> T&#7853;n d&#7909;ng to&#224;n c&#7847;u h&#243;a &#273;&#7875; tr&#7903; th&#224;nh c&#244;ng x&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a th&#7871; gi&#7899;i, s&#7917; d&#7909;ng nhu c&#7847;u c&#7911;a c&#225;c n&#432;&#7899;c kh&#225;c &#273;&#7875; th&#250;c &#273;&#7849;y s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t trong n&#432;&#7899;c.</p></li><li><p><strong>Quy m&#244; d&#226;n s&#7889; kh&#7893;ng l&#7891;:</strong> M&#7897;t ngu&#7891;n cung lao &#273;&#7897;ng gi&#225; r&#7867; g&#7847;n nh&#432; v&#244; t&#7853;n trong giai &#273;o&#7841;n &#273;&#7847;u, t&#7841;o ra l&#7907;i th&#7871; c&#7841;nh tranh tuy&#7879;t &#273;&#7889;i v&#7873; chi ph&#237;.</p></li><li><p><strong>&#272;&#7849;y m&#7841;nh &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; v&#224;o B&#7845;t &#273;&#7897;ng s&#7843;n v&#224; C&#417; s&#7903; h&#7841; t&#7847;ng:</strong> S&#7917; d&#7909;ng hai l&#297;nh v&#7921;c n&#224;y nh&#432; m&#7897;t "&#273;&#7897;ng c&#417;" t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng th&#7913; hai, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&#224; khi &#273;&#7897;ng c&#417; xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u g&#7863;p kh&#243; kh&#259;n.</p></li><li><p><strong>S&#7917; d&#7909;ng t&#237;n d&#7909;ng nh&#432; m&#7897;t c&#244;ng c&#7909; t&#7889;i th&#432;&#7907;ng:</strong> B&#417;m m&#7897;t l&#432;&#7907;ng t&#237;n d&#7909;ng kh&#7893;ng l&#7891; v&#224;o n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; &#273;&#7875; t&#224;i tr&#7907; cho c&#7895; m&#225;y &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng kh&#244;ng ng&#7915;ng ngh&#7881;.</p></li></ul><p>&#272;&#7875; c&#7895; m&#225;y tr&#234;n v&#7853;n h&#224;nh tr&#417;n tru, Trung Qu&#7889;c &#273;&#227; ph&#7843;i &#273;&#225;nh &#273;&#7893;i b&#7857;ng vi&#7879;c k&#236;m n&#233;n ti&#234;u d&#249;ng trong n&#432;&#7899;c v&#224; ch&#7845;p nh&#7853;n m&#7897;t m&#7913;c &#273;&#7897; n&#7907; ng&#224;y c&#224;ng cao. &#272;&#243; l&#224; m&#7897;t chi&#7871;n l&#432;&#7907;c c&#243; ch&#7911; &#273;&#237;ch, v&#224; n&#243; &#273;&#227; &#8220;th&#224;nh c&#244;ng&#8221; trong su&#7889;t g&#7847;n 40 n&#259;m. Nh&#432;ng b&#226;y gi&#7901;, c&#7843; b&#7889;n tr&#7909; c&#7897;t &#273;&#243; &#273;&#7873;u &#273;ang c&#243; d&#7845;u hi&#7879;u lung lay.</p><h4><strong>S&#7921; r&#7841;n n&#7913;t c&#7911;a c&#225;c tr&#7909; c&#7897;t</strong></h4><p><strong>Tr&#7909; c&#7897;t 1 - Ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng: </strong>Nh&#432; ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#227; ph&#226;n t&#237;ch trong b&#224;i "N&#7907; t&#7889;t v&#224; n&#7907; x&#7845;u", M&#7929; &#273;&#227; "t&#7881;nh gi&#7845;c" v&#224; nh&#7853;n ra r&#7857;ng ch&#237;nh m&#244; h&#236;nh ti&#234;u d&#249;ng c&#7911;a m&#236;nh &#273;&#227; t&#224;i tr&#7907; cho s&#7921; tr&#7895;i d&#7853;y c&#7911;a &#273;&#7889;i th&#7911; c&#7841;nh tranh chi&#7871;n l&#432;&#7907;c. Cu&#7897;c chi&#7871;n th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i do ch&#237;nh quy&#7873;n Trump kh&#7903;i x&#432;&#7899;ng ch&#7881; l&#224; ph&#225;t s&#250;ng m&#7903; &#273;&#7847;u cho m&#7897;t xu h&#432;&#7899;ng m&#7899;i: ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a b&#7843;o h&#7897;.</p><p>L&#7847;n n&#224;y, b&#7889;i c&#7843;nh &#273;&#227; ho&#224;n to&#224;n kh&#225;c so v&#7899;i cu&#7897;c chi&#7871;n th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i l&#7847;n th&#7913; nh&#7845;t. Tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#226;y, khi M&#7929; &#225;p thu&#7871;, Trung Qu&#7889;c c&#243; hai l&#7889;i tho&#225;t ch&#237;nh: (1) Chuy&#7875;n h&#432;&#7899;ng xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u sang c&#225;c th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng thay th&#7871; nh&#432; Ch&#226;u &#194;u (EU) v&#224; (2) S&#7917; d&#7909;ng c&#225;c n&#432;&#7899;c th&#7913; ba nh&#432; Vi&#7879;t Nam l&#224;m tr&#7841;m trung chuy&#7875;n &#273;&#7875; "n&#233;" thu&#7871;. Tuy nhi&#234;n, c&#7843; hai l&#7889;i tho&#225;t n&#224;y gi&#7901; &#273;&#226;y &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&#227; b&#7883; b&#7883;t k&#237;n. N&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; EU &#273;ang suy y&#7871;u v&#224; kh&#244;ng s&#7861;n s&#224;ng h&#7845;p th&#7909; m&#7897;t l&#432;&#7907;ng l&#7899;n h&#224;ng h&#243;a gi&#225; r&#7867; t&#7915; Trung Qu&#7889;c &#273;&#7875; b&#7843;o v&#7879; ng&#224;nh s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t c&#7911;a ch&#237;nh h&#7885;. &#272;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i, M&#7929; &#273;&#227; &#225;p thu&#7871; tr&#234;n di&#7879;n r&#7897;ng v&#7899;i h&#7847;u h&#7871;t c&#225;c qu&#7889;c gia, khi&#7871;n cho vi&#7879;c d&#249;ng n&#432;&#7899;c th&#7913; ba l&#224;m tr&#7841;m trung chuy&#7875;n tr&#7903; n&#234;n b&#7845;t kh&#7843; thi.</p><p>Th&#234;m v&#224;o &#273;&#243;, vi&#7879;c "ph&#225; gi&#225; &#273;&#7891;ng Nh&#226;n d&#226;n t&#7879;" &#273;&#7875; b&#249; l&#7841;i t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7911;a thu&#7871; quan c&#361;ng kh&#244;ng th&#7875; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng. &#272;&#7875; th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n tham v&#7885;ng qu&#7889;c t&#7871; h&#243;a &#273;&#7891;ng ti&#7873;n c&#7911;a m&#236;nh, Trung Qu&#7889;c c&#7847;n duy tr&#236; m&#7897;t &#273;&#7891;ng n&#7897;i t&#7879; &#7893;n &#273;&#7883;nh.</p><p><strong>Tr&#7909; c&#7897;t 2 &amp; 3 - B&#7845;t &#273;&#7897;ng s&#7843;n &amp; T&#237;n d&#7909;ng:</strong> Hai &#273;&#7897;ng c&#417; t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng n&#7897;i &#273;&#7883;a ch&#237;nh c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c l&#224; B&#7845;t &#273;&#7897;ng s&#7843;n v&#224; T&#237;n d&#7909;ng c&#361;ng &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c khai th&#225;c &#273;&#7871;n m&#7913;c t&#7899;i h&#7841;n. Vi&#7879;c &#273;&#7893; ti&#7873;n v&#224;o b&#7845;t &#273;&#7897;ng s&#7843;n v&#224; h&#7841; t&#7847;ng kh&#244;ng th&#7875; k&#233;o d&#224;i m&#227;i m&#227;i. T&#7927; l&#7879; &#273;&#244; th&#7883; h&#243;a c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c &#273;&#227; t&#259;ng t&#7915; d&#432;&#7899;i 20% n&#259;m 1980 l&#234;n h&#417;n 65% hi&#7879;n nay. D&#432; &#273;&#7883;a cho vi&#7879;c x&#226;y d&#7921;ng m&#7899;i ng&#224;y c&#224;ng &#237;t &#273;i khi Trung Qu&#7889;c t&#7853;p trung x&#7917; l&#253; nh&#7919;ng d&#7921; &#225;n &#273;ang dang d&#7903; t&#7915; nh&#7919;ng th&#224;nh ph&#7889; ma. Song song &#273;&#243;, "b&#236;nh oxy t&#237;n d&#7909;ng" c&#361;ng &#273;&#227; g&#7847;n c&#7841;n. V&#7899;i t&#7927; l&#7879; n&#7907; tr&#234;n GDP &#273;&#227; &#7903; m&#7913;c g&#7847;n 300%, t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#432;&#417;ng v&#7899;i c&#225;c n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; ph&#225;t tri&#7875;n, Trung Qu&#7889;c kh&#244;ng c&#242;n c&#243; th&#7875; d&#7877; d&#224;ng s&#7917; d&#7909;ng t&#237;n d&#7909;ng l&#224;m c&#244;ng c&#7909; k&#237;ch th&#237;ch t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng nh&#432; trong nh&#7919;ng th&#7853;p ni&#234;n qua. B&#7845;t k&#7923; s&#7921; gia t&#259;ng t&#237;n d&#7909;ng n&#224;o n&#7919;a c&#361;ng s&#7869; l&#224;m gia t&#259;ng r&#7911;i ro v&#7905; n&#7907; d&#226;y chuy&#7873;n, &#273;e d&#7885;a s&#7921; &#7893;n &#273;&#7883;nh c&#7911;a to&#224;n b&#7897; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng t&#224;i ch&#237;nh.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K6M1!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9698c04d-8e01-4cb8-9f90-71562ead3125_1650x991.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K6M1!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9698c04d-8e01-4cb8-9f90-71562ead3125_1650x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K6M1!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9698c04d-8e01-4cb8-9f90-71562ead3125_1650x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K6M1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9698c04d-8e01-4cb8-9f90-71562ead3125_1650x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K6M1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9698c04d-8e01-4cb8-9f90-71562ead3125_1650x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K6M1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9698c04d-8e01-4cb8-9f90-71562ead3125_1650x991.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9698c04d-8e01-4cb8-9f90-71562ead3125_1650x991.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:60367,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/169362647?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9698c04d-8e01-4cb8-9f90-71562ead3125_1650x991.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K6M1!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9698c04d-8e01-4cb8-9f90-71562ead3125_1650x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K6M1!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9698c04d-8e01-4cb8-9f90-71562ead3125_1650x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K6M1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9698c04d-8e01-4cb8-9f90-71562ead3125_1650x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K6M1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9698c04d-8e01-4cb8-9f90-71562ead3125_1650x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>Tr&#7909; c&#7897;t 4 - Nh&#226;n kh&#7849;u h&#7885;c: </strong>Nhi&#7873;u nh&#224; ph&#226;n t&#237;ch lo ng&#7841;i Trung Qu&#7889;c s&#7869; &#273;i v&#224;o "v&#7871;t xe &#273;&#7893;" c&#7911;a Nh&#7853;t B&#7843;n khi d&#226;n s&#7889; b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u gi&#224; h&#243;a v&#224; s&#7909;t gi&#7843;m, k&#233;o theo s&#7921; s&#7909;p &#273;&#7893; c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng b&#7845;t &#273;&#7897;ng s&#7843;n v&#224; m&#7897;t "th&#7853;p k&#7927; m&#7845;t m&#225;t". Tuy nhi&#234;n, n&#7871;u nh&#432; s&#7921; tr&#7895;i d&#7853;y c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c l&#224; m&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng nguy&#234;n nh&#226;n l&#224;m suy gi&#7843;m v&#7883; th&#7875; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t c&#7911;a Nh&#7853;t b&#7843;n th&#236; &#7903; hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i ch&#432;a c&#243; m&#7897;t qu&#7889;c gia n&#224;o &#273;&#7911; s&#7913;c thay th&#7871; vai tr&#242; "c&#244;ng x&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a th&#7871; gi&#7899;i" m&#224; Trung Qu&#7889;c &#273;ang n&#7855;m gi&#7919;. V&#224; quan tr&#7885;ng nh&#7845;t, l&#7907;i th&#7871; l&#7899;n nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; n&#7857;m &#7903; l&#7921;c l&#432;&#7907;ng lao &#273;&#7897;ng gi&#225; r&#7867; (y&#7871;u t&#7889; &#273;ang m&#7845;t &#273;i), m&#224; n&#7857;m &#7903; quy m&#244; d&#226;n s&#7889; 1.4 t&#7927; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#8211; m&#7897;t th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng ti&#234;u d&#249;ng ti&#7873;m n&#259;ng kh&#7893;ng l&#7891; m&#224; t&#7915; tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#7871;n nay &#273;&#227; b&#7883; c&#7889; t&#236;nh k&#236;m n&#233;n. &#272;&#226;y l&#224; tr&#7909; c&#7897;t duy nh&#7845;t m&#224; Trung Qu&#7889;c v&#7851;n c&#243; th&#7875; d&#7921;a v&#224;o cho m&#7909;c ti&#234;u t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng kinh t&#7871; trong t&#432;&#417;ng lai.</p><h4><strong>S&#7921; chuy&#7875;n m&#236;nh b&#7855;t bu&#7897;c</strong></h4><p>Trong "Tr&#7853;t t&#7921; c&#361;", Trung Qu&#7889;c &#273;&#227; &#273;&#243;ng vai m&#7897;t nh&#224; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t v&#224; ch&#7911; n&#7907; kh&#7893;ng l&#7891;, s&#7917; d&#7909;ng m&#7897;t m&#244; h&#236;nh t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng d&#7921;a tr&#234;n &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; c&#7921;c &#273;oan &#273;&#7875; t&#237;ch l&#361;y t&#224;i s&#7843;n v&#224; t&#224;i tr&#7907; cho s&#7921; ti&#234;u d&#249;ng c&#7911;a th&#7871; gi&#7899;i, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&#224; M&#7929;. Trong "Tr&#7853;t t&#7921; m&#7899;i", m&#244; h&#236;nh &#273;&#243; kh&#244;ng c&#242;n ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; n&#7919;a. C&#225;c th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u &#273;ang d&#7847;n kh&#233;p l&#7841;i, d&#432; &#273;&#7883;a cho &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; v&#224; t&#237;n d&#7909;ng &#273;&#227; c&#7841;n ki&#7879;t, v&#224; l&#7907;i th&#7871; nh&#226;n kh&#7849;u h&#7885;c ch&#7881; c&#242;n l&#7841;i v&#7873; m&#7863;t quy m&#244;. Trung Qu&#7889;c kh&#244;ng c&#242;n l&#7921;a ch&#7885;n n&#224;o kh&#225;c ngo&#224;i vi&#7879;c ph&#7843;i l&#224;m m&#7897;t &#273;i&#7873;u m&#224; h&#7885; &#273;&#227; c&#7889; t&#236;nh n&#233; tr&#225;nh trong su&#7889;t 40 n&#259;m qua: chuy&#7875;n &#273;&#7893;i t&#7915; m&#7897;t n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t sang m&#7897;t n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; ti&#234;u d&#249;ng. H&#7885; ph&#7843;i t&#236;m c&#225;ch &#273;&#7875; 1.4 t&#7927; d&#226;n c&#7911;a m&#236;nh tr&#7903; th&#224;nh &#273;&#7897;ng l&#7921;c t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng ch&#237;nh cho n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;.</p><p>Gi&#7901; h&#227;y nh&#236;n v&#224;o b&#7913;c tranh m&#7897;t b&#7913;c tranh t&#7893;ng quan h&#417;n. Trong &#8220;tr&#7853;t t&#7921; c&#361;&#8221; th&#226;m h&#7909;t th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i kh&#7893;ng l&#7891; c&#7911;a M&#7929; th&#7921;c ch&#7845;t l&#224; m&#7897;t h&#236;nh th&#225;i c&#7911;a vi&#7879;c vay n&#7907; t&#7915; ph&#7847;n c&#242;n l&#7841;i c&#7911;a th&#7871; gi&#7899;i. &#272;&#7875; t&#224;i tr&#7907; cho th&#226;m h&#7909;t n&#224;y v&#224; duy tr&#236; v&#7883; th&#7871; "ch&#7911; n&#7907;", Trung Qu&#7889;c c&#361;ng &#273;&#227; ph&#7843;i s&#7917; d&#7909;ng m&#7897;t l&#432;&#7907;ng t&#237;n d&#7909;ng kh&#7893;ng l&#7891; &#273;&#7875; th&#250;c &#273;&#7849;y c&#7895; m&#225;y s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t c&#7911;a m&#236;nh. V&#7873; b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t, "Tr&#7853;t t&#7921; c&#361;" l&#224; m&#7897;t v&#242;ng tu&#7847;n ho&#224;n c&#7897;ng sinh d&#7921;a tr&#234;n n&#7907;: N&#7907; c&#7911;a M&#7929; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#224;i tr&#7907; b&#7903;i th&#7863;ng d&#432; c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c, v&#224; th&#7863;ng d&#432; c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c l&#7841;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra b&#7903;i ch&#237;nh gu&#7891;ng quay t&#237;n d&#7909;ng v&#224; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; trong n&#432;&#7899;c. Trong "Tr&#7853;t t&#7921; m&#7899;i", xu h&#432;&#7899;ng n&#224;y s&#7869; ph&#7843;i thay &#273;&#7893;i. C&#7843; hai &#273;&#7873;u ph&#7843;i &#273;&#7889;i m&#7863;t v&#7899;i th&#7921;c t&#7871; v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng kho&#7843;n n&#7907; kh&#7893;ng l&#7891; c&#7911;a m&#236;nh v&#224; t&#236;m c&#225;ch tho&#225;t kh&#7887;i v&#242;ng xo&#225;y &#273;&#243;. Qu&#225; tr&#236;nh n&#224;y &#273;&#227; di&#7877;n ra nh&#432; th&#7871; n&#224;o, ch&#250;ng ta s&#7869; c&#249;ng t&#236;m hi&#7875;u s&#226;u h&#417;n trong b&#224;i vi&#7871;t ti&#7871;p theo: "Chu k&#7923; n&#7907;".</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Trade war (P3): Nợ tốt và nợ xấu]]></title><description><![CDATA[Trong hai ph&#7847;n tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a chu&#7895;i b&#224;i vi&#7871;t "Trade War", ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#227; ph&#225;c h&#7885;a b&#7913;c tranh v&#7873; m&#7897;t "Tr&#7853;t t&#7921; c&#361;", n&#417;i M&#7929; th&#7889;ng tr&#7883; v&#7873; thu nh&#7853;p (GDP) nh&#432;ng Trung Qu&#7889;c l&#7841;i v&#432;&#7907;t tr&#7897;i v&#7873; t&#7889;c &#273;&#7897; t&#237;ch l&#361;y t&#224;i s&#7843;n.]]></description><link>https://40yo.vn/p/trade-war-p3-my-tro-thanh-con-no</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://40yo.vn/p/trade-war-p3-my-tro-thanh-con-no</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[40 Years Old]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 15 Jul 2025 09:55:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hM55!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1eaa11b8-7dc3-43d8-87a3-c8f671b00269_1651x991.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Trong hai ph&#7847;n tr&#432;&#7899;c c&#7911;a chu&#7895;i b&#224;i vi&#7871;t "Trade War", ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#227; ph&#225;c h&#7885;a b&#7913;c tranh v&#7873; m&#7897;t "Tr&#7853;t t&#7921; c&#361;", n&#417;i M&#7929; th&#7889;ng tr&#7883; v&#7873; thu nh&#7853;p (GDP) nh&#432;ng Trung Qu&#7889;c l&#7841;i v&#432;&#7907;t tr&#7897;i v&#7873; t&#7889;c &#273;&#7897; t&#237;ch l&#361;y t&#224;i s&#7843;n. Ch&#250;ng ta c&#361;ng &#273;&#227; ph&#226;n &#273;&#7883;nh r&#245; vai tr&#242; c&#7911;a "Con n&#7907; v&#224; Ch&#7911; n&#7907;" trong tr&#7853;t t&#7921; &#273;&#243;, v&#7899;i M&#7929; l&#224; con n&#7907; l&#7899;n nh&#7845;t v&#224; Trung Qu&#7889;c n&#7893;i l&#234;n nh&#432; m&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng ch&#7911; n&#7907; h&#224;ng &#273;&#7847;u th&#7871; gi&#7899;i.</p><p>&#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y &#273;&#7863;t ra m&#7897;t ngh&#7883;ch l&#253; kh&#243; tin: L&#224;m th&#7871; n&#224;o m&#224; m&#7897;t qu&#7889;c gia v&#7899;i n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; l&#7899;n nh&#7845;t, th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng v&#7889;n s&#226;u r&#7897;ng nh&#7845;t, v&#224; s&#7913;c m&#7841;nh qu&#226;n s&#7921; v&#432;&#7907;t tr&#7897;i l&#7841;i c&#243; th&#7875; tr&#7903; th&#224;nh con n&#7907; r&#242;ng kh&#7893;ng l&#7891; c&#7911;a to&#224;n c&#7847;u? C&#226;u tr&#7843; l&#7901;i kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; n&#7857;m &#7903; c&#225;c con s&#7889; th&#226;m h&#7909;t th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i, m&#224; c&#242;n &#7849;n s&#226;u trong m&#7897;t &#273;&#7863;c quy&#7873;n &#273;&#7897;c nh&#7845;t v&#244; nh&#7883; m&#224; n&#432;&#7899;c M&#7929; s&#7903; h&#7919;u, m&#7897;t &#273;&#7863;c quy&#7873;n &#273;&#227; &#273;&#7883;nh h&#236;nh n&#234;n m&#244; h&#236;nh ti&#234;u d&#249;ng c&#7911;a h&#7885;, v&#224; v&#244; t&#236;nh t&#224;i tr&#7907; cho s&#7921; tr&#7895;i d&#7853;y c&#7911;a ch&#237;nh &#273;&#7889;i th&#7911; c&#7841;nh tranh l&#7899;n nh&#7845;t.</p><h4><strong>&#272;&#7863;c quy&#7873;n t&#7889;i th&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7911;a &#273;&#7891;ng &#272;&#244; la</strong></h4><p>&#272;&#7875; hi&#7875;u t&#7841;i sao M&#7929; c&#243; th&#7875; ch&#236;m trong n&#7907; n&#7847;n theo c&#225;ch m&#224; kh&#244;ng m&#7897;t qu&#7889;c gia n&#224;o kh&#225;c c&#243; th&#7875;, ch&#250;ng ta ph&#7843;i b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u v&#7899;i vai tr&#242; c&#7911;a &#273;&#7891;ng &#273;&#244; la. K&#7875; t&#7915; khi h&#7879; th&#7889;ng Bretton Woods &#273;&#432;&#7907;c thi&#7871;t l&#7853;p sau Th&#7871; chi&#7871;n II, &#273;&#7891;ng USD &#273;&#227; tr&#7903; th&#224;nh &#273;&#7891;ng ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; th&#7889;ng tr&#7883; to&#224;n c&#7847;u. &#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y c&#243; ngh&#297;a l&#224; ph&#7847;n l&#7899;n giao d&#7883;ch th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i qu&#7889;c t&#7871;, t&#7915; d&#7847;u m&#7887; &#273;&#7871;n h&#224;ng h&#243;a, &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#225; v&#224; thanh to&#225;n b&#7857;ng USD. C&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng trung &#432;&#417;ng tr&#234;n kh&#7855;p th&#7871; gi&#7899;i t&#237;ch tr&#7919; USD nh&#432; m&#7897;t ph&#7847;n c&#7889;t l&#245;i trong d&#7921; tr&#7919; ngo&#7841;i h&#7889;i c&#7911;a h&#7885; &#273;&#7875; &#7893;n &#273;&#7883;nh t&#7927; gi&#225; v&#224; &#273;&#7843;m b&#7843;o kh&#7843; n&#259;ng thanh to&#225;n qu&#7889;c t&#7871;.</p><p>Ch&#237;nh vai tr&#242; trung t&#226;m n&#224;y &#273;&#227; t&#7841;o ra m&#7897;t nhu c&#7847;u g&#7847;n nh&#432; v&#244; t&#7853;n &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i &#273;&#7891;ng b&#7841;c xanh. Trong khi c&#225;c qu&#7889;c gia kh&#225;c ph&#7843;i "l&#224;m vi&#7879;c" &#273;&#7875; ki&#7871;m USD th&#244;ng qua xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u m&#7899;i c&#243; th&#7875; chi tr&#7843; cho h&#224;ng h&#243;a nh&#7853;p kh&#7849;u, n&#432;&#7899;c M&#7929; l&#7841;i &#7903; m&#7897;t v&#7883; th&#7871; ho&#224;n to&#224;n kh&#225;c. H&#7885; c&#243; th&#7875; thanh to&#225;n cho h&#224;ng nh&#7853;p kh&#7849;u b&#7857;ng ch&#237;nh &#273;&#7891;ng ti&#7873;n m&#224; h&#7885; t&#7921; in ra.</p><p>Khi Vi&#7879;t Nam xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u m&#7897;t container c&#225; basa sang M&#7929;, ch&#250;ng ta nh&#7853;n v&#7873; &#273;&#244; la. T&#7845;t nhi&#234;n ch&#250;ng ta s&#7869; kh&#244;ng d&#7877; d&#224;ng g&#236; &#273;&#7875; &#8220;l&#227;ng ph&#237;&#8221; s&#7889; &#273;&#244; la n&#224;y v&#236; n&#243; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c d&#249;ng &#273;&#7875; mua m&#225;y m&#243;c t&#7915; &#272;&#7913;c. Khi m&#7897;t qu&#7889;c gia ki&#7871;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#237;t &#273;&#244; la h&#417;n s&#7889; ph&#7843;i chi, h&#7885; ph&#7843;i vay n&#7907; t&#7915; b&#234;n ngo&#224;i. &#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y g&#226;y ra s&#7921; ph&#7909; thu&#7897;c v&#224;o c&#225;c d&#242;ng v&#7889;n b&#234;n ngo&#224;i v&#224; l&#224; m&#7847;m m&#7889;ng c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng c&#250; &#8220;v&#7905; n&#7907;&#8221; qu&#7889;c gia nh&#432; s&#7921; s&#7909;p &#273;&#7893; c&#7911;a &#273;&#7891;ng Baht Th&#225;i Lan (1997) hay v&#7909; v&#7905; n&#7907; c&#7911;a Argentina (2001) khi&#7871;n cho &#273;&#7891;ng Peso m&#7845;t gi&#225; phi m&#227;.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hM55!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1eaa11b8-7dc3-43d8-87a3-c8f671b00269_1651x991.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hM55!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1eaa11b8-7dc3-43d8-87a3-c8f671b00269_1651x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hM55!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1eaa11b8-7dc3-43d8-87a3-c8f671b00269_1651x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hM55!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1eaa11b8-7dc3-43d8-87a3-c8f671b00269_1651x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hM55!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1eaa11b8-7dc3-43d8-87a3-c8f671b00269_1651x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hM55!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1eaa11b8-7dc3-43d8-87a3-c8f671b00269_1651x991.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1eaa11b8-7dc3-43d8-87a3-c8f671b00269_1651x991.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:85254,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/168372331?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1eaa11b8-7dc3-43d8-87a3-c8f671b00269_1651x991.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hM55!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1eaa11b8-7dc3-43d8-87a3-c8f671b00269_1651x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hM55!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1eaa11b8-7dc3-43d8-87a3-c8f671b00269_1651x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hM55!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1eaa11b8-7dc3-43d8-87a3-c8f671b00269_1651x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hM55!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1eaa11b8-7dc3-43d8-87a3-c8f671b00269_1651x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Nh&#432;ng khi M&#7929; mua xe h&#417;i t&#7915; Nh&#7853;t B&#7843;n, mua qu&#7847;n &#225;o t&#7915; Trung Qu&#7889;c h&#7885; ch&#7881; c&#7847;n tr&#7843; b&#7857;ng &#273;&#244; la do ch&#237;nh h&#7885; in ra. &#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y t&#7841;o ra m&#7897;t "&#273;&#7863;c quy&#7873;n t&#7889;i th&#432;&#7907;ng", m&#7897;t d&#242;ng ch&#7843;y g&#7847;n nh&#432; m&#7897;t chi&#7873;u. Th&#226;m h&#7909;t t&#224;i kho&#7843;n v&#227;ng lai c&#7911;a M&#7929; &#273;&#227; tr&#7903; th&#224;nh k&#234;nh quan tr&#7885;ng nh&#7845;t cung c&#7845;p thanh kho&#7843;n USD cho ph&#7847;n c&#242;n l&#7841;i c&#7911;a th&#7871; gi&#7899;i. N&#243;i m&#7897;t c&#225;ch &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n, M&#7929; c&#243; m&#7897;t th&#7913; m&#224; c&#225;c qu&#7889;c gia kh&#225;c ch&#7881; c&#243; th&#7875; m&#417; &#432;&#7899;c: s&#7913;c mua g&#7847;n nh&#432; kh&#244;ng gi&#7899;i h&#7841;n. H&#7885; c&#243; th&#7875; mua nhi&#7873;u h&#224;ng h&#243;a v&#224; d&#7883;ch v&#7909; h&#417;n nh&#7919;ng g&#236; h&#7885; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t ra trong m&#7897;t th&#7901;i gian d&#224;i m&#224; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i &#273;&#7889;i m&#7863;t v&#7899;i cu&#7897;c kh&#7911;ng ho&#7843;ng c&#225;n c&#226;n thanh to&#225;n nh&#432; b&#7845;t k&#7923; qu&#7889;c gia n&#224;o kh&#225;c. N&#7871;u Th&#225;i Lan hay Argentina c&#7889; g&#7855;ng l&#224;m &#273;i&#7873;u t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921;, &#273;&#7891;ng ti&#7873;n c&#7911;a h&#7885; s&#7869; s&#7909;p &#273;&#7893;, l&#7841;m ph&#225;t s&#7869; phi m&#227; v&#224; n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; s&#7869; r&#417;i v&#224;o kh&#7911;ng ho&#7843;ng. Nh&#432;ng v&#7899;i M&#7929;, th&#7871; gi&#7899;i l&#7841;i khao kh&#225;t n&#7855;m gi&#7919; nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7891;ng &#273;&#244; la m&#224; h&#7885; chi ra.</p><p>Ch&#237;nh &#273;&#7863;c quy&#7873;n n&#224;y l&#224; m&#7843;nh &#273;&#7845;t m&#224;u m&#7905; &#273;&#227; gieo m&#7847;m cho t&#236;nh tr&#7841;ng th&#226;m h&#7909;t kh&#7893;ng l&#7891; v&#224; k&#233;o d&#224;i c&#7911;a n&#432;&#7899;c M&#7929;.</p><h4><strong>T&#7915; c&#226;n b&#7857;ng &#273;&#7871;n "c&#417;n say" ti&#234;u d&#249;ng</strong></h4><p>Nh&#236;n l&#7841;i l&#7883;ch s&#7917;, n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; M&#7929; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#250;c n&#224;o c&#361;ng trong t&#236;nh tr&#7841;ng "mua nhi&#7873;u h&#417;n b&#225;n". Trong nh&#7919;ng th&#7853;p k&#7927; v&#224;ng son sau Th&#7871; chi&#7871;n II, k&#233;o d&#224;i &#273;&#7871;n &#273;&#7847;u nh&#7919;ng n&#259;m 1970, M&#7929; th&#432;&#7901;ng xuy&#234;n &#7903; tr&#7841;ng th&#225;i c&#226;n b&#7857;ng ho&#7863;c th&#7863;ng d&#432; th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i &#273;&#225;ng k&#7875;. Trong giai &#273;o&#7841;n n&#224;y, v&#7899;i h&#7879; th&#7889;ng Bretton Woods c&#242;n hi&#7879;u l&#7921;c, &#273;&#7891;ng &#273;&#244; la &#273;&#432;&#7907;c neo v&#224;o v&#224;ng, &#273;i&#7873;u n&#224;y &#273;&#7863;t ra m&#7897;t gi&#7899;i h&#7841;n v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t cho vi&#7879;c in ti&#7873;n c&#7911;a M&#7929;.</p><p>Tuy nhi&#234;n, m&#7897;t b&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#7863;t l&#7883;ch s&#7917; &#273;&#227; x&#7843;y ra v&#224;o n&#259;m 1971 khi Hoa K&#7923; &#273;&#417;n ph&#432;&#417;ng r&#250;t kh&#7887;i ch&#7871; &#273;&#7897; Bretton Woods, ch&#7845;m d&#7913;t kh&#7843; n&#259;ng chuy&#7875;n &#273;&#7893;i tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p t&#7915; &#273;&#244; la sang v&#224;ng. Quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh n&#224;y &#273;&#227; ph&#225; b&#7887; "v&#242;ng kim c&#244;" cu&#7889;i c&#249;ng ki&#7873;m ch&#7871; vi&#7879;c in ti&#7873;n. Kh&#244;ng c&#242;n b&#7883; gi&#7899;i h&#7841;n b&#7903;i l&#432;&#7907;ng v&#224;ng d&#7921; tr&#7919;, M&#7929; c&#243; th&#7875; t&#7841;o ra &#273;&#244; la m&#7897;t c&#225;ch linh ho&#7841;t h&#417;n &#273;&#7875; t&#224;i tr&#7907; cho c&#225;c nhu c&#7847;u chi ti&#234;u trong n&#432;&#7899;c v&#224; qu&#7889;c t&#7871;. &#272;&#226;y ch&#237;nh l&#224; kho&#7843;nh kh&#7855;c then ch&#7889;t, m&#7903; &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng cho k&#7927; nguy&#234;n th&#226;m h&#7909;t kh&#7893;ng l&#7891; sau n&#224;y.</p><p>S&#7921; chuy&#7875;n d&#7883;ch mang t&#237;nh c&#7845;u tr&#250;c tr&#7903; n&#234;n r&#245; n&#233;t k&#7875; t&#7915; th&#7853;p ni&#234;n 1980. S&#7921; tr&#7895;i d&#7853;y c&#7911;a c&#225;c "c&#244;ng x&#432;&#7903;ng th&#7871; gi&#7899;i" &#7903; ch&#226;u &#193;, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&#224; Trung Qu&#7889;c, c&#249;ng v&#7899;i l&#224;n s&#243;ng to&#224;n c&#7847;u h&#243;a &#273;&#227; mang &#273;&#7871;n m&#7897;t ngu&#7891;n cung h&#224;ng h&#243;a gi&#225; r&#7867; d&#7891;i d&#224;o cho th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng M&#7929;. &#272;&#432;&#7907;c trang b&#7883; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng in ti&#7873;n g&#7847;n nh&#432; kh&#244;ng gi&#7899;i h&#7841;n, M&#7929; &#273;&#227; t&#7853;n d&#7909;ng c&#417; h&#7897;i n&#224;y. M&#7897;t v&#259;n h&#243;a ti&#234;u d&#249;ng m&#7841;nh m&#7869; b&#233;n r&#7877; v&#224; ph&#225;t tri&#7875;n, khi&#7871;n t&#7927; l&#7879; ti&#7871;t ki&#7879;m c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i ti&#234;u d&#249;ng M&#7929; c&#243; xu h&#432;&#7899;ng gi&#7843;m d&#7847;n.</p><p>&#272;&#226;y ch&#237;nh l&#224; &#273;i&#7875;m c&#7889;t l&#245;i v&#224; l&#224; &#273;i&#7875;m ch&#237; m&#7841;ng trong m&#244; h&#236;nh kinh t&#7871; c&#7911;a M&#7929; trong su&#7889;t 40 n&#259;m qua. V&#7873; l&#253; thuy&#7871;t, vi&#7879;c vay n&#7907; n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#224;i (th&#244;ng qua th&#226;m h&#7909;t th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i) kh&#244;ng ho&#224;n to&#224;n l&#224; ti&#234;u c&#7921;c, n&#7871;u ch&#250;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c d&#249;ng cho &#273;&#7847;u t&#432;. Nh&#432; ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#227; bi&#7871;t t&#7915; c&#244;ng th&#7913;c S = I + (X - M) &#7903; b&#224;i vi&#7871;t tr&#432;&#7899;c, m&#7897;t &#273;&#7891;ng &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; s&#7869; t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#432;&#417;ng v&#7899;i m&#7897;t &#273;&#7891;ng gia t&#259;ng t&#224;i s&#7843;n, nh&#432;ng m&#7897;t &#273;&#7891;ng ti&#234;u d&#249;ng s&#7869; &#273;i v&#224;o h&#432; kh&#244;ng. N&#7871;u kho&#7843;n vay m&#432;&#7907;n t&#7915; n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#224;i n&#224;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c d&#249;ng &#273;&#7875; t&#224;i tr&#7907; cho c&#225;c d&#7921; &#225;n &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t (I) &#8211; x&#226;y d&#7921;ng nh&#224; m&#225;y, n&#226;ng c&#7845;p c&#417; s&#7903; h&#7841; t&#7847;ng, nghi&#234;n c&#7913;u v&#224; ph&#225;t tri&#7875;n th&#236; n&#243; s&#7869; t&#7841;o ra t&#224;i s&#7843;n v&#224; n&#259;ng l&#7921;c s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t m&#7899;i, gi&#250;p t&#7841;o ra thu nh&#7853;p trong t&#432;&#417;ng lai &#273;&#7875; tr&#7843; n&#7907;.</p><p>Nh&#432;ng &#273;i&#7873;u n&#224;y &#273;&#227; kh&#244;ng x&#7843;y ra &#7903; M&#7929;. T&#7927; l&#7879; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; c&#7911;a M&#7929; ch&#7881; chi&#7871;m kho&#7843;ng 18% GDP, trong khi &#273;&#243; t&#7927; tr&#7885;ng ti&#234;u d&#249;ng trong GDP c&#7911;a M&#7929; &#273;&#227; t&#259;ng l&#234;n m&#7897;t c&#225;ch ch&#243;ng m&#7863;t, chi&#7871;m t&#7899;i 68% GDP v&#224;o n&#259;m 2024, m&#7897;t con s&#7889; v&#432;&#7907;t tr&#7897;i so v&#7899;i c&#225;c n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; l&#7899;n kh&#225;c. N&#432;&#7899;c M&#7929; &#273;&#227; b&#432;&#7899;c v&#224;o m&#7897;t "c&#417;n say" ti&#234;u d&#249;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#224;i tr&#7907; b&#7903;i ph&#7847;n c&#242;n l&#7841;i c&#7911;a th&#7871; gi&#7899;i. M&#7929; &#273;&#227; vay n&#7907; &#273;&#7875; t&#7853;n h&#432;&#7903;ng m&#7897;t m&#7913;c s&#7889;ng cao h&#417;n, &#273;&#7875; mua nh&#7919;ng chi&#7871;c &#273;i&#7879;n tho&#7841;i s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t &#7903; Trung Qu&#7889;c, nh&#7919;ng chi&#7871;c xe h&#417;i l&#7855;p r&#225;p &#7903; Mexico. H&#7885; &#273;&#227; t&#237;ch l&#361;y n&#7907; ph&#7843;i tr&#7843; cho n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#224;i m&#224; kh&#244;ng t&#7841;o ra m&#7897;t kh&#7889;i t&#224;i s&#7843;n s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t t&#432;&#417;ng &#7913;ng &#273;&#7875; c&#226;n &#273;&#7889;i l&#7841;i. Th&#226;m h&#7909;t th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i c&#7911;a M&#7929; ph&#236;nh to, t&#7915; v&#224;i ch&#7909;c t&#7927; USD nh&#7919;ng n&#259;m 1980 l&#234;n &#273;&#7871;n h&#224;ng tr&#259;m t&#7927;, v&#224; &#273;&#7881;nh &#273;i&#7875;m l&#224; v&#432;&#7907;t ng&#432;&#7905;ng m&#7897;t ng&#224;n t&#7927; USD trong giai &#273;o&#7841;n g&#7847;n &#273;&#226;y.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N-If!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43238bb3-c10b-4771-a466-b40edbc3739f_1650x991.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N-If!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43238bb3-c10b-4771-a466-b40edbc3739f_1650x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N-If!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43238bb3-c10b-4771-a466-b40edbc3739f_1650x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N-If!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43238bb3-c10b-4771-a466-b40edbc3739f_1650x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N-If!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43238bb3-c10b-4771-a466-b40edbc3739f_1650x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N-If!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43238bb3-c10b-4771-a466-b40edbc3739f_1650x991.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/43238bb3-c10b-4771-a466-b40edbc3739f_1650x991.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:84055,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/168372331?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43238bb3-c10b-4771-a466-b40edbc3739f_1650x991.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N-If!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43238bb3-c10b-4771-a466-b40edbc3739f_1650x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N-If!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43238bb3-c10b-4771-a466-b40edbc3739f_1650x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N-If!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43238bb3-c10b-4771-a466-b40edbc3739f_1650x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N-If!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43238bb3-c10b-4771-a466-b40edbc3739f_1650x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h4><strong>D&#242;ng ti&#7873;n t&#225;i ch&#7871; v&#224; s&#7921; th&#7889;ng tr&#7883; c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng t&#224;i ch&#237;nh M&#7929;</strong></h4><p>V&#7853;y nh&#7919;ng ngh&#236;n t&#7927; &#273;&#244; la ch&#7843;y ra kh&#7887;i n&#432;&#7899;c M&#7929; &#273;&#7875; tr&#7843; cho h&#224;ng nh&#7853;p kh&#7849;u &#273;&#227; &#273;i v&#7873; &#273;&#226;u? C&#225;c qu&#7889;c gia v&#224; nh&#224; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#224;i sau khi nh&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#244; la h&#7885; kh&#244;ng c&#7845;t ch&#250;ng trong k&#233;t s&#7855;t. H&#7885; c&#7847;n ph&#7843;i l&#224;m cho s&#7889; ti&#7873;n &#273;&#243; sinh l&#7901;i. V&#224; n&#417;i an to&#224;n, thanh kho&#7843;n v&#224; h&#7845;p d&#7851;n nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; s&#7889; &#273;&#244; la &#273;&#243; ch&#237;nh l&#224; n&#432;&#7899;c M&#7929;.</p><p>M&#7897;t v&#242;ng tu&#7847;n ho&#224;n kh&#7893;ng l&#7891; &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c thi&#7871;t l&#7853;p. D&#242;ng &#273;&#244; la ch&#7843;y ra kh&#7887;i M&#7929; qua th&#226;m h&#7909;t th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i, sau &#273;&#243; l&#7841;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c "t&#225;i ch&#7871;" v&#224; ch&#7843;y ng&#432;&#7907;c tr&#7903; l&#7841;i d&#432;&#7899;i d&#7841;ng &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; v&#224;o c&#225;c t&#224;i s&#7843;n t&#224;i ch&#237;nh c&#7911;a M&#7929;. C&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng trung &#432;&#417;ng n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#224;i mua m&#7897;t l&#432;&#7907;ng l&#7899;n Tr&#225;i phi&#7871;u Ch&#237;nh ph&#7911; M&#7929;, gi&#250;p ch&#237;nh ph&#7911; M&#7929; d&#7877; d&#224;ng t&#224;i tr&#7907; cho c&#225;c kho&#7843;n th&#226;m h&#7909;t ng&#226;n s&#225;ch c&#7911;a m&#236;nh v&#7899;i l&#227;i su&#7845;t th&#7845;p. C&#225;c qu&#7929; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432;, c&#244;ng ty v&#224; c&#225; nh&#226;n n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#224;i th&#236; &#273;&#7893; ti&#7873;n v&#224;o th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng ch&#7913;ng kho&#225;n v&#224; b&#7845;t &#273;&#7897;ng s&#7843;n M&#7929;, t&#236;m ki&#7871;m l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n v&#224; s&#7921; an to&#224;n.</p><p>D&#242;ng v&#7889;n ngo&#7841;i kh&#244;ng ng&#7915;ng ngh&#7881; n&#224;y &#273;&#227; tr&#7903; th&#224;nh m&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7897;ng l&#7921;c ch&#237;nh gi&#250;p c&#225;c th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng t&#224;i ch&#237;nh M&#7929;, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&#224; th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng ch&#7913;ng kho&#225;n, v&#432;&#7907;t tr&#7897;i so v&#7899;i ph&#7847;n c&#242;n l&#7841;i c&#7911;a th&#7871; gi&#7899;i trong nhi&#7873;u th&#7853;p k&#7927;. N&#243; t&#7841;o ra m&#7897;t l&#7921;c c&#7847;u &#7893;n &#273;&#7883;nh, &#273;&#7849;y gi&#225; t&#224;i s&#7843;n l&#234;n cao v&#224; c&#7911;ng c&#7889; v&#7883; th&#7871; c&#7911;a Ph&#7889; Wall.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gcnl!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a14ba5f-c57a-471b-a273-2d47cf2d7d27_1650x990.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gcnl!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a14ba5f-c57a-471b-a273-2d47cf2d7d27_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gcnl!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a14ba5f-c57a-471b-a273-2d47cf2d7d27_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gcnl!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a14ba5f-c57a-471b-a273-2d47cf2d7d27_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gcnl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a14ba5f-c57a-471b-a273-2d47cf2d7d27_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gcnl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a14ba5f-c57a-471b-a273-2d47cf2d7d27_1650x990.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3a14ba5f-c57a-471b-a273-2d47cf2d7d27_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:95799,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/168372331?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a14ba5f-c57a-471b-a273-2d47cf2d7d27_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gcnl!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a14ba5f-c57a-471b-a273-2d47cf2d7d27_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gcnl!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a14ba5f-c57a-471b-a273-2d47cf2d7d27_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gcnl!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a14ba5f-c57a-471b-a273-2d47cf2d7d27_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gcnl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a14ba5f-c57a-471b-a273-2d47cf2d7d27_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Tr&#7853;t t&#7921; c&#361; &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c thi&#7871;t l&#7853;p m&#7897;t c&#225;ch ho&#224;n h&#7843;o trong h&#417;n 40 n&#259;m:</p><ul><li><p><strong>B&#432;&#7899;c 1:</strong> V&#7899;i &#273;&#7863;c quy&#7873;n l&#224; &#273;&#7891;ng ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919;, M&#7929; chi ti&#234;u m&#7897;t c&#225;ch "v&#244; t&#7897;i v&#7841;", v&#432;&#7907;t xa n&#259;ng l&#7921;c s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t c&#7911;a m&#236;nh.</p></li><li><p><strong>B&#432;&#7899;c 2:</strong> &#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y g&#226;y ra th&#226;m h&#7909;t th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i v&#224; t&#224;i kho&#7843;n v&#227;ng lai kh&#7893;ng l&#7891;, b&#417;m &#273;&#244; la ra kh&#7855;p th&#7871; gi&#7899;i.</p></li><li><p><strong>B&#432;&#7899;c 3:</strong> L&#432;&#7907;ng &#273;&#244; la d&#432; th&#7915;a n&#224;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#225;i ch&#7871;, ch&#7843;y ng&#432;&#7907;c v&#7873; M&#7929; &#273;&#7875; mua c&#225;c t&#224;i s&#7843;n t&#224;i ch&#237;nh, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&#224; tr&#225;i phi&#7871;u v&#224; c&#7893; phi&#7871;u.</p></li><li><p><strong>B&#432;&#7899;c 4:</strong> D&#242;ng v&#7889;n ngo&#7841;i li&#234;n t&#7909;c n&#224;y tr&#7903; th&#224;nh m&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#7897;ng l&#7921;c c&#7889;t l&#245;i gi&#250;p th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng t&#224;i ch&#237;nh M&#7929; v&#432;&#7907;t tr&#7897;i so v&#7899;i to&#224;n c&#7847;u, mang l&#7841;i s&#7921; gi&#224;u c&#243; cho gi&#7899;i &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; M&#7929;.</p></li></ul><p>&#272;&#243; l&#224; m&#7897;t v&#242;ng tu&#7847;n ho&#224;n t&#7921; c&#7911;ng c&#7889;, m&#7897;t b&#7919;a ti&#7879;c k&#233;o d&#224;i h&#224;ng th&#7853;p k&#7927;. Nh&#432;ng m&#7885;i b&#7919;a ti&#7879;c r&#7891;i c&#361;ng ph&#7843;i t&#224;n.</p><h4><strong>Khi con n&#7907; t&#7881;nh gi&#7845;c</strong></h4><p>&#7902; cu&#7889;i c&#7911;a tr&#7853;t t&#7921; c&#361; n&#224;y, n&#432;&#7899;c M&#7929; d&#7847;n nh&#7853;n ra m&#7897;t s&#7921; th&#7853;t ph&#361; ph&#224;ng: h&#7885; &#273;&#227; m&#7855;c n&#7907; qu&#225; nhi&#7873;u. V&#7883; th&#7871; con n&#7907; r&#242;ng c&#7911;a h&#7885; ng&#224;y c&#224;ng l&#7899;n, v&#224; quan tr&#7885;ng h&#417;n h&#7885; nh&#7853;n ra r&#7857;ng ch&#237;nh m&#244; h&#236;nh ti&#234;u d&#249;ng v&#224; th&#226;m h&#7909;t c&#7911;a m&#236;nh &#273;&#227; tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p t&#224;i tr&#7907; cho s&#7921; gi&#224;u l&#234;n c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c. M&#7895;i &#273;&#244; la M&#7929; chi cho h&#224;ng h&#243;a "Made in China" kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; gi&#250;p ng&#432;&#7901;i ti&#234;u d&#249;ng M&#7929; c&#243; h&#224;ng gi&#225; r&#7867;, m&#224; c&#242;n g&#243;p ph&#7847;n x&#226;y d&#7921;ng n&#234;n c&#225;c nh&#224; m&#225;y, th&#224;nh ph&#7889; v&#224; c&#417; s&#7903; h&#7841; t&#7847;ng c&#7911;a &#273;&#7889;i th&#7911; c&#7841;nh tranh chi&#7871;n l&#432;&#7907;c s&#7889; m&#7897;t.</p><p>M&#7929; &#273;&#227; t&#7881;nh gi&#7845;c v&#224; nh&#7853;n ra r&#7857;ng tr&#7853;t t&#7921; n&#224;y kh&#244;ng c&#242;n b&#7873;n v&#7919;ng. N&#243; &#273;ang l&#224;m x&#243;i m&#242;n n&#7873;n t&#7843;ng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t trong n&#432;&#7899;c v&#224; t&#7841;o ra m&#7897;t &#273;&#7889;i th&#7911; c&#7841;nh tranh qu&#225; m&#7841;nh. N&#432;&#7899;c M&#7929; c&#7847;n ph&#7843;i thay &#273;&#7893;i l&#7841;i tr&#7853;t t&#7921; n&#224;y. Cu&#7897;c chi&#7871;n th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i do ch&#237;nh quy&#7873;n Trump kh&#7903;i x&#432;&#7899;ng v&#7873; b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t l&#224; n&#7895; l&#7921;c &#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n nh&#7857;m ph&#225; v&#7905; v&#242;ng tu&#7847;n ho&#224;n k&#233;o d&#224;i 40 n&#259;m &#273;&#243;. V&#224; tr&#7853;t t&#7921; n&#224;y n&#7871;u kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; Trump, th&#236; xu h&#432;&#7899;ng t&#7845;t y&#7871;u c&#7911;a n&#243; c&#361;ng s&#7869; c&#243; m&#7897;t th&#7871; h&#7879; l&#227;nh &#273;&#7841;o kh&#225;c c&#7911;a M&#7929; &#273;&#7913;ng ra &#273;&#7875; thay &#273;&#7893;i n&#243;.</p><p>T&#7845;t nhi&#234;n, b&#7913;c tranh c&#361;ng kh&#244;ng ho&#224;n to&#224;n m&#224;u h&#7891;ng &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i Trung Qu&#7889;c. &#272;&#7875; c&#243; th&#7875; t&#224;i tr&#7907; cho kho&#7843;n th&#7863;ng d&#432; th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i kh&#7893;ng l&#7891; v&#7899;i M&#7929; v&#224; ph&#7847;n c&#242;n l&#7841;i c&#7911;a th&#7871; gi&#7899;i, Trung Qu&#7889;c c&#361;ng &#273;&#227; ph&#7843;i &#273;&#225;nh &#273;&#7893;i b&#7857;ng nh&#7919;ng c&#225;i gi&#225; kh&#244;ng h&#7873; nh&#7887;. Ch&#250;ng ta s&#7869; c&#249;ng t&#236;m hi&#7875;u v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#225;nh &#273;&#7893;i &#273;&#243; trong b&#224;i vi&#7871;t ti&#7871;p theo: "Ph&#233;p m&#224;u kinh t&#7871; c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c".</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Trade war (P2): Con nợ và chủ nợ]]></title><description><![CDATA[Trong b&#224;i vi&#7871;t "Tr&#7853;t t&#7921; c&#361;", ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#227; th&#7845;y b&#7913;c tranh t&#7893;ng th&#7875; v&#7873; c&#225;c c&#432;&#7901;ng qu&#7889;c kinh t&#7871;, n&#417;i M&#7929; d&#7851;n &#273;&#7847;u v&#7873; thu nh&#7853;p (GDP) nh&#432;ng Trung Qu&#7889;c l&#7841;i v&#432;&#7907;t tr&#7897;i v&#7873; t&#7889;c &#273;&#7897; t&#237;ch l&#361;y t&#224;i s&#7843;n nh&#7901; t&#7927; l&#7879; ti&#7871;t ki&#7879;m v&#224; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; cao.]]></description><link>https://40yo.vn/p/con-no-va-chu-no</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://40yo.vn/p/con-no-va-chu-no</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[40 Years Old]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 20 May 2025 12:11:31 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JiRY!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5870688d-c575-4f94-aee3-01d2d766b065_1650x990.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Trong b&#224;i vi&#7871;t "Tr&#7853;t t&#7921; c&#361;", ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#227; th&#7845;y b&#7913;c tranh t&#7893;ng th&#7875; v&#7873; c&#225;c c&#432;&#7901;ng qu&#7889;c kinh t&#7871;, n&#417;i M&#7929; d&#7851;n &#273;&#7847;u v&#7873; thu nh&#7853;p (GDP) nh&#432;ng Trung Qu&#7889;c l&#7841;i v&#432;&#7907;t tr&#7897;i v&#7873; t&#7889;c &#273;&#7897; t&#237;ch l&#361;y t&#224;i s&#7843;n nh&#7901; t&#7927; l&#7879; ti&#7871;t ki&#7879;m v&#224; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; cao. S&#7921; ph&#226;n c&#7921;c n&#224;y &#273;&#7863;t ra nhi&#7873;u c&#226;u h&#7887;i v&#7873; b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t c&#7911;a s&#7913;c m&#7841;nh kinh t&#7871; v&#224; &#273;&#7897;ng l&#7921;c th&#7921;c s&#7921; &#273;&#7857;ng sau c&#225;c m&#7889;i quan h&#7879; th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i. &#272;&#7875; &#273;&#224;o s&#226;u h&#417;n, tr&#432;&#7899;c ti&#234;n, ch&#250;ng ta c&#7847;n l&#224;m s&#225;ng t&#7887; m&#7897;t s&#7889; hi&#7875;u l&#7847;m ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n xoay quanh ch&#7881; s&#7889; GDP, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&#224; khi &#225;p d&#7909;ng v&#224;o m&#7897;t n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; m&#7903;.</p><h4><strong>Vai tr&#242; c&#7911;a nh&#7853;p kh&#7849;u trong GDP v&#224; nh&#7919;ng hi&#7875;u l&#7847;m ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n</strong></h4><p>&#7902; b&#224;i tr&#432;&#7899;c, ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#227; hi&#7875;u r&#7857;ng GDP, d&#249; t&#237;nh theo ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&#225;p s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t, chi ti&#234;u hay thu nh&#7853;p, &#273;&#7873;u ph&#7843;n &#225;nh t&#7893;ng thu nh&#7853;p c&#7911;a m&#7897;t qu&#7889;c gia trong m&#7897;t k&#7923;. Trong m&#7897;t n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; &#273;&#243;ng gi&#7843; &#273;&#7883;nh (kh&#244;ng c&#243; ngo&#7841;i th&#432;&#417;ng), t&#7893;ng thu nh&#7853;p (GDP) b&#7857;ng t&#7893;ng chi ti&#234;u cho h&#224;ng h&#243;a v&#224; d&#7883;ch v&#7909; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t trong n&#432;&#7899;c, t&#7913;c l&#224; GDP = C (Ti&#234;u d&#249;ng) + I (&#272;&#7847;u t&#432;) + G (Chi ti&#234;u ch&#237;nh ph&#7911;).</p><p>Tuy nhi&#234;n, th&#7921;c t&#7871; l&#224; m&#7885;i n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; &#273;&#7873;u "m&#7903;". H&#224;ng h&#243;a s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t ra kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ti&#234;u th&#7909; trong n&#432;&#7899;c m&#224; c&#242;n xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u (X). Khi &#273;&#243;, t&#7893;ng thu nh&#7853;p qu&#7889;c gia (GDI), v&#7889;n b&#7857;ng GDP, s&#7869; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c bi&#7875;u di&#7877;n qua ph&#432;&#417;ng tr&#236;nh chi ti&#234;u nh&#432; sau:</p><p>GDI = GDP = C + I + G + X</p><p>Nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i s&#7869; th&#7855;c m&#7855;c t&#7841;i sao th&#224;nh t&#7889; Nh&#7853;p kh&#7849;u (M) kh&#244;ng xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n trong ph&#432;&#417;ng tr&#236;nh n&#224;y. Th&#7921;c ra, ph&#432;&#417;ng tr&#236;nh tr&#234;n l&#224; &#273;&#7847;y &#273;&#7911; n&#7871;u ch&#250;ng ta gi&#7843; &#273;&#7883;nh r&#7857;ng m&#7885;i C, I, G v&#224; X &#273;&#7873;u ch&#7881; bao g&#7891;m h&#224;ng h&#243;a v&#224; d&#7883;ch v&#7909; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c <strong>s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t ho&#224;n to&#224;n trong n&#432;&#7899;c</strong>. Nh&#432;ng th&#7921;c t&#7871; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i v&#7853;y. Ng&#432;&#7901;i d&#226;n ti&#234;u d&#249;ng h&#224;ng nh&#7853;p kh&#7849;u, doanh nghi&#7879;p &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; b&#7857;ng m&#225;y m&#243;c nh&#7853;p kh&#7849;u, ch&#237;nh ph&#7911; chi ti&#234;u cho h&#224;ng h&#243;a c&#243; ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#224;i, v&#224; ngay c&#7843; h&#224;ng xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u c&#361;ng c&#243; th&#7875; ch&#7913;a &#273;&#7921;ng linh ki&#7879;n, nguy&#234;n li&#7879;u nh&#7853;p kh&#7849;u.</p><p>Do &#273;&#243;, vi&#7879;c &#273;&#432;a M v&#224;o c&#244;ng th&#7913;c GDP=C+I+G+X&#8722;M th&#7921;c ch&#7845;t l&#224; m&#7897;t thao t&#225;c k&#7871; to&#225;n &#273;&#7875; lo&#7841;i tr&#7915; gi&#225; tr&#7883; c&#7911;a c&#225;c th&#224;nh ph&#7847;n nh&#7853;p kh&#7849;u &#273;&#227; n&#7857;m s&#7861;n trong C, I, G v&#224; X, nh&#7857;m &#273;&#7843;m b&#7843;o GDP ch&#7881; ph&#7843;n &#225;nh &#273;&#250;ng gi&#225; tr&#7883; c&#7911;a h&#224;ng h&#243;a v&#224; d&#7883;ch v&#7909; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t trong ph&#7841;m vi l&#227;nh th&#7893; qu&#7889;c gia &#273;&#243;.</p><p>S&#7921; ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p n&#224;y d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n m&#7897;t s&#7889; hi&#7875;u l&#7847;m ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n khi ph&#226;n t&#237;ch GDP:</p><p><strong>(1) Kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i c&#7913; C, I, G t&#259;ng l&#224; GDP s&#7869; t&#259;ng t&#432;&#417;ng &#7913;ng trong ng&#7855;n h&#7841;n.</strong> &#272;&#226;y l&#224; m&#7897;t sai l&#7847;m r&#7845;t ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n m&#224; nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i th&#432;&#7901;ng m&#7855;c ph&#7843;i khi s&#7917; d&#7909;ng nh&#7919;ng th&#224;nh t&#7889; b&#234;n trong &#273;&#7875; d&#7921; ph&#243;ng GDP. V&#237; d&#7909;, n&#7871;u ch&#237;nh ph&#7911; t&#259;ng m&#7841;nh chi ti&#234;u c&#244;ng (G t&#259;ng) cho m&#7897;t d&#7921; &#225;n x&#226;y d&#7921;ng c&#417; s&#7903; h&#7841; t&#7847;ng l&#7899;n, nh&#432;ng ph&#7847;n l&#7899;n m&#225;y m&#243;c, thi&#7871;t b&#7883;, nguy&#234;n v&#7853;t li&#7879;u &#273;&#7873;u ph&#7843;i nh&#7853;p kh&#7849;u t&#7915; n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#224;i, th&#236; ph&#7847;n gi&#225; tr&#7883; nh&#7853;p kh&#7849;u &#273;&#243; s&#7869; kh&#244;ng &#273;&#243;ng g&#243;p tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p v&#224;o GDP c&#7911;a qu&#7889;c gia. T&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921;, n&#7871;u ng&#432;&#7901;i ti&#234;u d&#249;ng t&#259;ng chi ti&#234;u (C t&#259;ng) nh&#432;ng ch&#7911; y&#7871;u mua &#244; t&#244; nh&#7853;p kh&#7849;u, &#273;i&#7879;n tho&#7841;i nh&#7853;p kh&#7849;u, th&#236; GDP trong n&#432;&#7899;c c&#361;ng kh&#244;ng h&#432;&#7903;ng l&#7907;i nhi&#7873;u.</p><p><strong>(2) Ngay c&#7843; khi C t&#259;ng t&#7915; ti&#234;u th&#7909; h&#224;ng h&#243;a s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t trong n&#432;&#7899;c, GDP c&#361;ng ch&#432;a ch&#7855;c t&#259;ng.</strong> Th&#224;nh ph&#7847;n &#272;&#7847;u t&#432; (I) trong GDP kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; bao g&#7891;m &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; v&#224;o t&#224;i s&#7843;n c&#7889; &#273;&#7883;nh (nh&#224; x&#432;&#7903;ng, m&#225;y m&#243;c) m&#224; c&#242;n c&#243; m&#7897;t h&#7841;ng m&#7909;c quan tr&#7885;ng l&#224; "Thay &#273;&#7893;i h&#224;ng t&#7891;n kho".</p><ul><li><p>N&#7871;u m&#7897;t qu&#7889;c gia s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t ra nhi&#7873;u h&#224;ng h&#243;a nh&#432;ng kh&#244;ng b&#225;n h&#7871;t, l&#432;&#7907;ng h&#224;ng t&#7891;n kho t&#259;ng l&#234;n. Gi&#225; tr&#7883; h&#224;ng t&#7891;n kho t&#259;ng n&#224;y s&#7869; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#237;nh v&#224;o GDP (I t&#259;ng).</p></li><li><p>Ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i, n&#7871;u ng&#432;&#7901;i ti&#234;u d&#249;ng t&#259;ng mua h&#224;ng (C t&#259;ng) nh&#432;ng doanh nghi&#7879;p l&#7841;i b&#225;n h&#224;ng t&#7915; l&#432;&#7907;ng t&#7891;n kho &#273;&#227; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t t&#7915; tr&#432;&#7899;c, th&#236; C t&#259;ng nh&#432;ng I s&#7869; gi&#7843;m (do h&#224;ng t&#7891;n kho gi&#7843;m). K&#7871;t qu&#7843; l&#224; GDP c&#243; th&#7875; kh&#244;ng thay &#273;&#7893;i, ho&#7863;c thay &#273;&#7893;i kh&#244;ng t&#432;&#417;ng &#7913;ng v&#7899;i m&#7913;c t&#259;ng c&#7911;a C. &#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y c&#243; ngh&#297;a l&#224; n&#7871;u m&#7897;t qu&#7889;c gia s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t &#7891; &#7841;t (GDP t&#259;ng do t&#7891;n kho t&#259;ng) nh&#432;ng ti&#234;u th&#7909; kh&#244;ng theo k&#7883;p, s&#7869; g&#226;y &#225;p l&#7921;c cho t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng GDP trong t&#432;&#417;ng lai.</p></li></ul><p><strong>(3) M&#7913;c &#273;&#7897; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a Xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u (X) l&#234;n GDP ph&#7909; thu&#7897;c v&#224;o gi&#225; tr&#7883; gia t&#259;ng n&#7897;i &#273;&#7883;a trong h&#224;ng xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u.</strong> M&#7897;t qu&#7889;c gia c&#243; th&#7875; c&#243; kim ng&#7841;ch xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u r&#7845;t l&#7899;n so v&#7899;i GDP, nh&#432;ng n&#7871;u ph&#7847;n l&#7899;n h&#224;ng xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u &#273;&#243; ch&#7881; l&#224; l&#7855;p r&#225;p, gia c&#244;ng t&#7915; nguy&#234;n li&#7879;u, linh ki&#7879;n nh&#7853;p kh&#7849;u (gi&#225; tr&#7883; gia t&#259;ng trong n&#432;&#7899;c th&#7845;p), th&#236; &#273;&#243;ng g&#243;p th&#7921;c t&#7871; c&#7911;a X v&#224;o GDP s&#7869; kh&#244;ng l&#7899;n nh&#432; con s&#7889; kim ng&#7841;ch th&#7875; hi&#7879;n. Vi&#7879;t Nam l&#224; m&#7897;t v&#237; d&#7909; &#273;i&#7875;n h&#236;nh: t&#7927; tr&#7885;ng xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u/GDP thu&#7897;c nh&#243;m cao nh&#7845;t th&#7871; gi&#7899;i, nh&#432;ng trong nhi&#7873;u ng&#224;nh h&#224;ng nh&#432; d&#7879;t may, &#273;i&#7879;n t&#7917;, ch&#250;ng ta ch&#7911; y&#7871;u tham gia v&#224;o c&#225;c kh&#226;u c&#243; gi&#225; tr&#7883; gia t&#259;ng th&#7845;p trong chu&#7895;i gi&#225; tr&#7883; to&#224;n c&#7847;u. Gi&#225; tr&#7883; gia t&#259;ng th&#7921;c s&#7921; n&#7857;m &#7903; kh&#226;u thi&#7871;t k&#7871;, th&#432;&#417;ng hi&#7879;u, R&amp;D v&#224; ph&#226;n ph&#7889;i m&#224; c&#225;c c&#244;ng ty n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#224;i th&#432;&#7901;ng n&#7855;m gi&#7919;.</p><p><strong>(4) Ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i, b&#7843;n th&#226;n Nh&#7853;p kh&#7849;u (M) kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; y&#7871;u t&#7889; l&#224;m gi&#7843;m GDP.</strong> Trong c&#244;ng th&#7913;c GDP=C+I+G+X&#8722;M, d&#7845;u tr&#7915; tr&#432;&#7899;c M th&#432;&#7901;ng g&#226;y hi&#7875;u l&#7847;m r&#7857;ng M c&#224;ng l&#7899;n th&#236; GDP c&#224;ng nh&#7887;. Th&#7921;c t&#7871;, M ch&#7881; l&#224; m&#7897;t m&#7909;c &#273;i&#7873;u ch&#7881;nh &#273;&#7875; lo&#7841;i b&#7887; ph&#7847;n chi ti&#234;u cho h&#224;ng n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#224;i &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#237;nh trong C, I, G (v&#224; c&#243; th&#7875; c&#7843; X). Vi&#7879;c t&#259;ng hay gi&#7843;m M trong ng&#7855;n h&#7841;n kh&#244;ng tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p l&#224;m thay &#273;&#7893;i gi&#225; tr&#7883; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t trong n&#432;&#7899;c (GDP).</p><p><strong>T&#243;m l&#7841;i:</strong> Ph&#432;&#417;ng tr&#236;nh GDP = C + I + G + (X &#8722; M) ch&#7881; l&#224; m&#7897;t c&#225;ch tr&#236;nh b&#224;y c&#225;c th&#224;nh ph&#7847;n chi ti&#234;u &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;i&#7873;u ch&#7881;nh &#273;&#7875; ph&#7843;n &#225;nh &#273;&#250;ng gi&#225; tr&#7883; h&#224;ng h&#243;a v&#224; d&#7883;ch v&#7909; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t trong n&#432;&#7899;c. Ch&#250;ng ta kh&#244;ng th&#7875; d&#7921;a v&#224;o s&#7921; thay &#273;&#7893;i c&#7911;a t&#7915;ng th&#224;nh ph&#7847;n ri&#234;ng l&#7867; (C, I, G, X, M) &#273;&#7875; ngo&#7841;i suy ra s&#7921; thay &#273;&#7893;i c&#7911;a GDP trong ng&#7855;n h&#7841;n, tr&#7915; phi c&#243; &#273;&#7847;y &#273;&#7911; d&#7919; li&#7879;u v&#7873; t&#7845;t c&#7843; c&#225;c th&#224;nh ph&#7847;n c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng. Tuy nhi&#234;n, vi&#7879;c ph&#226;n t&#237;ch GDP theo ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&#225;p chi ti&#234;u l&#7841;i r&#7845;t h&#7919;u &#237;ch &#273;&#7875; hi&#7875;u c&#417; c&#7845;u kinh t&#7871; v&#224; &#273;&#432;a ra nh&#7919;ng nh&#7853;n &#273;&#7883;nh chi&#7871;n l&#432;&#7907;c trong d&#224;i h&#7841;n.</p><h4><strong>Con n&#7907; v&#224; ch&#7911; n&#7907;</strong></h4><p>Trong m&#7897;t n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; &#273;&#243;ng, Ti&#7871;t ki&#7879;m (S) b&#7857;ng &#272;&#7847;u t&#432; (I). T&#7889;c &#273;&#7897; gi&#224;u l&#234;n c&#7911;a m&#7897;t qu&#7889;c gia s&#7869; t&#7927; l&#7879; thu&#7853;n v&#7899;i t&#7927; l&#7879; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; hay m&#7897;t qu&#7889;c gia c&#243; t&#7927; l&#7879; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; so v&#7899;i ti&#234;u d&#249;ng c&#224;ng l&#7899;n th&#236; s&#7869; c&#224;ng &#8220;gi&#224;u nhanh&#8221;. Trong m&#7897;t n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; m&#7903;, m&#7889;i quan h&#7879; n&#224;y tr&#7903; n&#234;n ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p h&#417;n. Ch&#250;ng ta c&#243; ph&#432;&#417;ng tr&#236;nh: GDI = GDP = C + I + G + X &#8722; M</p><p>Ti&#7871;t ki&#7879;m qu&#7889;c gia (S) l&#224; ph&#7847;n thu nh&#7853;p c&#242;n l&#7841;i sau khi tr&#7915; &#273;i c&#225;c kho&#7843;n chi ti&#234;u d&#249;ng c&#7911;a t&#432; nh&#226;n (C) v&#224; ch&#237;nh ph&#7911; (G). S = ( C + I + G + X &#8722; M) &#8722; (C + G) hay S = I + ( X &#8722; M), trong &#273;&#243; (X &#8722; M) ch&#237;nh l&#224; C&#225;n c&#226;n th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i c&#7911;a m&#7897;t qu&#7889;c gia.</p><p>Khi m&#7897;t qu&#7889;c gia c&#243; th&#7863;ng d&#432; th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i, qu&#225; tr&#236;nh t&#237;ch l&#361;y t&#224;i s&#7843;n c&#7911;a qu&#7889;c gia n&#224;y kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; vi&#7879;c gia t&#259;ng t&#224;i s&#7843;n trong n&#432;&#7899;c (I) m&#224; c&#242;n &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; vi&#7879;c gia t&#259;ng t&#224;i s&#7843;n n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#224;i r&#242;ng (th&#7875; hi&#7879;n qua c&#225;n c&#226;n th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i d&#432;&#417;ng). Ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i, qu&#7889;c gia c&#243; th&#226;m h&#7909;t th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i tuy gia t&#259;ng t&#224;i s&#7843;n trong n&#432;&#7899;c nh&#432;ng l&#7841;i suy gi&#7843;m t&#224;i s&#7843;n ho&#7863;c t&#259;ng n&#7907; n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#224;i.</p><p>Trong giao d&#7883;ch th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i, khi qu&#7889;c gia A xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u h&#224;ng h&#243;a cho qu&#7889;c gia B, A s&#7869; nh&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ti&#7873;n t&#7879; ho&#7863;c c&#225;c c&#244;ng c&#7909; t&#224;i ch&#237;nh t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#432;&#417;ng t&#7915; B. S&#7889; ti&#7873;n n&#224;y th&#7875; hi&#7879;n m&#7897;t kho&#7843;n ph&#7843;i thu c&#7911;a A &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i B v&#224; l&#224; m&#7897;t ngh&#297;a v&#7909; n&#7907; c&#7911;a B v&#7899;i A. V&#237; d&#7909;, ti&#7873;n m&#7863;t l&#224; ngh&#297;a v&#7909; n&#7907; c&#7911;a Ng&#226;n h&#224;ng trung &#432;&#417;ng B v&#7899;i A v&#224; ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i l&#224; ngh&#297;a v&#7909; n&#7907; c&#7911;a Ng&#226;n h&#224;ng th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i B v&#7899;i A. Qu&#7889;c gia xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u A tr&#7903; th&#224;nh ch&#7911; n&#7907; v&#224; qu&#7889;c gia nh&#7853;p kh&#7849;u B tr&#7903; th&#224;nh con n&#7907; trong giao d&#7883;ch &#273;&#243;. T&#237;ch l&#361;y th&#7863;ng d&#432; th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i qua nhi&#7873;u n&#259;m s&#7869; khi&#7871;n qu&#7889;c gia A tr&#7903; th&#224;nh m&#7897;t ch&#7911; n&#7907; r&#242;ng c&#7911;a th&#7871; gi&#7899;i v&#224; ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i v&#7899;i B.</p><h4><strong>Tr&#7853;t t&#7921; th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i th&#7871; gi&#7899;i</strong></h4><p>Nh&#236;n l&#7841;i l&#7883;ch s&#7917; th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i to&#224;n c&#7847;u, c&#243; th&#7875; th&#7845;y nh&#7919;ng thay &#273;&#7893;i &#273;&#225;ng k&#7875; trong vai tr&#242; con n&#7907; v&#224; ch&#7911; n&#7907; c&#7911;a c&#225;c qu&#7889;c gia. Tr&#432;&#7899;c th&#7853;p ni&#234;n 1980, th&#7901;i k&#7923; tr&#432;&#7899;c khi Trung Qu&#7889;c th&#7921;c s&#7921; m&#7903; c&#7917;a v&#224; h&#7897;i nh&#7853;p s&#226;u r&#7897;ng v&#224;o kinh t&#7871; to&#224;n c&#7847;u, c&#225;n c&#226;n th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i c&#7911;a c&#225;c c&#432;&#7901;ng qu&#7889;c l&#7899;n th&#432;&#7901;ng di&#7877;n ra t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7889;i c&#226;n b&#7857;ng h&#417;n, kh&#244;ng c&#243; s&#7921; ph&#226;n c&#7921;c qu&#225; l&#7899;n v&#224; k&#233;o d&#224;i nh&#432; giai &#273;o&#7841;n sau n&#224;y. Sau th&#7853;p ni&#234;n 1980, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t t&#7915; sau khi Trung Qu&#7889;c gia nh&#7853;p WTO n&#259;m 2001, tr&#7853;t t&#7921; th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i th&#7871; gi&#7899;i d&#7847;n &#273;&#7883;nh h&#236;nh r&#245; n&#233;t v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng xu h&#432;&#7899;ng m&#7845;t c&#226;n b&#7857;ng l&#7899;n:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JiRY!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5870688d-c575-4f94-aee3-01d2d766b065_1650x990.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JiRY!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5870688d-c575-4f94-aee3-01d2d766b065_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JiRY!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5870688d-c575-4f94-aee3-01d2d766b065_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JiRY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5870688d-c575-4f94-aee3-01d2d766b065_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JiRY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5870688d-c575-4f94-aee3-01d2d766b065_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JiRY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5870688d-c575-4f94-aee3-01d2d766b065_1650x990.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5870688d-c575-4f94-aee3-01d2d766b065_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:64529,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/163999571?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5870688d-c575-4f94-aee3-01d2d766b065_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JiRY!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5870688d-c575-4f94-aee3-01d2d766b065_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JiRY!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5870688d-c575-4f94-aee3-01d2d766b065_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JiRY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5870688d-c575-4f94-aee3-01d2d766b065_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JiRY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5870688d-c575-4f94-aee3-01d2d766b065_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><ul><li><p><strong>M&#7929;:</strong> Li&#234;n t&#7909;c th&#226;m h&#7909;t th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i v&#7899;i quy m&#244; ng&#224;y c&#224;ng l&#7899;n, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t t&#7915; nh&#7919;ng n&#259;m 1990. V&#7899;i m&#7913;c th&#226;m h&#7909;t l&#234;n t&#7899;i -1150 t&#7927; USD v&#224;o n&#259;m 2023, M&#7929; l&#224; qu&#7889;c gia th&#226;m h&#7909;t l&#7899;n nh&#7845;t v&#224; tr&#7903; th&#224;nh con n&#7907; r&#242;ng kh&#7893;ng l&#7891; c&#7911;a th&#7871; gi&#7899;i.</p></li><li><p><strong>Trung Qu&#7889;c:</strong> T&#7915; ch&#7895; c&#243; c&#225;n c&#226;n th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7889;i c&#226;n b&#7857;ng ho&#7863;c th&#7863;ng d&#432; nh&#7887;, Trung Qu&#7889;c &#273;&#227; tr&#7903; th&#224;nh m&#7897;t c&#7895; m&#225;y xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u si&#234;u h&#7841;ng, li&#234;n t&#7909;c &#273;&#7841;t th&#7863;ng d&#432; th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i kh&#7893;ng l&#7891;, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t sau n&#259;m 2001. V&#7899;i m&#7913;c th&#7863;ng d&#432; 823 t&#7927; USD n&#259;m 2023, Trung Qu&#7889;c l&#224; qu&#7889;c gia th&#7863;ng d&#432; l&#7899;n nh&#7845;t, t&#237;ch l&#361;y m&#7897;t l&#432;&#7907;ng l&#7899;n t&#224;i s&#7843;n n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#224;i v&#224; tr&#7903; th&#224;nh m&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng ch&#7911; n&#7907; ch&#237;nh c&#7911;a th&#7871; gi&#7899;i. Qu&#225; tr&#236;nh t&#237;ch l&#361;y t&#224;i s&#7843;n nhanh ch&#243;ng c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; t&#7927; l&#7879; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; trong n&#432;&#7899;c (I) cao m&#224; c&#242;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#250;c &#273;&#7849;y m&#7841;nh m&#7869; b&#7903;i th&#7863;ng d&#432; th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i.</p></li><li><p><strong>&#272;&#7913;c:</strong> T&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; Trung Qu&#7889;c &#7903; m&#7897;t quy m&#244; nh&#7887; h&#417;n, &#272;&#7913;c c&#361;ng l&#224; m&#7897;t qu&#7889;c gia li&#234;n t&#7909;c th&#7863;ng d&#432; th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i, &#273;&#243;ng vai tr&#242; ch&#7911; n&#7907; trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; to&#224;n c&#7847;u.</p></li><li><p><strong>Nh&#7853;t B&#7843;n:</strong> T&#7915;ng l&#224; m&#7897;t c&#432;&#7901;ng qu&#7889;c th&#7863;ng d&#432; th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i l&#7899;n trong nhi&#7873;u th&#7853;p k&#7927;, nh&#432;ng nh&#7919;ng n&#259;m g&#7847;n &#273;&#226;y Nh&#7853;t B&#7843;n l&#7841;i &#273;&#7889;i m&#7863;t v&#7899;i t&#236;nh tr&#7841;ng th&#226;m h&#7909;t th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i, cho th&#7845;y s&#7921; thay &#273;&#7893;i trong c&#417; c&#7845;u kinh t&#7871; v&#224; v&#7883; th&#7871; qu&#7889;c t&#7871;.</p></li><li><p><strong>&#7844;n &#272;&#7897;:</strong> Li&#234;n t&#7909;c th&#226;m h&#7909;t th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i, cho th&#7845;y &#7844;n &#272;&#7897; c&#361;ng l&#224; m&#7897;t qu&#7889;c gia "vay n&#7907;" &#273;&#7875; ph&#7909;c v&#7909; nhu c&#7847;u &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; v&#224; ti&#234;u d&#249;ng trong n&#432;&#7899;c.</p></li></ul><p>Nh&#432; v&#7853;y, "Tr&#7853;t t&#7921; c&#361;" &#273;&#227; &#273;&#7883;nh h&#236;nh m&#7897;t c&#225;ch r&#245; r&#224;ng: M&#7929; tr&#7903; th&#224;nh con n&#7907; l&#7899;n nh&#7845;t, trong khi Trung Qu&#7889;c (c&#249;ng v&#7899;i m&#7897;t s&#7889; qu&#7889;c gia kh&#225;c nh&#432; &#272;&#7913;c) tr&#7903; th&#224;nh nh&#7919;ng ch&#7911; n&#7907; quan tr&#7885;ng. Qu&#225; tr&#236;nh t&#237;ch l&#361;y t&#224;i s&#7843;n v&#432;&#7907;t tr&#7897;i c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c so v&#7899;i M&#7929; kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; do kh&#225;c bi&#7879;t v&#7873; m&#244; h&#236;nh ti&#7871;t ki&#7879;m - &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; trong n&#432;&#7899;c, m&#224; c&#242;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c khu&#7871;ch &#273;&#7841;i b&#7903;i d&#242;ng ch&#7843;y c&#7911;a th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i qu&#7889;c t&#7871;.</p><p>Tuy nhi&#234;n, c&#226;u chuy&#7879;n kh&#244;ng &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n l&#224; "ch&#7911; n&#7907; th&#236; t&#7889;t, con n&#7907; th&#236; x&#7845;u". Vi&#7879;c M&#7929; li&#234;n t&#7909;c th&#226;m h&#7909;t th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i v&#224; tr&#7903; th&#224;nh con n&#7907; l&#7899;n nh&#7845;t th&#7871; gi&#7899;i mang l&#7841;i nh&#7919;ng l&#7907;i &#237;ch n&#224;o cho ch&#237;nh n&#432;&#7899;c M&#7929;? T&#7841;i sao &#7844;n &#272;&#7897;, d&#249; th&#226;m h&#7909;t th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i l&#7899;n v&#224; "vay n&#7907;" nhi&#7873;u, v&#7851;n duy tr&#236; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7889;c &#273;&#7897; t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng kinh t&#7871; cao v&#224; n&#259;ng &#273;&#7897;ng?</p><p>Nh&#7919;ng c&#226;u h&#7887;i n&#224;y s&#7869; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c l&#224;m s&#225;ng t&#7887; trong b&#224;i vi&#7871;t ti&#7871;p theo, n&#417;i ch&#250;ng ta s&#7869; kh&#225;m ph&#225; s&#226;u h&#417;n v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng l&#7907;i th&#7871; v&#224; r&#7911;i ro c&#7911;a vi&#7879;c tr&#7903; th&#224;nh con n&#7907; l&#7899;n nh&#7845;t th&#7871; gi&#7899;i c&#7911;a M&#7929;, &#273;&#7875; t&#7915; &#273;&#243; &#273;&#7883;nh h&#236;nh nh&#7919;ng xu h&#432;&#7899;ng trong &#8220;Tr&#7853;t t&#7921; m&#7899;i&#8221;.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Trade war (P1): Trật tự cũ]]></title><description><![CDATA[Th&#7871; gi&#7899;i h&#7853;u Th&#7871; chi&#7871;n II ch&#7913;ng ki&#7871;n s&#7921; tr&#7895;i d&#7853;y v&#224; th&#7889;ng tr&#7883; g&#7847;n nh&#432; tuy&#7879;t &#273;&#7889;i c&#7911;a Hoa K&#7923;.]]></description><link>https://40yo.vn/p/trade-war-p1-trat-tu-cu</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://40yo.vn/p/trade-war-p1-trat-tu-cu</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[40 Years Old]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 26 Apr 2025 09:07:46 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F5eF!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad9dddec-5c3e-4560-9f26-76c42b5f07e3_1650x990.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Th&#7871; gi&#7899;i h&#7853;u Th&#7871; chi&#7871;n II ch&#7913;ng ki&#7871;n s&#7921; tr&#7895;i d&#7853;y v&#224; th&#7889;ng tr&#7883; g&#7847;n nh&#432; tuy&#7879;t &#273;&#7889;i c&#7911;a Hoa K&#7923;. V&#7899;i n&#7873;n c&#244;ng nghi&#7879;p kh&#244;ng b&#7883; chi&#7871;n tranh t&#224;n ph&#225; v&#224; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng Bretton Woods bi&#7871;n USD th&#224;nh &#273;&#7891;ng ti&#7873;n vua, M&#7929; &#273;&#227; &#273;&#7883;nh h&#236;nh tr&#7853;t t&#7921; kinh t&#7871; to&#224;n c&#7847;u trong nhi&#7873;u th&#7853;p k&#7927;. Tuy nhi&#234;n, tr&#7853;t t&#7921; n&#224;y kh&#244;ng &#273;&#7913;ng y&#234;n.</p><p>Nh&#7853;t B&#7843;n, v&#7899;i s&#7921; ph&#7909;c h&#7891;i th&#7847;n k&#7923;, &#273;&#227; v&#432;&#417;n l&#234;n m&#7841;nh m&#7869; trong nh&#7919;ng n&#259;m 80, c&#243; l&#250;c chi&#7871;m t&#7899;i g&#7847;n 18% GDP to&#224;n c&#7847;u (1995), tr&#432;&#7899;c khi r&#417;i v&#224;o "th&#7853;p k&#7927; m&#7845;t m&#225;t" k&#233;o d&#224;i. Li&#234;n minh Ch&#226;u &#194;u (EU), qua qu&#225; tr&#236;nh h&#7897;i nh&#7853;p, c&#361;ng t&#7841;o ra m&#7897;t &#273;&#7889;i tr&#7885;ng &#273;&#225;ng k&#7875;, &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#7881;nh &#273;i&#7875;m ngang b&#7857;ng M&#7929; v&#7873; t&#7927; tr&#7885;ng GDP v&#224;o n&#259;m 2008 (kho&#7843;ng 25.4%) nh&#432;ng sau &#273;&#243; suy y&#7871;u t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7889;i do kh&#7911;ng ho&#7843;ng n&#7907; c&#244;ng. Ngay c&#7843; n&#432;&#7899;c M&#7929; c&#361;ng tr&#7843;i qua nh&#7919;ng c&#250; s&#7889;c nh&#432; bong b&#243;ng Dot-com v&#224; &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&#224; Kh&#7911;ng ho&#7843;ng T&#224;i ch&#237;nh To&#224;n c&#7847;u 2008 (GFC), l&#224;m lung lay ni&#7873;m tin v&#224;o s&#7921; &#7893;n &#273;&#7883;nh c&#7911;a ch&#237;nh h&#7879; th&#7889;ng do m&#236;nh d&#7851;n d&#7855;t.</p><p>V&#224; gi&#7919;a nh&#7919;ng bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7897;ng &#273;&#243;, m&#7897;t th&#7871; l&#7921;c m&#7899;i &#273;&#227; tr&#7895;i d&#7853;y m&#7841;nh m&#7869; v&#224; b&#7873;n b&#7881;: Trung Qu&#7889;c. T&#7915; m&#7897;t n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; ch&#7881; chi&#7871;m 2.7% GDP to&#224;n c&#7847;u n&#259;m 1980, Trung Qu&#7889;c &#273;&#227; b&#7913;t ph&#225; ngo&#7841;n m&#7909;c, v&#432;&#7907;t qua Nh&#7853;t B&#7843;n, EU v&#224; tr&#7903; th&#224;nh n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; l&#7899;n th&#7913; hai th&#7871; gi&#7899;i, chi&#7871;m kho&#7843;ng 17-18% trong nh&#7919;ng n&#259;m g&#7847;n &#273;&#226;y. S&#7921; tr&#7895;i d&#7853;y n&#224;y, d&#249; ph&#7847;n n&#224;o l&#7845;p &#273;&#7847;y kho&#7843;ng tr&#7889;ng do s&#7921; ch&#7919;ng l&#7841;i c&#7911;a Nh&#7853;t B&#7843;n v&#224; EU, &#273;&#227; t&#7841;o ra m&#7897;t c&#7909;c di&#7879;n &#273;&#7883;a kinh t&#7871; ho&#224;n to&#224;n m&#7899;i, &#273;&#7863;t n&#7873;n m&#243;ng cho cu&#7897;c c&#7841;nh tranh chi&#7871;n l&#432;&#7907;c v&#7899;i M&#7929;.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F5eF!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad9dddec-5c3e-4560-9f26-76c42b5f07e3_1650x990.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F5eF!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad9dddec-5c3e-4560-9f26-76c42b5f07e3_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F5eF!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad9dddec-5c3e-4560-9f26-76c42b5f07e3_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F5eF!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad9dddec-5c3e-4560-9f26-76c42b5f07e3_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F5eF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad9dddec-5c3e-4560-9f26-76c42b5f07e3_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F5eF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad9dddec-5c3e-4560-9f26-76c42b5f07e3_1650x990.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ad9dddec-5c3e-4560-9f26-76c42b5f07e3_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:82801,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/162182305?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad9dddec-5c3e-4560-9f26-76c42b5f07e3_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F5eF!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad9dddec-5c3e-4560-9f26-76c42b5f07e3_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F5eF!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad9dddec-5c3e-4560-9f26-76c42b5f07e3_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F5eF!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad9dddec-5c3e-4560-9f26-76c42b5f07e3_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F5eF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad9dddec-5c3e-4560-9f26-76c42b5f07e3_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Trong nh&#7919;ng n&#259;m g&#7847;n &#273;&#226;y, Trung Qu&#7889;c c&#243; d&#7845;u hi&#7879;u ch&#7853;m l&#7841;i d&#432;&#7899;i &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a Covid v&#224; kh&#7911;ng ho&#7843;ng b&#7845;t &#273;&#7897;ng s&#7843;n, trong khi M&#7929; v&#7851;n gi&#7919; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c v&#7883; th&#7871; c&#7911;a m&#236;nh. Trong "Tr&#7853;t t&#7921; c&#361;", M&#7929; v&#7851;n l&#224; c&#432;&#7901;ng qu&#7889;c kinh t&#7871; s&#7889; 1 x&#233;t v&#7873; quy m&#244; GDP. Tuy nhi&#234;n, v&#7883; th&#7871; d&#7851;n &#273;&#7847;u n&#224;y l&#7841;i &#7849;n ch&#7913;a m&#7897;t c&#226;u chuy&#7879;n ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p h&#417;n nhi&#7873;u. &#272;&#7875; hi&#7875;u b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t cu&#7897;c &#273;ua M&#7929; -Trung, ch&#250;ng ta c&#7847;n b&#243;c t&#225;ch &#253; ngh&#297;a th&#7921;c s&#7921; c&#7911;a GDP, t&#7841;i sao ng&#432;&#7901;i ta th&#432;&#7901;ng l&#7845;y GDP l&#224;m th&#432;&#7899;c &#273;o cho m&#7897;t n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; v&#224; li&#7879;u n&#243; c&#243; ph&#7843;n &#225;nh ch&#237;nh x&#225;c cho v&#7883; th&#7871; c&#7911;a m&#7897;t qu&#7889;c gia trong tr&#7853;t t&#7921; to&#224;n c&#7847;u?</p><h2>GDP cho bi&#7871;t &#273;i&#7873;u g&#236;?</h2><p>Khi n&#243;i v&#7873; GDP, ng&#432;&#7901;i ta th&#432;&#7901;ng ngh&#297; ngay &#273;&#7871;n s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t &#8211; t&#7893;ng gi&#225; tr&#7883; c&#7911;a t&#7845;t c&#7843; h&#224;ng h&#243;a v&#224; d&#7883;ch v&#7909; cu&#7889;i c&#249;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra trong m&#7897;t qu&#7889;c gia. C&#225;ch t&#237;nh n&#224;y d&#7921;a tr&#234;n gi&#225; tr&#7883; gia t&#259;ng. H&#227;y t&#432;&#7903;ng t&#432;&#7907;ng m&#7897;t v&#237; d&#7909; c&#7921;c k&#7923; &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n: m&#7897;t n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; ch&#7881; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t b&#225;nh m&#236;.</p><ul><li><p>Ng&#432;&#7901;i n&#244;ng d&#226;n tr&#7891;ng l&#250;a m&#236; v&#224; b&#225;n b&#7897;t m&#236; cho th&#7907; l&#224;m b&#225;nh v&#7899;i gi&#225; 100 &#273;&#7891;ng. Gi&#225; tr&#7883; gia t&#259;ng c&#7911;a n&#244;ng d&#226;n l&#224; 100 &#273;&#7891;ng.</p></li><li><p>Th&#7907; l&#224;m b&#225;nh d&#249;ng 100 &#273;&#7891;ng b&#7897;t m&#236; &#273;&#243; &#273;&#7875; l&#224;m ra m&#7897;t &#7893; b&#225;nh m&#236; v&#224; b&#225;n v&#7899;i gi&#225; 200 &#273;&#7891;ng. Gi&#225; tr&#7883; gia t&#259;ng c&#7911;a th&#7907; l&#224;m b&#225;nh l&#224; 200 (gi&#225; b&#225;n) - 100 (chi ph&#237; b&#7897;t m&#236;) = 100 &#273;&#7891;ng.</p></li><li><p>GDP theo ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&#225;p s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t (gi&#225; tr&#7883; gia t&#259;ng) c&#7911;a n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; n&#224;y l&#224; t&#7893;ng gi&#225; tr&#7883; gia t&#259;ng: 100 (n&#244;ng d&#226;n) + 100 (th&#7907; l&#224;m b&#225;nh) = 200 &#273;&#7891;ng.</p></li></ul><p>Tuy nhi&#234;n, GDP c&#242;n c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nh&#236;n nh&#7853;n qua l&#259;ng k&#237;nh chi ti&#234;u. Ai l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i mua &#7893; b&#225;nh m&#236; tr&#7883; gi&#225; 200 &#273;&#7891;ng &#273;&#243;?</p><ul><li><p>T&#236;nh hu&#7889;ng 1: &#7892; b&#225;nh m&#236; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ng&#432;&#7901;i ti&#234;u d&#249;ng mua h&#7871;t. L&#250;c n&#224;y, Ti&#234;u d&#249;ng (C - Consumption) t&#259;ng 200 &#273;&#7891;ng.</p></li><li><p>T&#236;nh hu&#7889;ng 2: &#7892; b&#225;nh m&#236; ch&#432;a b&#225;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c, n&#7857;m trong kho c&#7911;a th&#7907; l&#224;m b&#225;nh. L&#250;c n&#224;y, &#272;&#7847;u t&#432; (I - Investment) t&#259;ng 200 &#273;&#7891;ng do gi&#225; tr&#7883; h&#224;ng t&#7891;n kho t&#259;ng th&#234;m 200 &#273;&#7891;ng.</p></li><li><p>T&#236;nh hu&#7889;ng 3: &#7892; b&#225;nh m&#236; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ch&#237;nh ph&#7911; mua. L&#250;c n&#224;y, Chi ti&#234;u Ch&#237;nh ph&#7911; (G - Government Spending) t&#259;ng 200 &#273;&#7891;ng.</p></li><li><p>T&#236;nh hu&#7889;ng 4: &#7892; b&#225;nh m&#236; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u. L&#250;c n&#224;y, Xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u r&#242;ng (NX - Net Exports) t&#259;ng 200 &#273;&#7891;ng.</p></li></ul><p>Trong m&#7885;i t&#236;nh hu&#7889;ng, t&#7893;ng chi ti&#234;u cho s&#7843;n ph&#7849;m cu&#7889;i c&#249;ng (&#7893; b&#225;nh m&#236;) &#273;&#7873;u l&#224; 200 &#273;&#7891;ng. Do &#273;&#243;, GDP theo ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&#225;p chi ti&#234;u c&#361;ng l&#224; 200 &#273;&#7891;ng. C&#244;ng th&#7913;c t&#7893;ng qu&#225;t l&#224; GDP=C+I+G+NX. Trong m&#7897;t n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; &#273;&#243;ng v&#224; kh&#244;ng ph&#226;n bi&#7879;t t&#432; nh&#226;n v&#224; ch&#237;nh ph&#7911;, GDP=C+I.</p><p>M&#7885;i chuy&#7879;n kh&#244;ng d&#7915;ng l&#7841;i &#7903; &#273;&#226;y, 1 &#273;&#7891;ng chi ti&#234;u c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i n&#224;y s&#7869; t&#432;&#417;ng &#7913;ng v&#7899;i 1 &#273;&#7891;ng thu nh&#7853;p c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&#225;c. 200 &#273;&#7891;ng gi&#225; tr&#7883; cu&#7889;i c&#249;ng m&#224; n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; chi ti&#234;u s&#7869; tr&#7903; th&#224;nh thu nh&#7853;p c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i tham gia v&#224;o qu&#225; tr&#236;nh s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t:</p><ul><li><p>Tr&#7843; cho ng&#432;&#7901;i n&#244;ng d&#226;n b&#225;n b&#7897;t m&#236; 100 &#273;&#7891;ng.</p></li><li><p>Tr&#7843; l&#432;&#417;ng cho nh&#226;n c&#244;ng 50 &#273;&#7891;ng.</p></li><li><p>Tr&#7843; l&#227;i vay 20 &#273;&#7891;ng.</p></li><li><p>Tr&#7843; ti&#7873;n thu&#234; m&#7863;t 10 &#273;&#7891;ng.</p></li><li><p>Ph&#7847;n c&#242;n l&#7841;i l&#224; l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n c&#7911;a doanh nghi&#7879;p (ng&#432;&#7901;i l&#224;m b&#225;nh) 20 &#273;&#7891;ng.</p></li></ul><p>T&#7893;ng t&#7845;t c&#7843; c&#225;c kho&#7843;n thu nh&#7853;p n&#224;y ch&#237;nh b&#7857;ng t&#7893;ng gi&#225; tr&#7883; chi ti&#234;u c&#7911;a m&#7897;t qu&#7889;c gia. Do &#273;&#243;, GDP theo ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&#225;p thu nh&#7853;p c&#361;ng l&#224; 200 &#273;&#7891;ng.</p><p>Nh&#432; v&#7853;y, GDP l&#224; gi&#225; tr&#7883; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t c&#7911;a 1 qu&#7889;c gia, n&#243; b&#7857;ng v&#7899;i chi ti&#234;u c&#7911;a qu&#7889;c gia &#273;&#243; nh&#432;ng &#253; ngh&#297; quan tr&#7885;ng khi&#7871;n n&#243; th&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng trong c&#225;c ph&#432;&#417;ng tr&#236;nh kinh t&#7871;, &#273;&#243; ch&#237;nh l&#224; n&#243; &#273;&#7841;i d&#7841;i di&#7879;n cho thu nh&#7853;p c&#7911;a 1 qu&#7889;c gia. Khi GDP t&#259;ng, c&#243; ngh&#297;a l&#224; qu&#7889;c gia &#273;&#243; &#273;ang "ki&#7871;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nhi&#7873;u ti&#7873;n h&#417;n".</p><pre><code>Khi so s&#225;nh GDP c&#7911;a M&#7929; l&#7899;n h&#417;n Trung Qu&#7889;c, &#273;i&#7873;u &#273;&#243; &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n c&#243; ngh&#297;a l&#224; t&#7893;ng thu nh&#7853;p c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i M&#7929; (c&#225; nh&#226;n v&#224; doanh nghi&#7879;p tr&#234;n l&#227;nh th&#7893; M&#7929;) trong m&#7897;t n&#259;m &#273;ang cao h&#417;n Trung Qu&#7889;c.</code></pre><h2>T&#7841;i sao GDP kh&#244;ng &#273;&#7841;i di&#7879;n cho s&#7921; gi&#224;u c&#243; c&#7911;a 1 qu&#7889;c gia?</h2><p>Thu nh&#7853;p cao c&#243; ph&#7843;i lu&#244;n &#273;&#7891;ng ngh&#297;a v&#7899;i vi&#7879;c ng&#224;y c&#224;ng gi&#224;u c&#243; h&#417;n kh&#244;ng? H&#227;y xem x&#233;t v&#237; d&#7909; sau:</p><ul><li><p>Ng&#432;&#7901;i A: Thu nh&#7853;p h&#224;ng n&#259;m 100 &#273;&#7891;ng.</p></li><li><p>Ng&#432;&#7901;i B: Thu nh&#7853;p h&#224;ng n&#259;m 90 &#273;&#7891;ng.</p></li></ul><p>N&#7871;u ch&#7881; nh&#236;n v&#224;o thu nh&#7853;p, ta c&#243; th&#7875; v&#7897;i k&#7871;t lu&#7853;n A "gi&#224;u" h&#417;n ho&#7863;c c&#243; &#273;i&#7873;u ki&#7879;n t&#7889;t h&#417;n B. Nh&#432;ng n&#7871;u bi&#7871;t th&#234;m:</p><ul><li><p>Ng&#432;&#7901;i A: Chi ti&#234;u h&#7871;t 80 &#273;&#7891;ng m&#7895;i n&#259;m</p></li><li><p>Ng&#432;&#7901;i B: Chi ti&#234;u ch&#7881; 50 &#273;&#7891;ng m&#7895;i n&#259;m.</p></li></ul><p>L&#250;c n&#224;y, c&#226;u chuy&#7879;n ho&#224;n to&#224;n kh&#225;c. M&#7863;c d&#249; thu nh&#7853;p th&#7845;p h&#417;n, ng&#432;&#7901;i B l&#7841;i ti&#7871;t ki&#7879;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nhi&#7873;u h&#417;n g&#7845;p &#273;&#244;i ng&#432;&#7901;i A m&#7895;i n&#259;m. &#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y c&#243; ngh&#297;a l&#224; t&#224;i s&#7843;n c&#7911;a B &#273;ang t&#259;ng l&#234;n nhanh h&#417;n &#273;&#225;ng k&#7875; so v&#7899;i A. Theo th&#7901;i gian, B ho&#224;n to&#224;n c&#243; th&#7875; tr&#7903; n&#234;n "gi&#224;u c&#243;" h&#417;n A, d&#249; thu nh&#7853;p kh&#7903;i &#273;i&#7875;m th&#7845;p h&#417;n.</p><p>C&#226;u chuy&#7879;n t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; c&#361;ng di&#7877;n ra &#7903; c&#7845;p &#273;&#7897; qu&#7889;c gia. GDP ch&#7881; ph&#7843;n &#225;nh d&#242;ng ch&#7843;y thu nh&#7853;p trong m&#7897;t k&#7923;, n&#243; kh&#244;ng th&#7875; hi&#7879;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7921; thay &#273;&#7893;i trong t&#224;i s&#7843;n r&#242;ng hay t&#7889;c &#273;&#7897; t&#237;ch l&#361;y s&#7921; gi&#224;u c&#243; c&#7911;a m&#7897;t qu&#7889;c gia. Y&#7871;u t&#7889; quan tr&#7885;ng quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh t&#7889;c &#273;&#7897; "gi&#224;u l&#234;n" ch&#237;nh l&#224; Ti&#7871;t ki&#7879;m (S) - ph&#7847;n thu nh&#7853;p c&#242;n l&#7841;i sau khi &#273;&#227; tr&#7915; &#273;i ti&#234;u d&#249;ng. C&#244;ng th&#7913;c &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n trong m&#7897;t n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; &#273;&#243;ng l&#224;: S (Ti&#7871;t ki&#7879;m) = GDP (Thu nh&#7853;p) &#8722; C (Ti&#234;u d&#249;ng)</p><p>M&#7897;t qu&#7889;c gia c&#243; t&#7927; l&#7879; ti&#234;u d&#249;ng cao so v&#7899;i thu nh&#7853;p s&#7869; c&#243; t&#7927; l&#7879; ti&#7871;t ki&#7879;m th&#7845;p, v&#224; ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i. T&#7927; l&#7879; ti&#7871;t ki&#7879;m cao cho ph&#233;p qu&#7889;c gia t&#237;ch l&#361;y v&#224; gia t&#259;ng t&#224;i s&#7843;n qu&#7889;c gia nhanh h&#417;n.</p><p>&#272;&#226;y ch&#237;nh l&#224; &#273;i&#7875;m kh&#225;c bi&#7879;t c&#7889;t l&#245;i khi so s&#225;nh M&#7929; v&#224; Trung Qu&#7889;c:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TOIS!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04b6f419-2952-4d0e-afe1-5f4905295e98_1694x993.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TOIS!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04b6f419-2952-4d0e-afe1-5f4905295e98_1694x993.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TOIS!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04b6f419-2952-4d0e-afe1-5f4905295e98_1694x993.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TOIS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04b6f419-2952-4d0e-afe1-5f4905295e98_1694x993.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TOIS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04b6f419-2952-4d0e-afe1-5f4905295e98_1694x993.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TOIS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04b6f419-2952-4d0e-afe1-5f4905295e98_1694x993.png" width="1456" height="853" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/04b6f419-2952-4d0e-afe1-5f4905295e98_1694x993.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:853,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:111746,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/162182305?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04b6f419-2952-4d0e-afe1-5f4905295e98_1694x993.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TOIS!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04b6f419-2952-4d0e-afe1-5f4905295e98_1694x993.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TOIS!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04b6f419-2952-4d0e-afe1-5f4905295e98_1694x993.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TOIS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04b6f419-2952-4d0e-afe1-5f4905295e98_1694x993.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TOIS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04b6f419-2952-4d0e-afe1-5f4905295e98_1694x993.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><ul><li><p>M&#7929;: &#272;&#7863;c tr&#432;ng b&#7903;i v&#259;n h&#243;a ti&#234;u d&#249;ng m&#7841;nh m&#7869;. T&#7927; tr&#7885;ng ti&#234;u d&#249;ng trong GDP chi&#7871;m t&#7899;i 66%, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&#224; chi ti&#234;u cho d&#7883;ch v&#7909;, nh&#7919;ng th&#7913; th&#432;&#7901;ng "bi&#7871;n m&#7845;t" sau khi s&#7917; d&#7909;ng. Trong khi &#273;&#243;, &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; ch&#7881; chi&#7871;m kho&#7843;ng h&#417;n 17% GDP.</p></li><li><p>Trung Qu&#7889;c: N&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; d&#7921;a nhi&#7873;u v&#224;o &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; v&#7899;i t&#7927; tr&#7885;ng chi&#7871;m &#273;&#7871;n 42% GDP, trong khi ti&#234;u d&#249;ng ch&#7881; chi&#7871;m h&#417;n 40%. Ph&#7847;n l&#7899;n thu nh&#7853;p &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra t&#7915; qu&#225; tr&#236;nh t&#237;ch lu&#7929; t&#224;i s&#7843;n kh&#7893;ng l&#7891; v&#224;o t&#224;i s&#7843;n c&#7889; &#273;&#7883;nh, h&#7841; t&#7847;ng, b&#7845;t &#273;&#7897;ng s&#7843;n, nh&#7919;ng t&#224;i s&#7843;n c&#243; gi&#225; tr&#7883; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng l&#226;u d&#224;i v&#224; l&#224;m t&#259;ng n&#259;ng l&#7921;c s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t c&#361;ng nh&#432; t&#224;i s&#7843;n v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t c&#7911;a qu&#7889;c gia.</p></li></ul><p>M&#7863;c d&#249; GDP c&#7911;a M&#7929; lu&#244;n cao h&#417;n Trung Qu&#7889;c, nh&#432;ng t&#7893;ng ti&#7871;t ki&#7879;m qu&#7889;c gia c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c &#273;&#227; v&#432;&#7907;t qua M&#7929; k&#7875; t&#7915; cu&#7897;c Kh&#7911;ng ho&#7843;ng T&#224;i ch&#237;nh To&#224;n c&#7847;u n&#259;m 2008 v&#224; kho&#7843;ng c&#225;ch ng&#224;y c&#224;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c n&#7899;i r&#7897;ng. &#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y c&#243; ngh&#297;a l&#224;, x&#233;t tr&#234;n g&#243;c &#273;&#7897; t&#7889;c &#273;&#7897; t&#237;ch l&#361;y t&#224;i s&#7843;n, Trung Qu&#7889;c &#273;&#227; v&#432;&#7907;t M&#7929; v&#224; &#273;ang "gi&#224;u l&#234;n" nhanh h&#417;n trong h&#417;n m&#7897;t th&#7853;p k&#7927; qua.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!18CD!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe33ee80b-e51a-4b58-b831-16ae8411df2f_1650x990.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!18CD!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe33ee80b-e51a-4b58-b831-16ae8411df2f_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!18CD!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe33ee80b-e51a-4b58-b831-16ae8411df2f_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!18CD!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe33ee80b-e51a-4b58-b831-16ae8411df2f_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!18CD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe33ee80b-e51a-4b58-b831-16ae8411df2f_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!18CD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe33ee80b-e51a-4b58-b831-16ae8411df2f_1650x990.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e33ee80b-e51a-4b58-b831-16ae8411df2f_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:65654,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/162182305?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe33ee80b-e51a-4b58-b831-16ae8411df2f_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!18CD!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe33ee80b-e51a-4b58-b831-16ae8411df2f_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!18CD!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe33ee80b-e51a-4b58-b831-16ae8411df2f_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!18CD!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe33ee80b-e51a-4b58-b831-16ae8411df2f_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!18CD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe33ee80b-e51a-4b58-b831-16ae8411df2f_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>V&#7853;y, "Tr&#7853;t t&#7921; c&#361;" tr&#432;&#7899;c khi nh&#7919;ng c&#259;ng th&#7859;ng th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i M&#7929; - Trung b&#249;ng n&#7893; l&#224; m&#7897;t tr&#7853;t t&#7921; m&#224;:</p><ul><li><p>M&#7929; v&#432;&#7907;t tr&#7897;i v&#7873; thu nh&#7853;p: Lu&#244;n d&#7851;n &#273;&#7847;u th&#7871; gi&#7899;i v&#7873; quy m&#244; GDP danh ngh&#297;a.</p></li><li><p>Trung Qu&#7889;c v&#432;&#7907;t tr&#7897;i v&#7873; t&#237;ch l&#361;y: V&#432;&#7907;t qua M&#7929; v&#7873; t&#7893;ng ti&#7871;t ki&#7879;m qu&#7889;c gia k&#7875; t&#7915; GFC 2008, &#273;&#7891;ng ngh&#297;a v&#7899;i t&#7889;c &#273;&#7897; gia t&#259;ng t&#224;i s&#7843;n h&#7919;u h&#236;nh nhanh h&#417;n.</p></li></ul><p>S&#7921; ph&#226;n c&#7921;c gi&#7919;a m&#7897;t b&#234;n l&#224; c&#7895; m&#225;y ti&#234;u d&#249;ng kh&#7893;ng l&#7891;, m&#7897;t b&#234;n l&#224; c&#7895; m&#225;y ti&#7871;t ki&#7879;m v&#224; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; kh&#7893;ng l&#7891; ch&#237;nh l&#224; m&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng n&#7873;n t&#7843;ng quan tr&#7885;ng d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n nh&#7919;ng m&#7845;t c&#226;n b&#7857;ng v&#224; c&#259;ng th&#7859;ng trong quan h&#7879; kinh t&#7871; to&#224;n c&#7847;u.</p><p>Trong m&#7897;t n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; &#273;&#243;ng, ti&#7871;t ki&#7879;m (S) ph&#7843;i b&#7857;ng &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; (I). M&#7885;i &#273;&#7891;ng ti&#7871;t ki&#7879;m s&#7869; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c d&#249;ng &#273;&#7875; t&#224;i tr&#7907; cho &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; trong n&#432;&#7899;c. Tuy nhi&#234;n, ch&#250;ng ta &#273;ang s&#7889;ng trong m&#7897;t th&#7871; gi&#7899;i to&#224;n c&#7847;u h&#243;a, n&#417;i v&#7889;n v&#224; h&#224;ng h&#243;a l&#432;u chuy&#7875;n t&#7921; do qua bi&#234;n gi&#7899;i. C&#244;ng th&#7913;c S = I kh&#244;ng c&#242;n &#273;&#250;ng m&#7897;t c&#225;ch tuy&#7879;t &#273;&#7889;i cho t&#7915;ng qu&#7889;c gia.</p><p>&#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y &#273;&#7863;t ra nh&#7919;ng c&#226;u h&#7887;i quan tr&#7885;ng:</p><ul><li><p>Chuy&#7879;n g&#236; x&#7843;y ra n&#7871;u m&#7897;t qu&#7889;c gia nh&#432; M&#7929; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; nhi&#7873;u h&#417;n s&#7889; ti&#7873;n m&#236;nh ti&#7871;t ki&#7879;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c?</p></li><li><p>T&#7841;i sao c&#225;c qu&#7889;c gia kh&#225;c kh&#244;ng th&#7875; &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n sao ch&#233;p m&#244; h&#236;nh &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; v&#224; ti&#7871;t ki&#7879;m cao nh&#432; Trung Qu&#7889;c &#273;&#7875; nhanh ch&#243;ng gi&#224;u l&#234;n?</p></li></ul><p>M&#7889;i quan h&#7879; ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p gi&#7919;a ti&#7871;t ki&#7879;m, &#273;&#7847;u t&#432;, ti&#234;u d&#249;ng v&#224; d&#242;ng ch&#7843;y v&#7889;n qu&#7889;c t&#7871; ch&#237;nh l&#224; ch&#236;a kh&#243;a &#273;&#7875; hi&#7875;u r&#245; h&#417;n v&#7873; m&#7897;t vai tr&#242; kh&#225;c gi&#7919;a Trung Qu&#7889;c v&#224; M&#7929;, &#273;&#243; l&#224; vai tr&#242; gi&#7919;a ch&#7911; n&#7907; v&#224; con n&#7907;. &#272;&#226;y s&#7869; l&#224; ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; ch&#250;ng ta kh&#225;m ph&#225; trong b&#224;i vi&#7871;t ti&#7871;p theo c&#7911;a chu&#7895;i b&#224;i n&#224;y.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Tại sao đưa sản xuất trở lại Mỹ là một ý tưởng tồi?]]></title><description><![CDATA[Trong l&#7847;n tr&#7903; l&#7841;i vai tr&#242; l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i l&#227;nh &#273;&#7841;o n&#432;&#7899;c M&#7929;, Donald Trump th&#432;&#7901;ng xuy&#234;n nh&#7845;n m&#7841;nh m&#7897;t m&#7909;c ti&#234;u &#273;&#7847;y tham v&#7885;ng: &#273;&#432;a ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t c&#244;ng nghi&#7879;p quay tr&#7903; l&#7841;i n&#432;&#7899;c M&#7929;.]]></description><link>https://40yo.vn/p/tai-sao-ua-san-xuat-tro-lai-my-la</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://40yo.vn/p/tai-sao-ua-san-xuat-tro-lai-my-la</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[40 Years Old]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 15 Apr 2025 04:54:39 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wpiy!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18aa85d6-bbe8-4cf9-abcf-ab2c13c224f9_1651x991.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Trong l&#7847;n tr&#7903; l&#7841;i vai tr&#242; l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i l&#227;nh &#273;&#7841;o n&#432;&#7899;c M&#7929;, Donald Trump th&#432;&#7901;ng xuy&#234;n nh&#7845;n m&#7841;nh m&#7897;t m&#7909;c ti&#234;u &#273;&#7847;y tham v&#7885;ng: &#273;&#432;a ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t c&#244;ng nghi&#7879;p quay tr&#7903; l&#7841;i n&#432;&#7899;c M&#7929;. Th&#244;ng &#273;i&#7879;p n&#224;y &#273;i k&#232;m v&#7899;i c&#225;c ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch thu&#7871; quan c&#7913;ng r&#7855;n nh&#7855;m v&#224;o c&#225;c qu&#7889;c gia c&#243; th&#7863;ng d&#432; th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i l&#7899;n v&#7899;i M&#7929; nh&#432; Trung Qu&#7889;c, nh&#7857;m chuy&#7875;n d&#7883;ch cu&#7895;i cung &#7913;ng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t tr&#7903; l&#7841;i M&#7929; &#273;&#7875; h&#432;&#7903;ng m&#7913;c thu&#7871; zero.</p><p>M&#7863;c d&#249; &#273;i&#7873;u n&#224;y tr&#7903; th&#224;nh m&#7897;t ph&#7847;n c&#7889;t l&#245;i trong th&#432;&#417;ng hi&#7879;u ch&#237;nh tr&#7883; c&#7911;a &#244;ng, song &#273;&#226;y d&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#432; l&#224; phong c&#225;ch &#8220;n&#243;i m&#7897;t &#273;&#7857;ng, l&#224;m m&#7897;t n&#7867;o&#8221; quen thu&#7897;c c&#7911;a Trump. Ph&#226;n t&#237;ch s&#226;u h&#417;n v&#7873; c&#225;c y&#7871;u t&#7889; kinh t&#7871; c&#7889;t l&#245;i cho th&#7845;y r&#7857;ng, vi&#7879;c theo &#273;u&#7893;i m&#7909;c ti&#234;u &#273;&#432;a s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t quy m&#244; l&#7899;n v&#7873; l&#7841;i M&#7929; kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; c&#7921;c k&#7923; kh&#243; kh&#259;n m&#224; c&#242;n c&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; m&#7897;t "&#253; t&#432;&#7903;ng t&#7891;i" v&#7873; m&#7863;t kinh t&#7871;, &#273;i ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i c&#225;c nguy&#234;n t&#7855;c v&#7873; l&#7907;i th&#7871; so s&#225;nh v&#224; t&#7889;i &#432;u h&#243;a ngu&#7891;n l&#7921;c.</p><blockquote><h4><strong>&#272;&#417;n gi&#7843;n l&#224; n&#432;&#7899;c M&#7929; kh&#244;ng &#273;&#7911; lao &#273;&#7897;ng</strong></h4></blockquote><p>M&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng tr&#7903; ng&#7841;i l&#7899;n nh&#7845;t v&#224; c&#417; b&#7843;n nh&#7845;t cho vi&#7879;c &#273;&#432;a s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t h&#224;ng lo&#7841;t tr&#7903; l&#7841;i M&#7929; ch&#237;nh l&#224; v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; ngu&#7891;n nh&#226;n l&#7921;c.</p><p>T&#7893;ng l&#7921;c l&#432;&#7907;ng lao &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7911;a M&#7929; hi&#7879;n nay dao &#273;&#7897;ng quanh m&#7889;c 160 tri&#7879;u ng&#432;&#7901;i. &#272;&#226;y l&#224; m&#7897;t con s&#7889; kh&#7893;ng l&#7891;, nh&#432;ng c&#417; c&#7845;u vi&#7879;c l&#224;m &#273;&#227; thay &#273;&#7893;i m&#7841;nh m&#7869; trong nhi&#7873;u th&#7853;p k&#7927; qua. Hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i, s&#7889; lao &#273;&#7897;ng l&#224;m vi&#7879;c tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p trong l&#297;nh v&#7921;c s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t ch&#7871; t&#7841;o ch&#7881; chi&#7871;m m&#7897;t ph&#7847;n nh&#7887;, kho&#7843;ng g&#7847;n 13 tri&#7879;u ng&#432;&#7901;i (theo d&#7919; li&#7879;u Nonfarm Payrolls g&#7847;n &#273;&#226;y). Ph&#7847;n l&#7899;n l&#7921;c l&#432;&#7907;ng lao &#273;&#7897;ng M&#7929; &#273;ang l&#224;m vi&#7879;c trong c&#225;c ng&#224;nh d&#7883;ch v&#7909;, t&#7915; t&#224;i ch&#237;nh, c&#244;ng ngh&#7879;, y t&#7871;, gi&#225;o d&#7909;c &#273;&#7871;n b&#225;n l&#7867; v&#224; du l&#7883;ch.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wpiy!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18aa85d6-bbe8-4cf9-abcf-ab2c13c224f9_1651x991.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wpiy!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18aa85d6-bbe8-4cf9-abcf-ab2c13c224f9_1651x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wpiy!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18aa85d6-bbe8-4cf9-abcf-ab2c13c224f9_1651x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wpiy!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18aa85d6-bbe8-4cf9-abcf-ab2c13c224f9_1651x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wpiy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18aa85d6-bbe8-4cf9-abcf-ab2c13c224f9_1651x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wpiy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18aa85d6-bbe8-4cf9-abcf-ab2c13c224f9_1651x991.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/18aa85d6-bbe8-4cf9-abcf-ab2c13c224f9_1651x991.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:75434,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/161359053?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18aa85d6-bbe8-4cf9-abcf-ab2c13c224f9_1651x991.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wpiy!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18aa85d6-bbe8-4cf9-abcf-ab2c13c224f9_1651x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wpiy!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18aa85d6-bbe8-4cf9-abcf-ab2c13c224f9_1651x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wpiy!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18aa85d6-bbe8-4cf9-abcf-ab2c13c224f9_1651x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wpiy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18aa85d6-bbe8-4cf9-abcf-ab2c13c224f9_1651x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Trong khi &#273;&#243;, &#432;&#7899;c t&#237;nh c&#225;c doanh nghi&#7879;p M&#7929; &#273;ang s&#7917; d&#7909;ng m&#7897;t l&#7921;c l&#432;&#7907;ng lao &#273;&#7897;ng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t kh&#7893;ng l&#7891; &#7903; b&#234;n ngo&#224;i bi&#234;n gi&#7899;i n&#432;&#7899;c n&#224;y. Con s&#7889; n&#224;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c cho l&#224; v&#224;o kho&#7843;ng 10-12 tri&#7879;u ng&#432;&#7901;i, bao g&#7891;m c&#7843; lao &#273;&#7897;ng l&#224;m vi&#7879;c tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p t&#7841;i c&#225;c chi nh&#225;nh, c&#244;ng ty con c&#7911;a M&#7929; &#7903; n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#224;i, l&#7851;n lao &#273;&#7897;ng t&#7841;i c&#225;c c&#244;ng ty &#273;&#7889;i t&#225;c trong chu&#7895;i cung &#7913;ng to&#224;n c&#7847;u ph&#7909;c v&#7909; cho c&#225;c t&#7853;p &#273;o&#224;n M&#7929;. &#272;&#226;y l&#224; nh&#7919;ng c&#244;ng vi&#7879;c s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c chuy&#7875;n ra n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#224;i trong nhi&#7873;u th&#7853;p k&#7927; qua &#273;&#7875; t&#7853;n d&#7909;ng c&#225;c l&#7907;i th&#7871; v&#7873; chi ph&#237;.</p><p>&#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y c&#243; ngh&#297;a l&#224; g&#236;? N&#7871;u gi&#7845;c m&#417; &#273;&#432;a to&#224;n b&#7897; ho&#7863;c ph&#7847;n l&#7899;n ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t n&#224;y quay tr&#7903; l&#7841;i M&#7929; th&#224;nh hi&#7879;n th&#7921;c, n&#432;&#7899;c M&#7929; s&#7869; c&#7847;n ph&#7843;i t&#236;m th&#234;m kho&#7843;ng 10-12 tri&#7879;u lao &#273;&#7897;ng s&#7861;n s&#224;ng l&#224;m vi&#7879;c trong c&#225;c nh&#224; m&#225;y. V&#7899;i l&#7921;c l&#432;&#7907;ng lao &#273;&#7897;ng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n c&#243; ch&#7881; g&#7847;n 13 tri&#7879;u, r&#245; r&#224;ng kh&#244;ng th&#7875; &#273;&#225;p &#7913;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nhu c&#7847;u n&#224;y. Ngu&#7891;n cung lao &#273;&#7897;ng duy nh&#7845;t c&#243; th&#7875; b&#249; &#273;&#7855;p ch&#237;nh l&#224; l&#7921;c l&#432;&#7907;ng lao &#273;&#7897;ng &#273;ang l&#224;m vi&#7879;c trong c&#225;c ng&#224;nh d&#7883;ch v&#7909;.</p><p>Vi&#7879;c d&#7883;ch chuy&#7875;n h&#224;ng tri&#7879;u lao &#273;&#7897;ng t&#7915; l&#297;nh v&#7921;c d&#7883;ch v&#7909; sang s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; m&#7897;t b&#224;i to&#225;n &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n. N&#243; &#273;&#7889;i m&#7863;t v&#7899;i h&#224;ng lo&#7841;t th&#225;ch th&#7913;c:</p><ul><li><p><strong>K&#7929; n&#259;ng kh&#244;ng t&#432;&#417;ng th&#237;ch:</strong> Lao &#273;&#7897;ng d&#7883;ch v&#7909; th&#432;&#7901;ng c&#243; k&#7929; n&#259;ng, kinh nghi&#7879;m v&#224; tr&#236;nh &#273;&#7897; &#273;&#224;o t&#7841;o kh&#225;c bi&#7879;t so v&#7899;i y&#234;u c&#7847;u c&#7911;a c&#244;ng vi&#7879;c s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i (v&#7853;n h&#224;nh m&#225;y m&#243;c, ki&#7875;m so&#225;t ch&#7845;t l&#432;&#7907;ng, t&#7921; &#273;&#7897;ng h&#243;a...). Kh&#244;ng d&#7877; d&#224;ng &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#432;a m&#7897;t giao vi&#234;n hay b&#225;c s&#297; ng&#7891;i tr&#234;n m&#7897;t b&#224;n m&#225;y may, vi&#7879;c &#273;&#224;o t&#7841;o l&#7841;i h&#224;ng tri&#7879;u ng&#432;&#7901;i s&#7869; t&#7889;n k&#233;m v&#224; m&#7845;t th&#7901;i gian.</p></li><li><p><strong>M&#7913;c l&#432;&#417;ng k&#7923; v&#7885;ng:</strong> Nhi&#7873;u c&#244;ng vi&#7879;c d&#7883;ch v&#7909;, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t trong c&#225;c ng&#224;nh c&#244;ng ngh&#7879;, t&#224;i ch&#237;nh, c&#243; m&#7913;c l&#432;&#417;ng v&#224; ph&#250;c l&#7907;i cao h&#417;n so v&#7899;i c&#225;c c&#244;ng vi&#7879;c s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng. Vi&#7879;c thu h&#250;t lao &#273;&#7897;ng d&#7883;ch v&#7909; chuy&#7875;n sang s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t &#273;&#242;i h&#7887;i m&#7897;t m&#7913;c l&#432;&#417;ng c&#7841;nh tranh, &#273;i&#7873;u n&#224;y l&#7841;i l&#224;m t&#259;ng chi ph&#237; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t t&#7841;i M&#7929;.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QwNU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc62559ed-6dcb-43be-9e29-4da842faccd8_1650x991.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QwNU!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc62559ed-6dcb-43be-9e29-4da842faccd8_1650x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QwNU!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc62559ed-6dcb-43be-9e29-4da842faccd8_1650x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QwNU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc62559ed-6dcb-43be-9e29-4da842faccd8_1650x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QwNU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc62559ed-6dcb-43be-9e29-4da842faccd8_1650x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QwNU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc62559ed-6dcb-43be-9e29-4da842faccd8_1650x991.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c62559ed-6dcb-43be-9e29-4da842faccd8_1650x991.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:95968,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/161359053?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc62559ed-6dcb-43be-9e29-4da842faccd8_1650x991.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QwNU!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc62559ed-6dcb-43be-9e29-4da842faccd8_1650x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QwNU!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc62559ed-6dcb-43be-9e29-4da842faccd8_1650x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QwNU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc62559ed-6dcb-43be-9e29-4da842faccd8_1650x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QwNU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc62559ed-6dcb-43be-9e29-4da842faccd8_1650x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div></li><li><p><strong>&#272;&#7883;a l&#253; v&#224; s&#7903; th&#237;ch:</strong> C&#225;c trung t&#226;m d&#7883;ch v&#7909; v&#224; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t th&#432;&#7901;ng kh&#244;ng tr&#249;ng kh&#7899;p v&#7873; m&#7863;t &#273;&#7883;a l&#253;. Vi&#7879;c di chuy&#7875;n ch&#7895; &#7903; v&#224; thay &#273;&#7893;i m&#244;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng l&#224;m vi&#7879;c l&#224; m&#7897;t r&#224;o c&#7843;n l&#7899;n. H&#417;n n&#7919;a, nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i lao &#273;&#7897;ng c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n l&#224; kh&#244;ng mu&#7889;n l&#224;m vi&#7879;c trong m&#244;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#224; m&#225;y.</p></li></ul><p>Do &#273;&#243;, v&#7873; m&#7863;t l&#253; thuy&#7871;t, M&#7929; kh&#244;ng c&#243; &#273;&#7911; lao &#273;&#7897;ng s&#7861;n c&#243; v&#224; ph&#249; h&#7907;p &#273;&#7875; thay th&#7871; cho l&#7921;c l&#432;&#7907;ng lao &#273;&#7897;ng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t kh&#7893;ng l&#7891; &#273;ang l&#224;m vi&#7879;c cho c&#225;c c&#244;ng ty M&#7929; &#7903; n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#224;i. B&#7845;t k&#7923; n&#7895; l&#7921;c &#233;p bu&#7897;c n&#224;o nh&#7857;m t&#225;i c&#244;ng nghi&#7879;p h&#243;a quy m&#244; l&#7899;n &#273;&#7873;u s&#7869; v&#7845;p ph&#7843;i b&#7913;c t&#432;&#7901;ng thi&#7871;u h&#7909;t lao &#273;&#7897;ng tr&#7847;m tr&#7885;ng.</p><blockquote><h4><strong>Th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng lao &#273;&#7897;ng M&#7929; &#273;ang r&#7845;t l&#224;nh m&#7841;nh</strong></h4></blockquote><p>Lu&#7853;n &#273;i&#7875;m k&#234;u g&#7885;i &#273;&#432;a s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t v&#7873; n&#432;&#7899;c th&#432;&#7901;ng &#7849;n ch&#7913;a gi&#7843; &#273;&#7883;nh r&#7857;ng n&#432;&#7899;c M&#7929; &#273;ang &#273;&#7889;i m&#7863;t v&#7899;i t&#236;nh tr&#7841;ng th&#7845;t nghi&#7879;p tr&#224;n lan trong ng&#224;nh s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t, v&#224; vi&#7879;c h&#7891;i h&#432;&#417;ng c&#225;c nh&#224; m&#225;y s&#7869; gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; n&#224;y. Tuy nhi&#234;n, d&#7919; li&#7879;u th&#7921;c t&#7871; l&#7841;i cho th&#7845;y m&#7897;t b&#7913;c tranh ho&#224;n to&#224;n kh&#225;c.</p><p>Th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng lao &#273;&#7897;ng M&#7929; trong nh&#7919;ng n&#259;m g&#7847;n &#273;&#226;y, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&#224; giai &#273;o&#7841;n tr&#432;&#7899;c v&#224; sau nh&#7919;ng bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7897;ng do &#273;&#7841;i d&#7883;ch, &#273;&#227; th&#7875; hi&#7879;n m&#7897;t s&#7913;c kh&#7887;e &#273;&#225;ng kinh ng&#7841;c. T&#7927; l&#7879; th&#7845;t nghi&#7879;p chung (U3) li&#234;n t&#7909;c duy tr&#236; &#7903; m&#7913;c r&#7845;t th&#7845;p. C&#225;c s&#7889; li&#7879;u g&#7847;n &#273;&#226;y cho th&#7845;y t&#7927; l&#7879; n&#224;y dao &#273;&#7897;ng quanh m&#7913;c 3.5% &#273;&#7871;n 4.2%, nh&#7919;ng con s&#7889; g&#7847;n v&#7899;i m&#7913;c th&#7845;p k&#7927; l&#7909;c trong v&#242;ng h&#417;n 50 n&#259;m, t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#432;&#417;ng v&#7899;i giai &#273;o&#7841;n cu&#7889;i nh&#7919;ng n&#259;m 1960, &#273;&#7847;u 1970.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fPcO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F785758e1-d8bd-4b4f-b916-f2c1779bbbaf_1650x990.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fPcO!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F785758e1-d8bd-4b4f-b916-f2c1779bbbaf_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fPcO!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F785758e1-d8bd-4b4f-b916-f2c1779bbbaf_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fPcO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F785758e1-d8bd-4b4f-b916-f2c1779bbbaf_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fPcO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F785758e1-d8bd-4b4f-b916-f2c1779bbbaf_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fPcO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F785758e1-d8bd-4b4f-b916-f2c1779bbbaf_1650x990.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/785758e1-d8bd-4b4f-b916-f2c1779bbbaf_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:78957,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/161359053?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F785758e1-d8bd-4b4f-b916-f2c1779bbbaf_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fPcO!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F785758e1-d8bd-4b4f-b916-f2c1779bbbaf_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fPcO!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F785758e1-d8bd-4b4f-b916-f2c1779bbbaf_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fPcO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F785758e1-d8bd-4b4f-b916-f2c1779bbbaf_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fPcO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F785758e1-d8bd-4b4f-b916-f2c1779bbbaf_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y cho th&#7845;y th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng lao &#273;&#7897;ng M&#7929; &#273;ang ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng g&#7847;n m&#7913;c to&#224;n d&#7909;ng lao &#273;&#7897;ng. Kh&#244;ng c&#243; m&#7897;t &#273;&#7897;i qu&#226;n th&#7845;t nghi&#7879;p &#273;&#244;ng &#273;&#7843;o &#273;ang ch&#7901; &#273;&#7907;i &#273;&#7875; l&#7845;p &#273;&#7847;y c&#225;c v&#7883; tr&#237; vi&#7879;c l&#224;m trong c&#225;c nh&#224; m&#225;y gi&#7843; &#273;&#7883;nh &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&#7891;i h&#432;&#417;ng. H&#7847;u h&#7871;t nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i mu&#7889;n l&#224;m vi&#7879;c v&#224; c&#243; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng l&#224;m vi&#7879;c &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&#227; c&#243; vi&#7879;c l&#224;m. N&#7871;u l&#7921;c l&#432;&#7907;ng lao &#273;&#7897;ng kh&#244;ng c&#243; &#8220;b&#7879;nh&#8221;, th&#236; kh&#244;ng c&#243; v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; g&#236; &#273;&#7875; c&#7847;n &#8220;ch&#7919;a&#8221; n&#243;.</p><blockquote><h4><strong>&#272;i ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i nguy&#234;n t&#7855;c t&#7889;i &#432;u h&#243;a ngu&#7891;n l&#7921;c</strong></h4></blockquote><p>L&#253; do c&#417; b&#7843;n nh&#7845;t khi&#7871;n vi&#7879;c &#273;&#432;a s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t h&#224;ng lo&#7841;t tr&#7903; l&#7841;i M&#7929; tr&#7903; th&#224;nh m&#7897;t &#253; t&#432;&#7903;ng "t&#7891;i" n&#7857;m &#7903; ch&#7895; n&#243; &#273;i ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i nguy&#234;n t&#7855;c kinh t&#7871; n&#7873;n t&#7843;ng v&#7873; l&#7907;i th&#7871; so s&#225;nh v&#224; t&#7889;i &#432;u h&#243;a ngu&#7891;n l&#7921;c to&#224;n c&#7847;u. C&#225;c doanh nghi&#7879;p M&#7929; kh&#244;ng chuy&#7875;n s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t ra n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#224;i m&#7897;t c&#225;ch ng&#7851;u nhi&#234;n; h&#7885; l&#224;m v&#7853;y v&#236; nh&#7919;ng l&#253; do kinh t&#7871; h&#7871;t s&#7913;c thuy&#7871;t ph&#7909;c.</p><ul><li><p><strong>L&#7907;i th&#7871; v&#7873; chi ph&#237;:</strong> &#272;&#226;y l&#224; y&#7871;u t&#7889; r&#245; r&#224;ng nh&#7845;t. Chi ph&#237; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t &#7903; nhi&#7873;u qu&#7889;c gia kh&#225;c, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&#224; c&#225;c n&#432;&#7899;c &#273;ang ph&#225;t tri&#7875;n &#7903; ch&#226;u &#193; v&#224; M&#7929; Latinh, th&#7845;p h&#417;n &#273;&#225;ng k&#7875; so v&#7899;i &#7903; M&#7929;.</p><ul><li><p>Chi ph&#237; lao &#273;&#7897;ng: D&#7919; li&#7879;u so s&#225;nh qu&#7889;c t&#7871; cho th&#7845;y s&#7921; ch&#234;nh l&#7879;ch kh&#7893;ng l&#7891;. M&#7913;c l&#432;&#417;ng th&#225;ng trung b&#236;nh &#7903; M&#7929; (v&#237; d&#7909;, kho&#7843;ng 6,300 USD g&#7847;n &#273;&#226;y) cao g&#7845;p nhi&#7873;u l&#7847;n so v&#7899;i &#7903; Mexico (kho&#7843;ng 850 USD), Trung Qu&#7889;c (kho&#7843;ng 1,200 USD), hay Vi&#7879;t Nam (kho&#7843;ng 350 USD). Ngay c&#7843; &#7903; c&#225;c n&#432;&#7899;c ch&#226;u &#194;u ph&#225;t tri&#7875;n, m&#7913;c l&#432;&#417;ng c&#361;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng th&#7845;p h&#417;n M&#7929;. B&#234;n c&#7841;nh &#273;&#243;, s&#7889; gi&#7901; l&#224;m vi&#7879;c h&#224;ng tu&#7847;n &#7903; nhi&#7873;u qu&#7889;c gia c&#361;ng c&#243; th&#7875; cao h&#417;n, g&#243;p ph&#7847;n gi&#7843;m chi ph&#237; tr&#234;n m&#7895;i &#273;&#417;n v&#7883; s&#7843;n ph&#7849;m.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r_1h!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7266672-b696-488c-9b8e-5d02f8fedaa1_1653x993.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r_1h!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7266672-b696-488c-9b8e-5d02f8fedaa1_1653x993.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r_1h!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7266672-b696-488c-9b8e-5d02f8fedaa1_1653x993.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r_1h!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7266672-b696-488c-9b8e-5d02f8fedaa1_1653x993.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r_1h!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7266672-b696-488c-9b8e-5d02f8fedaa1_1653x993.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r_1h!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7266672-b696-488c-9b8e-5d02f8fedaa1_1653x993.png" width="1456" height="875" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c7266672-b696-488c-9b8e-5d02f8fedaa1_1653x993.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:875,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:98694,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/161359053?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7266672-b696-488c-9b8e-5d02f8fedaa1_1653x993.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r_1h!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7266672-b696-488c-9b8e-5d02f8fedaa1_1653x993.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r_1h!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7266672-b696-488c-9b8e-5d02f8fedaa1_1653x993.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r_1h!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7266672-b696-488c-9b8e-5d02f8fedaa1_1653x993.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r_1h!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc7266672-b696-488c-9b8e-5d02f8fedaa1_1653x993.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div></li><li><p>Chi ph&#237; kh&#225;c: Ngo&#224;i lao &#273;&#7897;ng, c&#225;c chi ph&#237; kh&#225;c nh&#432; chi ph&#237; &#273;&#7845;t &#273;ai, x&#226;y d&#7921;ng nh&#224; x&#432;&#7903;ng, n&#259;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng, v&#224; &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&#224; chi ph&#237; tu&#226;n th&#7911; c&#225;c quy &#273;&#7883;nh v&#7873; m&#244;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng th&#7845;p h&#417;n &#7903; nhi&#7873;u qu&#7889;c gia kh&#225;c so v&#7899;i M&#7929;. Vi&#7879;c ph&#7843;i &#273;&#225;p &#7913;ng c&#225;c ti&#234;u chu&#7849;n m&#244;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng nghi&#234;m ng&#7863;t t&#7841;i M&#7929; l&#224;m t&#259;ng &#273;&#225;ng k&#7875; chi ph&#237; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t. Vi&#7879;c b&#7887; qua nh&#7919;ng l&#7907;i th&#7871; chi ph&#237; n&#224;y v&#224; bu&#7897;c s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t ph&#7843;i quay v&#7873; M&#7929; &#273;&#7891;ng ngh&#297;a v&#7899;i vi&#7879;c ch&#7845;p nh&#7853;n m&#7897;t m&#7863;t b&#7857;ng chi ph&#237; cao h&#417;n nhi&#7873;u, l&#224;m gi&#7843;m kh&#7843; n&#259;ng c&#7841;nh tranh c&#7911;a h&#224;ng h&#243;a M&#7929;.</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>Hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; d&#7847;u t&#432; v&#7889;n:</strong> Kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; h&#432;&#7903;ng l&#7907;i t&#7915; chi ph&#237; th&#7845;p, c&#225;c kho&#7843;n &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p (FDI) c&#7911;a M&#7929; ra n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#224;i c&#242;n cho th&#7845;y hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; sinh l&#7901;i v&#432;&#7907;t tr&#7897;i. D&#7919; li&#7879;u v&#7873; t&#7927; su&#7845;t l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n tr&#234;n t&#224;i s&#7843;n FDI cho th&#7845;y, trong su&#7889;t nhi&#7873;u n&#259;m (t&#7915; 1999 &#273;&#7871;n 2024), l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n m&#224; c&#225;c c&#244;ng ty M&#7929; thu &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7915; c&#225;c kho&#7843;n &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; &#7903; n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#224;i lu&#244;n cao h&#417;n &#273;&#225;ng k&#7875; so v&#7899;i l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n m&#224; c&#225;c c&#244;ng ty n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#224;i thu &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7915; FDI t&#7841;i M&#7929;. V&#237; d&#7909;, trong giai &#273;o&#7841;n 2003-2008, l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n FDI ra n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#224;i c&#7911;a M&#7929; th&#432;&#7901;ng dao &#273;&#7897;ng quanh m&#7913;c 8-11%, trong khi l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n FDI v&#224;o M&#7929; ch&#7881; kho&#7843;ng 3-4.5%. G&#7847;n &#273;&#226;y h&#417;n, d&#249; t&#7927; su&#7845;t l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n c&#243; gi&#7843;m, ch&#234;nh l&#7879;ch v&#7851;n th&#432;&#7901;ng xuy&#234;n t&#7891;n t&#7841;i, v&#237; d&#7909; n&#259;m 2023, l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n FDI ra n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#224;i l&#224; kho&#7843;ng 4.5-5% trong khi l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n FDI v&#224;o M&#7929; ch&#7881; kho&#7843;ng 2.7-3%. &#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y cho th&#7845;y c&#225;c doanh nghi&#7879;p M&#7929; &#273;ang ph&#226;n b&#7893; v&#7889;n r&#7845;t hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; tr&#234;n ph&#7841;m vi to&#224;n c&#7847;u, t&#236;m ki&#7871;m v&#224; khai th&#225;c c&#225;c c&#417; h&#7897;i &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; sinh l&#7901;i cao &#7903; n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#224;i. L&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n thu v&#7873; t&#7915; c&#225;c ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng n&#224;y &#273;&#243;ng g&#243;p kh&#244;ng nh&#7887; v&#224;o thu nh&#7853;p qu&#7889;c gia c&#7911;a M&#7929;. Vi&#7879;c &#233;p bu&#7897;c c&#225;c doanh nghi&#7879;p n&#224;y ph&#7843;i chuy&#7875;n s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t v&#7873; n&#432;&#7899;c, n&#417;i chi ph&#237; cao h&#417;n v&#224; ti&#7873;m n&#259;ng l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n th&#7845;p h&#417;n, c&#243; th&#7875; l&#224;m gi&#7843;m hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng v&#7889;n t&#7893;ng th&#7875; c&#7911;a n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; M&#7929;.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7LRv!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F30b85282-1ca1-459e-ab6e-187795af9386_1650x991.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7LRv!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F30b85282-1ca1-459e-ab6e-187795af9386_1650x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7LRv!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F30b85282-1ca1-459e-ab6e-187795af9386_1650x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7LRv!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F30b85282-1ca1-459e-ab6e-187795af9386_1650x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7LRv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F30b85282-1ca1-459e-ab6e-187795af9386_1650x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7LRv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F30b85282-1ca1-459e-ab6e-187795af9386_1650x991.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/30b85282-1ca1-459e-ab6e-187795af9386_1650x991.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:87385,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/161359053?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F30b85282-1ca1-459e-ab6e-187795af9386_1650x991.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7LRv!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F30b85282-1ca1-459e-ab6e-187795af9386_1650x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7LRv!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F30b85282-1ca1-459e-ab6e-187795af9386_1650x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7LRv!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F30b85282-1ca1-459e-ab6e-187795af9386_1650x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7LRv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F30b85282-1ca1-459e-ab6e-187795af9386_1650x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div></li></ul><p>Vi&#7879;c x&#226;y d&#7921;ng c&#225;c chu&#7895;i cung &#7913;ng to&#224;n c&#7847;u, t&#7853;n d&#7909;ng l&#7907;i th&#7871; so s&#225;nh c&#7911;a t&#7915;ng qu&#7889;c gia (chi ph&#237; lao &#273;&#7897;ng, c&#244;ng ngh&#7879;, t&#224;i nguy&#234;n, th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng...) l&#224; m&#7897;t xu th&#7871; t&#7845;t y&#7871;u c&#7911;a kinh t&#7871; hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i, gi&#250;p t&#7889;i &#432;u h&#243;a hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t v&#224; mang l&#7841;i l&#7907;i &#237;ch cho c&#7843; doanh nghi&#7879;p l&#7851;n ng&#432;&#7901;i ti&#234;u d&#249;ng th&#244;ng qua gi&#225; c&#7843; c&#7841;nh tranh h&#417;n. &#272;&#242;i h&#7887;i &#273;&#432;a s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t tr&#7903; l&#7841;i M&#7929; m&#7897;t c&#225;ch c&#7913;ng nh&#7855;c ch&#237;nh l&#224; &#273;i ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i logic kinh t&#7871; n&#224;y, ch&#7845;p nh&#7853;n s&#7921; k&#233;m hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; v&#224; chi ph&#237; cao h&#417;n.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Chúng ta đang hiểu sai về Trump]]></title><description><![CDATA[Ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch "thu&#7871; &#273;&#7889;i &#7913;ng" c&#7911;a T&#7893;ng th&#7889;ng Trump c&#244;ng b&#7889; ng&#224;y 2/4/2025 &#273;&#227; g&#226;y ra c&#417;n &#273;&#7883;a ch&#7845;n tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng t&#224;i ch&#237;nh. D&#249; b&#7883; coi l&#224; b&#432;&#7899;c &#273;i h&#432;&#7899;ng t&#7899;i suy tho&#225;i, li&#7879;u c&#243; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng &#273;&#226;y ch&#7881; l&#224; b&#7873; n&#7893;i? B&#224;i vi&#7871;t n&#224;y l&#7853;p lu&#7853;n r&#7857;ng m&#7909;c ti&#234;u th&#7921;c s&#7921; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; b&#7843;o h&#7897; &#273;&#417;n thu&#7847;n, m&#224; l&#224; m&#7897;t &#273;&#242;n b&#7849;y tinh vi nh&#7857;m th&#250;c &#273;&#7849;y xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u c&#7911;a M&#7929;.]]></description><link>https://40yo.vn/p/chung-ta-ang-hieu-sai-ve-trump</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://40yo.vn/p/chung-ta-ang-hieu-sai-ve-trump</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[40 Years Old]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 08 Apr 2025 00:03:59 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K1Bp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ec9c8a6-7d18-4192-b6f6-d36f5a65fab9_1650x990.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Ng&#224;y 2 th&#225;ng 4 n&#259;m 2025, m&#7897;t th&#244;ng b&#225;o t&#7915; Nh&#224; Tr&#7855;ng d&#432;&#7899;i th&#7901;i T&#7893;ng th&#7889;ng Donald Trump &#273;&#227; l&#224;m rung chuy&#7875;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng t&#224;i ch&#237;nh to&#224;n c&#7847;u. V&#7899;i m&#7897;t phong c&#225;ch quy&#7871;t &#273;o&#225;n v&#224; c&#243; ph&#7847;n g&#226;y tranh c&#227;i quen thu&#7897;c, &#244;ng Trump &#273;&#227; c&#244;ng b&#7889; m&#7897;t ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch thu&#7871; quan m&#7899;i, &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&#7885;i l&#224; "thu&#7871; &#273;&#7889;i &#7913;ng", nh&#7855;m v&#224;o h&#417;n 180 n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; tr&#234;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i. C&#244;ng th&#7913;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#432;a ra g&#226;y ng&#7841;c nhi&#234;n v&#236; s&#7921; &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n c&#7911;a n&#243;: m&#7913;c thu&#7871; &#225;p d&#7909;ng cho h&#224;ng h&#243;a t&#7915; m&#7897;t qu&#7889;c gia v&#224;o M&#7929; s&#7869; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#237;nh b&#7857;ng m&#7897;t n&#7917;a m&#7913;c th&#226;m h&#7909;t th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i c&#7911;a M&#7929; &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i qu&#7889;c gia &#273;&#243;, chia cho t&#7893;ng kim ng&#7841;ch xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u c&#7911;a qu&#7889;c gia &#273;&#243; v&#224;o th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng M&#7929;.</p><p>Ngay l&#7853;p t&#7913;c, c&#225;c ch&#7881; s&#7889; ch&#7913;ng kho&#225;n l&#7899;n c&#7911;a M&#7929; v&#224; to&#224;n c&#7847;u &#273;&#227; lao d&#7889;c kh&#244;ng phanh. L&#224;n s&#243;ng b&#225;n th&#225;o lan r&#7897;ng ph&#7843;n &#225;nh n&#7895;i lo s&#7907; bao tr&#249;m c&#7911;a gi&#7899;i &#273;&#7847;u t&#432;. L&#7853;p lu&#7853;n ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#432;a ra l&#224; ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch thu&#7871; quan n&#224;y s&#7869; l&#224;m t&#259;ng gi&#225; h&#224;ng h&#243;a nh&#7853;p kh&#7849;u, b&#243;p ngh&#7865;t s&#7913;c mua c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i ti&#234;u d&#249;ng M&#7929;, g&#226;y t&#7893;n h&#7841;i cho c&#225;c doanh nghi&#7879;p ph&#7909; thu&#7897;c v&#224;o chu&#7895;i cung &#7913;ng to&#224;n c&#7847;u, v&#224; cu&#7889;i c&#249;ng c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#7849;y n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; l&#7899;n nh&#7845;t th&#7871; gi&#7899;i c&#249;ng c&#7843; th&#7871; gi&#7899;i v&#224;o m&#7897;t cu&#7897;c suy tho&#225;i m&#7899;i.</p><p>Tuy nhi&#234;n, gi&#7919;a c&#417;n ho&#7843;ng lo&#7841;n c&#7911;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng v&#224; nh&#7919;ng ph&#226;n t&#237;ch ti&#234;u c&#7921;c d&#7891;n d&#7853;p, li&#7879;u c&#243; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng r&#7857;ng t&#7845;t c&#7843; ch&#250;ng ta &#273;ang hi&#7875;u sai v&#7873; &#253; &#273;&#7883;nh th&#7921;c s&#7921; c&#7911;a Trump?</p><blockquote><h4><strong>T&#7915; ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a tr&#7885;ng th&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7871;n th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i t&#7921; do</strong></h4></blockquote><p>&#272;&#7875; hi&#7875;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c kh&#7843; n&#259;ng ch&#250;ng ta &#273;ang hi&#7875;u sai v&#7873; Trump, tr&#432;&#7899;c h&#7871;t c&#7847;n xem x&#233;t hai l&#259;ng k&#237;nh &#273;&#7889;i l&#7853;p v&#7873; th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i qu&#7889;c t&#7871; v&#224; th&#226;m h&#7909;t th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i.</p><p>H&#227;y t&#432;&#7903;ng t&#432;&#7907;ng m&#7897;t n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; &#273;&#243;ng r&#7845;t &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n, ch&#7881; c&#243; doanh nghi&#7879;p n&#7897;i &#273;&#7883;a A v&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i ti&#234;u d&#249;ng B. Doanh nghi&#7879;p A s&#7917; d&#7909;ng 8 &#273;&#7891;ng ngu&#7891;n l&#7921;c (lao &#273;&#7897;ng, v&#7889;n, nguy&#234;n li&#7879;u...) &#273;&#7875; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t ra s&#7843;n ph&#7849;m X v&#224; b&#225;n cho B v&#7899;i gi&#225; 10 &#273;&#7891;ng, thu v&#7873; l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n 2 &#273;&#7891;ng. M&#7885;i chuy&#7879;n di&#7877;n ra b&#236;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng trong ph&#7841;m vi qu&#7889;c gia.</p><p>B&#226;y gi&#7901;, xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n doanh nghi&#7879;p C t&#7915; m&#7897;t qu&#7889;c gia kh&#225;c. Doanh nghi&#7879;p C c&#361;ng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t s&#7843;n ph&#7849;m X t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921;, nh&#432;ng nh&#7901; l&#7907;i th&#7871; n&#224;o &#273;&#243; (nh&#226;n c&#244;ng r&#7867; h&#417;n, c&#244;ng ngh&#7879; t&#7889;t h&#417;n...), h&#7885; ch&#7881; t&#7889;n 7 &#273;&#7891;ng ngu&#7891;n l&#7921;c. Do &#273;&#243;, C c&#243; th&#7875; b&#225;n s&#7843;n ph&#7849;m X cho ng&#432;&#7901;i ti&#234;u d&#249;ng B v&#7899;i gi&#225; ch&#7881; 9 &#273;&#7891;ng m&#224; v&#7851;n c&#243; l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n 2 &#273;&#7891;ng. &#272;&#432;&#417;ng nhi&#234;n, ng&#432;&#7901;i ti&#234;u d&#249;ng B s&#7869; l&#7921;a ch&#7885;n mua h&#224;ng c&#7911;a C v&#236; gi&#225; r&#7867; h&#417;n. K&#7871;t qu&#7843; l&#224; doanh nghi&#7879;p A kh&#244;ng b&#225;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&#224;ng, v&#224; 9 &#273;&#7891;ng t&#7915; t&#250;i c&#7911;a B (v&#224; n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; trong n&#432;&#7899;c) &#273;&#227; ch&#7843;y sang qu&#7889;c gia c&#7911;a C.</p><p>Nh&#236;n v&#224;o giao d&#7883;ch n&#224;y, m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i theo ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a tr&#7885;ng th&#432;&#417;ng, s&#7869; c&#243; xu h&#432;&#7899;ng ngh&#297; r&#7857;ng: Qu&#7889;c gia c&#7911;a B v&#224; A &#273;&#227; thua thi&#7879;t. Ti&#7873;n &#273;&#227; ch&#7843;y ra kh&#7887;i &#273;&#7845;t n&#432;&#7899;c. Qu&#7889;c gia c&#7911;a C r&#245; r&#224;ng l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i h&#432;&#7903;ng l&#7907;i, h&#7885; &#273;&#227; "r&#250;t t&#250;i" &#273;&#432;&#7907;c 9 &#273;&#7891;ng t&#7915; qu&#7889;c gia kia. Th&#226;m h&#7909;t th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i l&#224; m&#7897;t d&#7845;u hi&#7879;u c&#7911;a s&#7921; y&#7871;u k&#233;m, l&#224; s&#7921; m&#7845;t m&#225;t c&#7911;a c&#7843;i qu&#7889;c gia. Quan &#273;i&#7875;m n&#224;y d&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#432; c&#361;ng t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7891;ng v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng ph&#225;t bi&#7875;u th&#432;&#7901;ng th&#7845;y c&#7911;a &#244;ng Trump v&#7873; vi&#7879;c c&#225;c qu&#7889;c gia kh&#225;c "l&#7907;i d&#7909;ng" n&#432;&#7899;c M&#7929; th&#244;ng qua th&#226;m h&#7909;t th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i. Vi&#7879;c &#225;p thu&#7871; &#273;&#7889;i &#7913;ng, theo logic n&#224;y l&#224; &#273;&#7875; ng&#259;n ch&#7863;n d&#242;ng ti&#7873;n ch&#7843;y ra, b&#7843;o v&#7879; doanh nghi&#7879;p n&#7897;i &#273;&#7883;a A.</p><p>Tuy nhi&#234;n, ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i t&#7921; do l&#7841;i &#273;&#432;a ra m&#7897;t g&#243;c nh&#236;n ho&#224;n to&#224;n kh&#225;c. H&#7885;c thuy&#7871;t n&#224;y xem th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i qu&#7889;c t&#7871; nh&#432; m&#7897;t tr&#242; ch&#417;i c&#243; t&#7893;ng d&#432;&#417;ng, n&#417;i t&#7845;t c&#7843; c&#225;c b&#234;n tham gia &#273;&#7873;u c&#243; th&#7875; c&#249;ng c&#243; l&#7907;i. L&#7907;i &#237;ch kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; n&#7857;m &#7903; vi&#7879;c b&#225;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&#224;ng (nh&#432; C) hay mua &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&#224;ng gi&#225; r&#7867; (nh&#432; B). N&#243; ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p h&#417;n v&#224; c&#7847;n xem x&#233;t c&#225;c y&#7871;u t&#7889; sau:</p><ol><li><p>Chi ph&#237; th&#7921;c s&#7921; c&#7911;a C: &#272;i&#7873;u g&#236; x&#7843;y ra n&#7871;u qu&#7889;c gia C, m&#7863;c d&#249; b&#225;n s&#7843;n ph&#7849;m X v&#7899;i gi&#225; 9 &#273;&#7891;ng, nh&#432;ng th&#7921;c t&#7871; &#273;&#227; ph&#7843;i s&#7917; d&#7909;ng &#273;&#7871;n 9 &#273;&#7891;ng ngu&#7891;n l&#7921;c (v&#237; d&#7909; do chi ph&#237; m&#244;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng kh&#244;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#237;nh to&#225;n &#273;&#7847;y &#273;&#7911;, ho&#7863;c do tr&#7907; c&#7845;p c&#7911;a ch&#237;nh ph&#7911; l&#224;m m&#233;o m&#243; chi ph&#237;)? Khi &#273;&#243;, l&#7907;i &#237;ch th&#7921;c s&#7921; m&#224; qu&#7889;c gia C nh&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7915; giao d&#7883;ch n&#224;y l&#224; kh&#244;ng &#273;&#225;ng k&#7875;, th&#7853;m ch&#237; c&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; &#226;m n&#7871;u t&#237;nh &#273;&#7847;y &#273;&#7911; chi ph&#237; x&#227; h&#7897;i.</p></li><li><p>Chi ph&#237; c&#417; h&#7897;i c&#7911;a C: Thay v&#236; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t X v&#224; b&#225;n v&#7899;i gi&#225; 9 &#273;&#7891;ng, c&#243; th&#7875; qu&#7889;c gia C c&#243; l&#7907;i th&#7871; &#273;&#7875; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t m&#7897;t s&#7843;n ph&#7849;m Y kh&#225;c v&#224; b&#225;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c v&#7899;i gi&#225; 10 &#273;&#7891;ng. Vi&#7879;c t&#7853;p trung v&#224;o s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t X gi&#225; r&#7867; c&#243; th&#7875; khi&#7871;n C b&#7887; l&#7905; c&#417; h&#7897;i t&#7841;o ra gi&#225; tr&#7883; cao h&#417;n &#7903; l&#297;nh v&#7921;c kh&#225;c.</p></li><li><p>S&#7921; th&#237;ch &#7913;ng c&#7911;a A: Khi kh&#244;ng c&#242;n c&#7841;nh tranh &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#7903; s&#7843;n ph&#7849;m X, doanh nghi&#7879;p A kh&#244;ng nh&#7845;t thi&#7871;t ph&#7843;i &#273;&#243;ng c&#7917;a. H&#7885; c&#243; th&#7875; chuy&#7875;n &#273;&#7893;i ngu&#7891;n l&#7921;c (lao &#273;&#7897;ng, v&#7889;n) sang s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t m&#7897;t s&#7843;n ph&#7849;m Z n&#224;o &#273;&#243; m&#224; h&#7885; c&#243; l&#7907;i th&#7871; h&#417;n, v&#237; d&#7909; b&#225;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c v&#7899;i gi&#225; 11 &#273;&#7891;ng.</p></li></ol><p>N&#7871;u tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p (1) ho&#7863;c (2) x&#7843;y ra, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i v&#7899;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p (3) th&#236; m&#7889;i quan h&#7879; th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i c&#7911;a qu&#7889;c gia nh&#7853;p kh&#7849;u v&#224; xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u kh&#244;ng h&#7859;n l&#224; m&#7897;t m&#7889;i quan h&#7879; c&#243; l&#7907;i &#237;ch nghi&#234;n v&#7873; qu&#7889;c gia xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u. N&#243; c&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; m&#7897;t quan h&#7879; "win-loss" theo h&#432;&#7899;ng c&#243; l&#7907;i cho qu&#7889;c gia nh&#7853;p kh&#7849;u (ng&#432;&#7901;i ti&#234;u d&#249;ng B &#273;&#432;&#7907;c l&#7907;i t&#7915; gi&#225; r&#7867;, doanh nghi&#7879;p A chuy&#7875;n sang s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; h&#417;n), ho&#7863;c th&#7853;m ch&#237; l&#224; "win-win" n&#7871;u c&#7843; hai qu&#7889;c gia &#273;&#7873;u t&#225;i ph&#226;n b&#7893; ngu&#7891;n l&#7921;c hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; h&#417;n d&#7921;a tr&#234;n l&#7907;i th&#7871; so s&#225;nh c&#7911;a m&#236;nh. M&#7895;i qu&#7889;c gia n&#234;n chuy&#234;n m&#244;n h&#243;a v&#224;o vi&#7879;c s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t v&#224; xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u nh&#7919;ng g&#236; h&#7885; l&#224;m t&#7889;t nh&#7845;t (c&#243; chi ph&#237; c&#417; h&#7897;i th&#7845;p nh&#7845;t) v&#224; nh&#7853;p kh&#7849;u nh&#7919;ng th&#7913; kh&#225;c. Ng&#432;&#7901;i ti&#234;u d&#249;ng B &#273;&#432;&#7907;c l&#7907;i t&#7915; gi&#225; r&#7867;, doanh nghi&#7879;p A t&#236;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&#432;&#7899;ng &#273;i m&#7899;i hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; h&#417;n, v&#224; ngay c&#7843; doanh nghi&#7879;p C c&#361;ng c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;ang s&#7917; d&#7909;ng ngu&#7891;n l&#7921;c c&#7911;a m&#236;nh m&#7897;t c&#225;ch t&#7889;i &#432;u nh&#7845;t theo l&#7907;i th&#7871; so s&#225;nh.</p><pre><code>Nh&#432; v&#7853;y, vi&#7879;c nh&#236;n nh&#7853;n th&#226;m h&#7909;t th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i &#273;&#417;n thu&#7847;n l&#224; "b&#7883; l&#7907;i d&#7909;ng" theo ki&#7875;u tr&#7885;ng th&#432;&#417;ng l&#224; m&#7897;t c&#225;ch ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n phi&#7871;n di&#7879;n, b&#7887; qua nh&#7919;ng l&#7907;i &#237;ch ti&#7873;m &#7849;n t&#7915; hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; ph&#226;n b&#7893; ngu&#7891;n l&#7921;c v&#224; l&#7907;i &#237;ch c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i ti&#234;u d&#249;ng. V&#224; ch&#250;ng t&#244;i tin l&#224; Trump nh&#7853;n ra &#273;i&#7873;u n&#224;y.</code></pre><blockquote><h4><strong>Th&#226;m h&#7909;t M&#7929; - Trung: ai th&#7855;ng, ai thua?</strong></h4></blockquote><p>M&#7889;i quan h&#7879; th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i gi&#7919;a M&#7929; v&#224; Trung Qu&#7889;c, v&#7899;i th&#226;m h&#7909;t kh&#7893;ng l&#7891; nghi&#234;ng v&#7873; ph&#237;a M&#7929; trong nhi&#7873;u n&#259;m, l&#224; v&#237; d&#7909; &#273;i&#7875;n h&#236;nh cho cu&#7897;c tranh lu&#7853;n n&#224;y. Li&#7879;u Trung Qu&#7889;c c&#243; th&#7921;c s&#7921; l&#224; b&#234;n h&#432;&#7903;ng l&#7907;i tuy&#7879;t &#273;&#7889;i v&#224; M&#7929; l&#224; k&#7867; thua cu&#7897;c r&#245; r&#224;ng?</p><p><strong>V&#7873; ph&#237;a Trung Qu&#7889;c:</strong></p><p>Vi&#7879;c ch&#7881; nh&#236;n v&#224;o con s&#7889; th&#226;m h&#7909;t th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i v&#224; k&#7871;t lu&#7853;n Trung Qu&#7889;c "th&#7855;ng" c&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; m&#7897;t s&#7921; v&#7897;i v&#224;ng. C&#243; nh&#7919;ng d&#7845;u hi&#7879;u cho th&#7845;y l&#7907;i &#237;ch th&#7921;c s&#7921; m&#224; Trung Qu&#7889;c thu &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7915; vi&#7879;c xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u &#7891; &#7841;t sang M&#7929; kh&#244;ng l&#7899;n nh&#432; v&#7867; ngo&#224;i:</p><ul><li><p>Hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; c&#244;ng nghi&#7879;p gi&#7843;m s&#250;t: M&#244; h&#236;nh t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng d&#7921;a v&#224;o &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; &#7891; &#7841;t v&#224; xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u gi&#225; r&#7867; c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c &#273;ang &#273;&#7889;i m&#7863;t v&#7899;i nhi&#7873;u th&#225;ch th&#7913;c. Nh&#7919;ng l&#7907;i th&#7871; c&#7841;nh tranh ban &#273;&#7847;u nh&#432; chi ph&#237; nh&#226;n c&#244;ng th&#7845;p, ti&#234;u chu&#7849;n m&#244;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng l&#7887;ng l&#7867;o &#273;ang d&#7847;n m&#7845;t &#273;i. Chi ph&#237; lao &#273;&#7897;ng t&#259;ng, &#225;p l&#7921;c v&#7873; m&#244;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng ng&#224;y c&#224;ng l&#7899;n, v&#224; s&#7921; c&#7841;nh tranh t&#7915; c&#225;c qu&#7889;c gia kh&#225;c &#273;ang l&#224;m x&#243;i m&#242;n l&#7907;i th&#7871; c&#7911;a ng&#224;nh c&#244;ng nghi&#7879;p Trung Qu&#7889;c. D&#7919; li&#7879;u g&#7847;n &#273;&#226;y cho th&#7845;y m&#7897;t b&#7913;c tranh &#273;&#225;ng lo ng&#7841;i: t&#7927; l&#7879; c&#225;c doanh nghi&#7879;p c&#244;ng nghi&#7879;p thua l&#7895; &#7903; Trung Qu&#7889;c &#273;&#227; gia t&#259;ng &#273;&#225;ng k&#7875;, c&#243; th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m ti&#7871;n g&#7847;n &#273;&#7871;n m&#7913;c 30%. &#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y cho th&#7845;y nhi&#7873;u doanh nghi&#7879;p &#273;ang ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng d&#432;&#7899;i &#225;p l&#7921;c l&#7899;n, kh&#244;ng c&#242;n d&#7877; d&#224;ng ki&#7871;m l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n nh&#432; tr&#432;&#7899;c.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K1Bp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ec9c8a6-7d18-4192-b6f6-d36f5a65fab9_1650x990.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K1Bp!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ec9c8a6-7d18-4192-b6f6-d36f5a65fab9_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K1Bp!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ec9c8a6-7d18-4192-b6f6-d36f5a65fab9_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K1Bp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ec9c8a6-7d18-4192-b6f6-d36f5a65fab9_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K1Bp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ec9c8a6-7d18-4192-b6f6-d36f5a65fab9_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K1Bp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ec9c8a6-7d18-4192-b6f6-d36f5a65fab9_1650x990.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9ec9c8a6-7d18-4192-b6f6-d36f5a65fab9_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:61539,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/160802504?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ec9c8a6-7d18-4192-b6f6-d36f5a65fab9_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K1Bp!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ec9c8a6-7d18-4192-b6f6-d36f5a65fab9_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K1Bp!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ec9c8a6-7d18-4192-b6f6-d36f5a65fab9_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K1Bp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ec9c8a6-7d18-4192-b6f6-d36f5a65fab9_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K1Bp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ec9c8a6-7d18-4192-b6f6-d36f5a65fab9_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div></li><li><p><strong>Bi&#234;n l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n m&#7887;ng:</strong> Ngay c&#7843; khi c&#243; l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n, bi&#234;n l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n c&#7911;a ng&#224;nh c&#244;ng nghi&#7879;p Trung Qu&#7889;c nh&#236;n chung l&#224; r&#7845;t th&#7845;p. C&#225;c s&#7889; li&#7879;u cho th&#7845;y bi&#234;n l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n ch&#7881; dao &#273;&#7897;ng quanh m&#7913;c 4-6% trong nh&#7919;ng n&#259;m g&#7847;n &#273;&#226;y, th&#7845;p h&#417;n &#273;&#225;ng k&#7875; so v&#7899;i c&#225;c giai &#273;o&#7841;n tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#243; ho&#7863;c so v&#7899;i c&#225;c ng&#224;nh c&#244;ng nghi&#7879;p &#7903; c&#225;c n&#432;&#7899;c ph&#225;t tri&#7875;n. H&#417;n n&#7919;a, c&#7847;n ph&#7843;i t&#237;nh &#273;&#7871;n vai tr&#242; c&#7911;a ch&#237;nh ph&#7911; Trung Qu&#7889;c trong vi&#7879;c h&#7895; tr&#7907; c&#225;c doanh nghi&#7879;p th&#244;ng qua c&#225;c ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch tr&#7907; c&#7845;p, &#432;u &#273;&#227;i thu&#7871;, v&#7889;n vay gi&#225; r&#7867;... N&#7871;u lo&#7841;i b&#7887; y&#7871;u t&#7889; h&#7895; tr&#7907; n&#224;y, l&#7907;i &#237;ch qu&#7889;c gia th&#7921;c s&#7921; thu &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7915; ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u c&#244;ng nghi&#7879;p c&#243; th&#7875; c&#242;n m&#7887;ng h&#417;n n&#7919;a. Trung Qu&#7889;c c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;ang "hy sinh l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n" &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#7893;i l&#7845;y quy m&#244; xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u v&#224; th&#7883; ph&#7847;n, m&#7897;t chi&#7871;n l&#432;&#7907;c c&#243; th&#7875; kh&#244;ng b&#7873;n v&#7919;ng trong d&#224;i h&#7841;n.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fyhI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F840aa7a2-8b47-4a2f-a921-052b15f3498f_1650x990.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fyhI!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F840aa7a2-8b47-4a2f-a921-052b15f3498f_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fyhI!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F840aa7a2-8b47-4a2f-a921-052b15f3498f_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fyhI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F840aa7a2-8b47-4a2f-a921-052b15f3498f_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fyhI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F840aa7a2-8b47-4a2f-a921-052b15f3498f_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fyhI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F840aa7a2-8b47-4a2f-a921-052b15f3498f_1650x990.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/840aa7a2-8b47-4a2f-a921-052b15f3498f_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:59473,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/160802504?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F840aa7a2-8b47-4a2f-a921-052b15f3498f_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fyhI!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F840aa7a2-8b47-4a2f-a921-052b15f3498f_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fyhI!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F840aa7a2-8b47-4a2f-a921-052b15f3498f_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fyhI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F840aa7a2-8b47-4a2f-a921-052b15f3498f_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fyhI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F840aa7a2-8b47-4a2f-a921-052b15f3498f_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div></li></ul><p><strong>V&#7873; ph&#237;a M&#7929;:</strong></p><p>Ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i, vi&#7879;c M&#7929; li&#234;n t&#7909;c th&#226;m h&#7909;t th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i kh&#244;ng &#273;&#7891;ng ngh&#297;a v&#7899;i vi&#7879;c M&#7929; ho&#224;n to&#224;n l&#224; b&#234;n thua thi&#7879;t:</p><ul><li><p>Chuy&#7875;n d&#7883;ch sang D&#7883;ch v&#7909;: N&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; M&#7929; &#273;&#227; c&#243; s&#7921; chuy&#7875;n d&#7883;ch m&#7841;nh m&#7869; sang c&#225;c ng&#224;nh d&#7883;ch v&#7909;, n&#417;i c&#243; gi&#225; tr&#7883; gia t&#259;ng cao h&#417;n v&#224; &#237;t ch&#7883;u &#225;p l&#7921;c c&#7841;nh tranh tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p t&#7915; h&#224;ng h&#243;a nh&#7853;p kh&#7849;u gi&#225; r&#7867;. Lao &#273;&#7897;ng v&#224; v&#7889;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c gi&#7843;i ph&#243;ng t&#7915; c&#225;c ng&#224;nh s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#225;i ph&#226;n b&#7893; v&#224;o c&#225;c l&#297;nh v&#7921;c d&#7883;ch v&#7909; nh&#432; c&#244;ng ngh&#7879;, t&#224;i ch&#237;nh, y t&#7871;, gi&#225;o d&#7909;c... n&#417;i M&#7929; c&#243; l&#7907;i th&#7871; c&#7841;nh tranh l&#7899;n h&#417;n.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xVSQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff41cf3f4-29c0-4b46-a879-46ce8afce1dd_1650x991.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xVSQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff41cf3f4-29c0-4b46-a879-46ce8afce1dd_1650x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xVSQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff41cf3f4-29c0-4b46-a879-46ce8afce1dd_1650x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xVSQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff41cf3f4-29c0-4b46-a879-46ce8afce1dd_1650x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xVSQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff41cf3f4-29c0-4b46-a879-46ce8afce1dd_1650x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xVSQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff41cf3f4-29c0-4b46-a879-46ce8afce1dd_1650x991.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f41cf3f4-29c0-4b46-a879-46ce8afce1dd_1650x991.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:84803,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/160802504?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff41cf3f4-29c0-4b46-a879-46ce8afce1dd_1650x991.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xVSQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff41cf3f4-29c0-4b46-a879-46ce8afce1dd_1650x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xVSQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff41cf3f4-29c0-4b46-a879-46ce8afce1dd_1650x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xVSQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff41cf3f4-29c0-4b46-a879-46ce8afce1dd_1650x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xVSQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff41cf3f4-29c0-4b46-a879-46ce8afce1dd_1650x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div></li><li><p>T&#7889;i &#432;u h&#243;a ngu&#7891;n l&#7921;c to&#224;n c&#7847;u: C&#225;c doanh nghi&#7879;p M&#7929; &#273;&#227; r&#7845;t th&#224;nh c&#244;ng trong vi&#7879;c x&#226;y d&#7921;ng c&#225;c chu&#7895;i cung &#7913;ng to&#224;n c&#7847;u, t&#7853;n d&#7909;ng ngu&#7891;n l&#7921;c v&#224; chi ph&#237; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t th&#7845;p &#7903; c&#225;c qu&#7889;c gia kh&#225;c (bao g&#7891;m c&#7843; Trung Qu&#7889;c) &#273;&#7875; t&#7889;i &#432;u h&#243;a ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng v&#224; gia t&#259;ng l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n. Vi&#7879;c nh&#7853;p kh&#7849;u h&#224;ng h&#243;a trung gian ho&#7863;c th&#224;nh ph&#7849;m gi&#225; r&#7867; gi&#250;p c&#225;c c&#244;ng ty M&#7929; gi&#7843;m chi ph&#237;, t&#259;ng kh&#7843; n&#259;ng c&#7841;nh tranh v&#224; t&#7853;p trung v&#224;o c&#225;c kh&#226;u c&#243; gi&#225; tr&#7883; cao h&#417;n nh&#432; thi&#7871;t k&#7871;, R&amp;D, marketing v&#224; th&#432;&#417;ng hi&#7879;u.</p></li><li><p>Hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; v&#7889;n v&#432;&#7907;t tr&#7897;i: M&#7897;t y&#7871;u t&#7889; quan tr&#7885;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng b&#7883; b&#7887; qua l&#224; hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng v&#7889;n. D&#7919; li&#7879;u v&#7873; d&#242;ng thu nh&#7853;p &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; qu&#7889;c t&#7871; cho th&#7845;y m&#7897;t b&#7913;c tranh th&#250; v&#7883;: t&#7927; su&#7845;t l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n m&#224; M&#7929; thu &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7915; c&#225;c kho&#7843;n &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; ra n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#224;i (FDI, c&#7893; phi&#7871;u, tr&#225;i phi&#7871;u...) th&#432;&#7901;ng cao h&#417;n &#273;&#225;ng k&#7875; so v&#7899;i t&#7927; su&#7845;t l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n m&#224; c&#225;c nh&#224; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#224;i thu &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7915; c&#225;c kho&#7843;n &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; v&#224;o M&#7929;. Ch&#234;nh l&#7879;ch n&#224;y, &#273;&#244;i khi l&#234;n t&#7899;i 1-2% ho&#7863;c h&#417;n, cho th&#7845;y kh&#7843; n&#259;ng ph&#226;n b&#7893; v&#7889;n hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; c&#7911;a c&#225;c nh&#224; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; M&#7929; tr&#234;n th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng to&#224;n c&#7847;u.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G9u3!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40e3fd30-7bc0-46be-bf37-3364417f6df5_1650x990.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G9u3!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40e3fd30-7bc0-46be-bf37-3364417f6df5_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G9u3!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40e3fd30-7bc0-46be-bf37-3364417f6df5_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G9u3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40e3fd30-7bc0-46be-bf37-3364417f6df5_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G9u3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40e3fd30-7bc0-46be-bf37-3364417f6df5_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G9u3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40e3fd30-7bc0-46be-bf37-3364417f6df5_1650x990.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/40e3fd30-7bc0-46be-bf37-3364417f6df5_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:86952,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/160802504?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40e3fd30-7bc0-46be-bf37-3364417f6df5_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G9u3!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40e3fd30-7bc0-46be-bf37-3364417f6df5_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G9u3!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40e3fd30-7bc0-46be-bf37-3364417f6df5_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G9u3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40e3fd30-7bc0-46be-bf37-3364417f6df5_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G9u3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40e3fd30-7bc0-46be-bf37-3364417f6df5_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div></li></ul><p>R&#245; r&#224;ng, b&#7913;c tranh th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i M&#7929; - Trung ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p h&#417;n nhi&#7873;u so v&#7899;i m&#7897;t ph&#233;p c&#7897;ng tr&#7915; &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n v&#7873; th&#226;m h&#7909;t. L&#7907;i &#237;ch v&#224; chi ph&#237; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&#226;n b&#7893; kh&#244;ng &#273;&#7891;ng &#273;&#7873;u v&#224; c&#7847;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#225;nh gi&#225; m&#7897;t c&#225;ch to&#224;n di&#7879;n h&#417;n.</p><blockquote><h4><strong>M&#7909;c &#273;&#237;ch th&#7921;c s&#7921; c&#7911;a Trump l&#224; g&#236;?</strong></h4></blockquote><p>V&#7899;i b&#7889;i c&#7843;nh &#273;&#243;, ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch "thu&#7871; &#273;&#7889;i &#7913;ng" c&#7911;a Trump c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nh&#236;n nh&#7853;n d&#432;&#7899;i m&#7897;t g&#243;c &#273;&#7897; kh&#225;c, v&#432;&#7907;t ra ngo&#224;i nh&#7919;ng di&#7877;n gi&#7843;i th&#244;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng v&#7873; ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a b&#7843;o h&#7897; hay cu&#7897;c chi&#7871;n th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i &#273;&#417;n thu&#7847;n.</p><p>Tr&#432;&#7899;c h&#7871;t, m&#7909;c ti&#234;u ch&#237;nh kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; b&#7843;o v&#7879; c&#225;c ng&#224;nh s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t chi ph&#237; cao, k&#233;m hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; c&#7911;a M&#7929;. Donal Trump, d&#249; g&#226;y tranh c&#227;i, l&#224; m&#7897;t doanh nh&#226;n v&#224; &#273;&#7911; th&#7921;c t&#7871; &#273;&#7875; hi&#7875;u r&#7857;ng M&#7929; kh&#243; c&#243; th&#7875; c&#7841;nh tranh v&#7873; chi ph&#237; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t v&#7899;i nhi&#7873;u qu&#7889;c gia kh&#225;c, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t trong c&#225;c l&#297;nh v&#7921;c th&#226;m d&#7909;ng lao &#273;&#7897;ng. Vi&#7879;c &#225;p thu&#7871; cao &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#432;a c&#225;c c&#244;ng vi&#7879;c s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t gi&#225; r&#7867; tr&#7903; l&#7841;i M&#7929; c&#243; th&#7875; kh&#244;ng kh&#7843; thi v&#224; g&#226;y t&#7893;n h&#7841;i cho ng&#432;&#7901;i ti&#234;u d&#249;ng. Do v&#7853;y, &#273;&#226;y c&#361;ng l&#224; l&#253; do m&#224; m&#7909;c ti&#234;u thu&#7871; quan c&#361;ng kh&#244;ng th&#7921;c s&#7921; l&#224; &#273;&#432;a c&#225;c doanh nghi&#7879;p s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t quay l&#7841;i M&#7929;. Th&#7921;c t&#7871;, thu&#7871; quan th&#432;&#7901;ng c&#243; xu h&#432;&#7899;ng c&#7843;n tr&#7903; FDI h&#417;n l&#224; thu h&#250;t n&#243;, b&#7903;i l&#7869; ch&#250;ng l&#224;m t&#259;ng chi ph&#237; nh&#7853;p kh&#7849;u nguy&#234;n v&#7853;t li&#7879;u, linh ki&#7879;n, ph&#225; v&#7905; chu&#7895;i cung &#7913;ng v&#224; t&#7841;o ra m&#244;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng kinh doanh b&#7845;t &#7893;n</p><p><strong>V&#7853;y, &#273;&#226;u c&#243; th&#7875; l&#224; m&#7909;c ti&#234;u chi&#7871;n l&#432;&#7907;c th&#7921;c s&#7921;?</strong></p><p>H&#227;y xem x&#233;t s&#7921; kh&#225;c bi&#7879;t trong c&#7845;u tr&#250;c l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n. Nh&#432; &#273;&#227; &#273;&#7873; c&#7853;p, nhi&#7873;u doanh nghi&#7879;p xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng v&#7899;i bi&#234;n l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n r&#7845;t m&#7887;ng. Ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i c&#225;c doanh nghi&#7879;p M&#7929;, l&#7907;i th&#7871; v&#7873; th&#432;&#417;ng hi&#7879;u v&#224; c&#244;ng ngh&#7879; th&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;em l&#7841;i bi&#234;n l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n cao h&#417;n &#273;&#225;ng k&#7875;. H&#7885; t&#7853;p trung v&#224;o gi&#225; tr&#7883; v&#224; l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n, ch&#7913; kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; l&#224; s&#7889; l&#432;&#7907;ng. Do v&#7853;y m&#7895;i &#273;&#7891;ng &#273;&#244; la h&#224;ng h&#243;a M&#7929; xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u &#273;i th&#432;&#7901;ng mang l&#7841;i l&#7907;i &#237;ch qu&#7889;c gia l&#7899;n, hay vi&#7879;c gia t&#259;ng xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u lu&#244;n l&#224; m&#7897;t m&#7889;i quan h&#7879; "Win" r&#245; r&#224;ng cho M&#7929;.</p><pre><code>T&#7915; &#273;&#243;, ch&#250;ng t&#244;i cho r&#7857;ng m&#7909;c ti&#234;u th&#7921;c s&#7921; c&#7911;a ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch thu&#7871; &#273;&#7889;i &#7913;ng l&#224;: &#273;&#226;y l&#224; m&#7897;t &#273;&#242;n b&#7849;y &#273;&#224;m ph&#225;n &#273;&#7875; th&#250;c &#273;&#7849;y xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u c&#7911;a M&#7929;.</code></pre><p>C&#244;ng th&#7913;c thu&#7871; d&#7921;a tr&#234;n th&#226;m h&#7909;t song ph&#432;&#417;ng s&#7869; kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng &#273;&#7871;n Trung Qu&#7889;c. N&#243; s&#7869; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;&#7871;n t&#7845;t c&#7843; c&#225;c qu&#7889;c gia c&#243; th&#7863;ng d&#432; th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i l&#7899;n v&#7899;i M&#7929;. &#272;i&#7873;u &#273;&#225;ng ch&#250; &#253; l&#224;, nh&#7919;ng qu&#7889;c gia n&#224;y kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#250;c n&#224;o c&#361;ng ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng v&#7899;i bi&#234;n l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n m&#7887;ng nh&#432; Trung Qu&#7889;c. Nhi&#7873;u &#273;&#7889;i t&#225;c th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i c&#7911;a M&#7929;, bao g&#7891;m c&#7843; c&#225;c &#273;&#7891;ng minh &#7903; ch&#226;u &#194;u v&#224; ch&#226;u &#193;, &#273;ang xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u nh&#7919;ng m&#7863;t h&#224;ng c&#243; gi&#225; tr&#7883; v&#224; bi&#234;n l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n &#273;&#225;ng k&#7875; v&#224;o th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng M&#7929;. &#272;&#7889;i v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng qu&#7889;c gia n&#224;y, vi&#7879;c b&#7883; &#225;p m&#7897;t m&#7913;c thu&#7871; cao d&#7921;a tr&#234;n th&#226;m h&#7909;t song ph&#432;&#417;ng s&#7869; g&#226;y t&#7893;n h&#7841;i tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p v&#224; nghi&#234;m tr&#7885;ng h&#417;n nhi&#7873;u &#273;&#7871;n l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n c&#7911;a doanh nghi&#7879;p h&#7885; so v&#7899;i c&#225;c doanh nghi&#7879;p Trung Qu&#7889;c v&#7889;n &#273;&#227; quen v&#7899;i bi&#234;n l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n th&#7845;p.</p><p>Do &#273;&#243;, ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch n&#224;y t&#7841;o ra m&#7897;t l&#7907;i th&#7871; &#273;&#224;m ph&#225;n r&#7845;t l&#7899;n cho M&#7929;. B&#7857;ng c&#225;ch "&#273;e d&#7885;a" &#225;p thu&#7871; &#273;&#7889;i &#7913;ng, ch&#237;nh quy&#7873;n Trump c&#243; th&#7875; g&#226;y &#225;p l&#7921;c l&#234;n c&#225;c qu&#7889;c gia &#273;ang c&#243; th&#7863;ng d&#432; th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i v&#7899;i M&#7929;, bu&#7897;c h&#7885; ph&#7843;i ng&#7891;i v&#224;o b&#224;n &#273;&#224;m ph&#225;n v&#224; &#273;&#432;a ra c&#225;c nh&#432;&#7907;ng b&#7897;. C&#7909; th&#7875; l&#224; vi&#7879;c t&#259;ng c&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#7853;p kh&#7849;u h&#224;ng h&#243;a v&#224; d&#7883;ch v&#7909; t&#7915; M&#7929; &#273;&#7875; gi&#7843;m b&#7899;t m&#7913;c th&#226;m h&#7909;t song ph&#432;&#417;ng v&#224; tr&#225;nh b&#7883; &#225;p thu&#7871;. Trong nh&#7919;ng ng&#224;y g&#7847;n &#273;&#226;y, &#273;&#227; c&#243; h&#417;n 50 qu&#7889;c gia &#273;&#7873; ngh&#7883; &#273;&#224;m ph&#225;n v&#7899;i M&#7929; (bao g&#7891;m Vi&#7879;t Nam) l&#224; m&#7897;t th&#224;nh t&#7921;u b&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#7847;u trong ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch thu&#7871; quan m&#224; Trump &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c.</p><p>T&#243;m l&#7841;i, m&#7909;c ti&#234;u cu&#7889;i c&#249;ng c&#7911;a ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch thu&#7871; quan n&#224;y kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; l&#224;m Trung Qu&#7889;c y&#7871;u &#273;i b&#7857;ng m&#7885;i gi&#225;, c&#361;ng kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; thu h&#250;t &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; v&#7873; M&#7929; m&#7897;t c&#225;ch thi&#7871;u th&#7921;c t&#7871;, m&#224; &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n l&#224; gi&#250;p c&#225;c doanh nghi&#7879;p M&#7929; "b&#225;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nhi&#7873;u h&#224;ng h&#417;n" v&#224;o c&#225;c th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#224;i. &#272;&#243; l&#224; m&#7897;t chi&#7871;n thu&#7853;t &#273;i&#7875;n h&#236;nh trong "Ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t &#273;&#224;m ph&#225;n" c&#7911;a Trump: s&#7917; d&#7909;ng th&#226;m h&#7909;t th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i c&#7911;a ch&#237;nh m&#236;nh nh&#432; m&#7897;t v&#361; kh&#237; &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c l&#7907;i th&#7871; trong c&#225;c th&#7887;a thu&#7853;n song ph&#432;&#417;ng, bu&#7897;c c&#225;c &#273;&#7889;i t&#225;c ph&#7843;i m&#7903; c&#7917;a th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng ho&#7863;c cam k&#7871;t mua m&#7897;t l&#432;&#7907;ng l&#7899;n h&#224;ng h&#243;a M&#7929;.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Monetary (P3): Bơm tiền]]></title><description><![CDATA[L&#224;m s&#225;ng t&#7887; b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t c&#7911;a vi&#7879;c b&#417;m ti&#7873;n l&#224; ch&#7911; y&#7871;u nh&#7855;m v&#224;o vi&#7879;c &#273;i&#7873;u ti&#7871;t d&#7921; tr&#7919; trong h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng, ch&#7913; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; h&#224;nh &#273;&#7897;ng b&#417;m ti&#7873;n tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p v&#224;o t&#250;i c&#244;ng ch&#250;ng nh&#432; c&#225;ch hi&#7875;u th&#244;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng.]]></description><link>https://40yo.vn/p/bom-tien</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://40yo.vn/p/bom-tien</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[40 Years Old]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 30 Mar 2025 23:38:04 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F57cb59a9-969f-4aa6-bc61-e5df2aec9a8d_720x456.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>"Ng&#226;n h&#224;ng Trung &#432;&#417;ng b&#417;m ti&#7873;n", "N&#7899;i l&#7887;ng ti&#7873;n t&#7879;", "In ti&#7873;n"... nh&#7919;ng thu&#7853;t ng&#7919; n&#224;y &#273;&#227; tr&#7903; n&#234;n qu&#225; &#273;&#7895;i quen thu&#7897;c, th&#432;&#7901;ng xuy&#234;n xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n tr&#234;n c&#225;c ph&#432;&#417;ng ti&#7879;n truy&#7873;n th&#244;ng v&#224; trong c&#225;c cu&#7897;c tranh lu&#7853;n kinh t&#7871;, nh&#7845;t l&#224; trong nh&#7919;ng giai &#273;o&#7841;n kinh t&#7871; bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7897;ng ho&#7863;c c&#7847;n s&#7921; can thi&#7879;p &#273;&#7875; th&#250;c &#273;&#7849;y t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng. Khi nghe nh&#7919;ng c&#7909;m t&#7915; n&#224;y, m&#7897;t h&#236;nh &#7843;nh ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n n&#7843;y sinh trong t&#226;m tr&#237; nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i l&#224; c&#7843;nh t&#432;&#7907;ng c&#225;c nh&#224; m&#225;y in ti&#7873;n ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng kh&#244;ng ng&#7915;ng ngh&#7881;, v&#224; nh&#7919;ng d&#242;ng ti&#7873;n m&#7899;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c b&#417;m &#224;o &#7841;t, tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p v&#224;o l&#432;u th&#244;ng, l&#224;m &#273;&#7847;y v&#237; ng&#432;&#7901;i d&#226;n v&#224; t&#224;i kho&#7843;n doanh nghi&#7879;p. S&#7921; li&#234;n t&#432;&#7903;ng n&#224;y, tuy d&#7877; h&#236;nh dung, l&#7841;i &#7849;n ch&#7913;a nh&#7919;ng hi&#7875;u l&#7847;m s&#226;u s&#7855;c v&#7873; b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7911;a Ng&#226;n h&#224;ng Trung &#432;&#417;ng (NHTW) v&#224; c&#417; ch&#7871; v&#7853;n h&#224;nh c&#7911;a ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch ti&#7873;n t&#7879; hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i.</p><p>Li&#7879;u NHTW c&#243; th&#7921;c s&#7921; in ti&#7873;n gi&#7845;y r&#7891;i ph&#226;n ph&#225;t, hay b&#417;m ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p v&#224;o t&#224;i kho&#7843;n c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng ta m&#7895;i khi h&#7885; mu&#7889;n n&#7899;i l&#7887;ng? Nh&#432; ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#227; kh&#225;m ph&#225; trong c&#225;c b&#224;i vi&#7871;t v&#224; th&#7843;o lu&#7853;n tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#243;, b&#7913;c tranh th&#7921;c t&#7871; ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p h&#417;n nhi&#7873;u. Ti&#7873;n t&#7879; trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i t&#7891;n t&#7841;i d&#432;&#7899;i nhi&#7873;u h&#236;nh th&#225;i, v&#224; c&#417; ch&#7871; t&#7841;o ra ch&#250;ng kh&#244;ng h&#7873; gi&#7889;ng v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng g&#236; l&#253; thuy&#7871;t s&#7889; nh&#226;n ti&#7873;n c&#7893; &#273;i&#7875;n m&#244; t&#7843;. Ph&#7847;n l&#7899;n l&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n m&#224; ch&#250;ng ta s&#7917; d&#7909;ng h&#224;ng ng&#224;y &#8211; ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i ng&#226;n h&#224;ng &#8211; l&#7841;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra b&#7903;i ch&#237;nh h&#7879; th&#7889;ng Ng&#226;n h&#224;ng Th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i (NHTM) th&#244;ng qua m&#7897;t quy tr&#236;nh t&#432;&#7903;ng ch&#7915;ng &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n nh&#432;ng l&#7841;i v&#244; c&#249;ng quan tr&#7885;ng: ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7845;p t&#237;n d&#7909;ng.</p><p>V&#7853;y, khi NHTW th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n c&#225;c h&#224;nh &#273;&#7897;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&#7885;i l&#224; &#8220;b&#417;m ti&#7873;n&#8221;, h&#7885; th&#7921;c s&#7921; &#273;ang l&#224;m g&#236;? M&#7909;c ti&#234;u c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng h&#224;nh &#273;&#7897;ng &#273;&#243; l&#224; g&#236; v&#224; ch&#250;ng t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng &#273;&#7871;n n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; ra sao? B&#224;i vi&#7871;t n&#224;y s&#7869; t&#7853;p trung l&#224;m s&#225;ng t&#7887; b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t c&#7911;a vi&#7879;c b&#417;m ti&#7873;n t&#7915; g&#243;c &#273;&#7897; NHTW, nh&#7845;n m&#7841;nh r&#7857;ng ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng n&#224;y ch&#7911; y&#7871;u nh&#7855;m v&#224;o vi&#7879;c &#273;i&#7873;u ti&#7871;t m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i ti&#7873;n &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t &#8211; ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; &#8211; trong h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng, ch&#7913; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; h&#224;nh &#273;&#7897;ng b&#417;m ti&#7873;n tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p v&#224;o t&#250;i c&#244;ng ch&#250;ng nh&#432; c&#225;ch hi&#7875;u th&#244;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng. Vi&#7879;c l&#224;m r&#245; s&#7921; kh&#225;c bi&#7879;t n&#224;y kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; gi&#250;p ch&#250;ng ta hi&#7875;u &#273;&#250;ng v&#7873; ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch ti&#7873;n t&#7879; m&#224; c&#242;n l&#224; n&#7873;n t&#7843;ng &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#225;nh gi&#225; ch&#237;nh x&#225;c h&#417;n c&#225;c th&#244;ng &#273;i&#7879;p v&#224; h&#224;nh &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7911;a NHTW trong vi&#7879;c qu&#7843;n l&#253; v&#297; m&#244;.</p><blockquote><h4><strong>C&#225;c lo&#7841;i ti&#7873;n t&#7879; v&#224; vai tr&#242;</strong></h4></blockquote><p>&#272;&#7875; hi&#7875;u r&#245; NHTW b&#417;m c&#225;i g&#236; v&#224; b&#417;m v&#224;o &#273;&#226;u, ch&#250;ng ta c&#7847;n m&#7897;t l&#7847;n n&#7919;a ph&#226;n bi&#7879;t r&#7841;ch r&#242;i ba h&#236;nh th&#225;i ti&#7873;n t&#7879; c&#249;ng ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng c&#7889;t l&#245;i c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Ti&#7873;n m&#7863;t (Cash):</strong> H&#236;nh th&#225;i v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t duy nh&#7845;t, do NHTW &#273;&#7897;c quy&#7873;n ph&#225;t h&#224;nh. N&#243; l&#224; ngh&#297;a v&#7909; n&#7907; kh&#244;ng l&#227;i su&#7845;t c&#7911;a NHTW. Ti&#7873;n m&#7863;t ch&#7911; y&#7871;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&#244;ng ch&#250;ng (h&#7897; gia &#273;&#236;nh, doanh nghi&#7879;p, t&#7893; ch&#7913;c t&#224;i ch&#237;nh phi ng&#226;n h&#224;ng) n&#7855;m gi&#7919; &#273;&#7875; ph&#7909;c v&#7909; giao d&#7883;ch h&#224;ng ng&#224;y. L&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n m&#7863;t do c&#244;ng ch&#250;ng n&#7855;m gi&#7919; n&#224;y m&#7899;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#237;nh v&#224;o cung ti&#7873;n l&#432;u th&#244;ng (M0, M1, M2). Ti&#7873;n m&#7863;t n&#7857;m trong kho qu&#7929; c&#7911;a NHTM hay NHTW kh&#244;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#237;nh l&#224; &#273;ang l&#432;u th&#244;ng.</p></li><li><p><strong>Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; (Reserves):</strong> L&#224; ti&#7873;n v&#244; h&#236;nh, t&#7891;n t&#7841;i d&#432;&#7899;i d&#7841;ng s&#7889; d&#432; t&#224;i kho&#7843;n m&#224; NHTM (v&#224; c&#225;c t&#7893; ch&#7913;c nh&#7853;n ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i kh&#225;c) g&#7917;i t&#7841;i NHTW. Ch&#7881; NHTW m&#7899;i c&#243; quy&#7873;n t&#7841;o ra ho&#7863;c h&#7911;y b&#7887; lo&#7841;i ti&#7873;n n&#224;y. Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; c&#243; vai tr&#242; s&#7889;ng c&#242;n trong n&#7897;i b&#7897; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Ph&#432;&#417;ng ti&#7879;n thanh to&#225;n li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng:</strong> Khi ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i di chuy&#7875;n gi&#7919;a c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng do giao d&#7883;ch c&#7911;a kh&#225;ch h&#224;ng, c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng s&#7869; d&#249;ng ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; &#273;&#7875; quy&#7871;t to&#225;n ngh&#297;a v&#7909; v&#7899;i nhau qua h&#7879; th&#7889;ng c&#7911;a NHTW. &#272;&#226;y l&#224; ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng then ch&#7889;t, &#273;&#7843;m b&#7843;o h&#7879; th&#7889;ng thanh to&#225;n v&#7853;n h&#224;nh tr&#417;n tru. N&#7871;u kh&#244;ng c&#243; d&#7921; tr&#7919; &#273;&#7875; thanh to&#225;n, giao d&#7883;ch s&#7869; t&#7855;c ngh&#7869;n.</p></li><li><p><strong>C&#244;ng c&#7909; &#273;i&#7873;u h&#224;nh ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch ti&#7873;n t&#7879;:</strong> NHTW &#273;i&#7873;u ch&#7881;nh l&#432;&#7907;ng cung v&#224; l&#227;i su&#7845;t c&#7911;a ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; &#273;&#7875; t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng &#273;&#7871;n ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7911;a NHTM, nh&#432; s&#7869; ph&#226;n t&#237;ch &#7903; ph&#7847;n sau.</p></li><li><p><strong>&#272;&#225;p &#7913;ng DTBB:</strong> NHTM ph&#7843;i duy tr&#236; m&#7897;t t&#7927; l&#7879; d&#7921; tr&#7919; nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh so v&#7899;i ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i huy &#273;&#7897;ng theo quy &#273;&#7883;nh c&#7911;a NHTW.</p></li><li><p><strong>L&#432;u &#253; quan tr&#7885;ng:</strong> Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; ch&#7881; l&#432;u th&#244;ng gi&#7919;a c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng v&#224; NHTW, kh&#244;ng bao gi&#7901; tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p &#273;i v&#224;o t&#250;i ng&#432;&#7901;i d&#226;n hay doanh nghi&#7879;p. N&#243; l&#224; thanh kho&#7843;n c&#7889;t l&#245;i c&#7911;a h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng, gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; huy&#7871;t m&#7841;ch n&#7897;i b&#7897; c&#7911;a ng&#224;nh ng&#226;n h&#224;ng.</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>Ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i (Deposits):</strong> Chi&#7871;m ph&#7847;n l&#7899;n cung ti&#7873;n M2, l&#224; s&#7889; ti&#7873;n ghi nh&#7853;n tr&#234;n t&#224;i kho&#7843;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng c&#7911;a c&#244;ng ch&#250;ng. Lo&#7841;i ti&#7873;n n&#224;y kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i do NHTW t&#7841;o ra, m&#224; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c NHTM t&#7841;o ra ch&#7911; y&#7871;u qua ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7845;p t&#237;n d&#7909;ng. Khi m&#7897;t NHTM cho vay, h&#7885; kh&#244;ng l&#7845;y ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; hay ti&#7873;n m&#7863;t c&#243; s&#7861;n &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#432;a cho ng&#432;&#7901;i vay, m&#224; &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n l&#224; <em>ghi c&#243;</em> v&#224;o t&#224;i kho&#7843;n ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i vay. Kho&#7843;nh kh&#7855;c &#273;&#243;, ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i m&#7899;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c sinh ra. Ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i l&#224; ph&#432;&#417;ng ti&#7879;n thanh to&#225;n ch&#7911; y&#7871;u v&#224; l&#224; thanh kho&#7843;n c&#7911;a n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;. N&#243; l&#224; ph&#432;&#417;ng ti&#7879;n &#273;&#7875; ng&#432;&#7901;i d&#226;n, doanh nghi&#7879;p mua s&#7855;m, &#273;&#7847;u t&#432;, tr&#7843; l&#432;&#417;ng...</p></li></ul><p><strong>S&#7921; t&#225;ch bi&#7879;t v&#224; kh&#244;ng th&#7875; chuy&#7875;n &#273;&#7893;i:</strong> &#272;i&#7873;u c&#7847;n nh&#7845;n m&#7841;nh l&#7863;p &#273;i l&#7863;p l&#7841;i l&#224; ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; v&#224; ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i l&#224; hai th&#7921;c th&#7875; ri&#234;ng bi&#7879;t, v&#7853;n h&#224;nh trong hai h&#7879; th&#7889;ng kh&#225;c nhau v&#224; kh&#244;ng th&#7875; t&#7921; do chuy&#7875;n h&#243;a tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p. NHTM kh&#244;ng th&#7875; "r&#250;t" d&#7921; tr&#7919; t&#7841;i NHTW &#273;&#7875; cho kh&#225;ch h&#224;ng vay d&#432;&#7899;i d&#7841;ng ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i. Kh&#225;ch h&#224;ng c&#361;ng kh&#244;ng th&#7875; g&#7917;i ti&#7873;n v&#224;o NHTM v&#224; y&#234;u c&#7847;u bi&#7871;n n&#243; th&#224;nh ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; cho ng&#226;n h&#224;ng &#273;&#243; t&#7841;i NHTW. Ch&#250;ng l&#224; hai lo&#7841;i "ti&#7873;n" v&#7899;i b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t v&#224; m&#7909;c &#273;&#237;ch s&#7917; d&#7909;ng ho&#224;n to&#224;n kh&#225;c nhau. Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; ph&#7909;c v&#7909; cho m&#7889;i quan h&#7879; gi&#7919;a c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng v&#224; NHTW, c&#242;n ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i ph&#7909;c v&#7909; cho c&#225;c giao d&#7883;ch trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; r&#7897;ng l&#7899;n. S&#7921; nh&#7847;m l&#7851;n gi&#7919;a hai lo&#7841;i ti&#7873;n n&#224;y ch&#237;nh l&#224; g&#7889;c r&#7877; c&#7911;a nhi&#7873;u quan ni&#7879;m sai l&#7847;m v&#7873; c&#225;ch NHTW "b&#417;m ti&#7873;n".</p><blockquote><h4><strong>L&#7847;m t&#432;&#7903;ng v&#7873; "b&#417;m ti&#7873;n"</strong></h4></blockquote><p>M&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng hi&#7875;u l&#7847;m ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n nh&#7845;t b&#7855;t ngu&#7891;n t&#7915; l&#253; thuy&#7871;t "s&#7889; nh&#226;n ti&#7873;n" (money multiplier) th&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c d&#7841;y trong s&#225;ch gi&#225;o khoa kinh t&#7871; c&#361;. L&#253; thuy&#7871;t n&#224;y cho r&#7857;ng NHTW b&#417;m m&#7897;t l&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n c&#417; s&#7903; (reserves) v&#224;o NHTM, sau &#273;&#243; NHTM d&#249;ng s&#7889; ti&#7873;n n&#224;y cho vay ra nhi&#7873;u l&#7847;n theo m&#7897;t c&#7845;p s&#7889; nh&#226;n (d&#7921;a tr&#234;n t&#7927; l&#7879; DTBB), t&#7915; &#273;&#243; khu&#7871;ch &#273;&#7841;i l&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;. M&#244; h&#236;nh n&#224;y v&#7869; ra m&#7897;t b&#7913;c tranh c&#417; h&#7885;c, trong &#273;&#243; NHTW c&#243; th&#7875; ki&#7875;m so&#225;t ch&#7863;t ch&#7869; l&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i th&#244;ng qua vi&#7879;c &#273;i&#7873;u ch&#7881;nh ti&#7873;n c&#417; s&#7903;.</p><p>Tuy nhi&#234;n, m&#244; h&#236;nh n&#224;y kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;n &#225;nh &#273;&#250;ng th&#7921;c t&#7871; ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7911;a h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i v&#236; nh&#7919;ng l&#253; do c&#417; b&#7843;n sau:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Th&#7913; t&#7921; &#273;&#7843;o ng&#432;&#7907;c: T&#237;n d&#7909;ng t&#7841;o ra ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i, d&#7921; tr&#7919; theo sau:</strong> Th&#7921;c t&#7871;, NHTM c&#7845;p t&#237;n d&#7909;ng (quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh cho vay) tr&#432;&#7899;c, h&#224;nh &#273;&#7897;ng n&#224;y t&#7841;o ra ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i m&#7899;i. Nhu c&#7847;u v&#7873; d&#7921; tr&#7919; &#273;&#7875; thanh to&#225;n ho&#7863;c &#273;&#225;p &#7913;ng DTBB ch&#7881; ph&#225;t sinh sau &#273;&#243;, nh&#432; m&#7897;t h&#7879; qu&#7843; c&#7911;a vi&#7879;c t&#7841;o ra ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i v&#224; c&#225;c giao d&#7883;ch ph&#225;t sinh t&#7915; &#273;&#243;. NHTM kh&#244;ng ch&#7901; c&#243; &#273;&#7911; d&#7921; tr&#7919; m&#7899;i cho vay; h&#7885; cho vay d&#7921;a tr&#234;n &#273;&#225;nh gi&#225; v&#7873; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng sinh l&#7901;i, r&#7911;i ro v&#224; k&#7923; v&#7885;ng c&#243; th&#7875; t&#236;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ngu&#7891;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; c&#7847;n thi&#7871;t (t&#7915; NHTW ho&#7863;c th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng) khi c&#7847;n.</p></li><li><p><strong>D&#7921; tr&#7919; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; "ngu&#7891;n v&#7889;n" &#273;&#7875; cho vay:</strong> Nh&#432; &#273;&#227; nh&#7845;n m&#7841;nh, d&#7921; tr&#7919; l&#224; ph&#432;&#417;ng ti&#7879;n thanh to&#225;n li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng, kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; t&#224;i s&#7843;n m&#224; NHTM c&#243; th&#7875; tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p cho kh&#225;ch h&#224;ng vay. NHTM cho vay b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch t&#7841;o ra m&#7897;t kho&#7843;n n&#7907; m&#7899;i tr&#234;n b&#7843;ng c&#226;n &#273;&#7889;i c&#7911;a ch&#237;nh m&#236;nh (ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i c&#7911;a kh&#225;ch h&#224;ng), &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i ghi nh&#7853;n m&#7897;t t&#224;i s&#7843;n m&#7899;i (kho&#7843;n cho vay).</p></li><li><p><strong>Vai tr&#242; h&#7841;n ch&#7871; c&#7911;a DTBB trong vi&#7879;c t&#7841;o ti&#7873;n:</strong> T&#7927; l&#7879; DTBB ng&#224;y nay kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; m&#7897;t r&#224;ng bu&#7897;c c&#7913;ng nh&#7855;c quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh kh&#7843; n&#259;ng t&#7841;o ti&#7873;n theo c&#7845;p s&#7889; nh&#226;n. Kh&#7843; n&#259;ng v&#224; &#253; mu&#7889;n cho vay c&#7911;a NHTM b&#7883; chi ph&#7889;i b&#7903;i nhi&#7873;u y&#7871;u t&#7889; ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p h&#417;n nh&#432; v&#7889;n t&#7921; c&#243;, quy &#273;&#7883;nh an to&#224;n, chi ph&#237; huy &#273;&#7897;ng v&#7889;n, l&#227;i su&#7845;t th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng, r&#7911;i ro t&#237;n d&#7909;ng, nhu c&#7847;u th&#7921;c t&#7871; c&#7911;a n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;, v&#224; c&#225;c gi&#7899;i h&#7841;n h&#224;nh ch&#237;nh kh&#225;c.</p></li><li><p><strong>NHTW th&#432;&#7901;ng cung c&#7845;p d&#7921; tr&#7919; theo nhu c&#7847;u l&#227;i su&#7845;t m&#7909;c ti&#234;u:</strong> Trong &#273;i&#7873;u h&#224;nh th&#244;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng, NHTW kh&#244;ng &#7845;n &#273;&#7883;nh m&#7897;t l&#432;&#7907;ng d&#7921; tr&#7919; c&#7889; &#273;&#7883;nh m&#224; th&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;i&#7873;u ch&#7881;nh cung d&#7921; tr&#7919; m&#7897;t c&#225;ch linh ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7875; gi&#7919; l&#227;i su&#7845;t li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng &#7893;n &#273;&#7883;nh quanh m&#7913;c m&#7909;c ti&#234;u &#273;&#227; c&#244;ng b&#7889;. N&#7871;u h&#7879; th&#7889;ng thi&#7871;u d&#7921; tr&#7919; v&#224; l&#227;i su&#7845;t c&#243; xu h&#432;&#7899;ng t&#259;ng cao h&#417;n m&#7909;c ti&#234;u, NHTW s&#7869; "b&#417;m" th&#234;m d&#7921; tr&#7919;. Ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i, n&#7871;u d&#7921; tr&#7919; d&#432; th&#7915;a v&#224; l&#227;i su&#7845;t c&#243; xu h&#432;&#7899;ng gi&#7843;m th&#7845;p h&#417;n m&#7909;c ti&#234;u, NHTW s&#7869; "h&#250;t" b&#7899;t.</p></li></ul><p>V&#236; v&#7853;y, h&#224;nh &#273;&#7897;ng "b&#417;m" d&#7921; tr&#7919; c&#7911;a NHTW v&#224;o h&#7879; th&#7889;ng NHTM kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; h&#224;nh &#273;&#7897;ng b&#417;m ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p v&#224;o tay c&#244;ng ch&#250;ng. N&#243; ch&#7881; l&#224;m t&#259;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng thanh kho&#7843;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; cho c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng, gi&#250;p h&#7885; d&#7877; d&#224;ng th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n c&#225;c ngh&#297;a v&#7909; thanh to&#225;n v&#224; c&#243; th&#7875; (ch&#7881; l&#224; c&#243; th&#7875;, kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i ch&#7855;c ch&#7855;n) t&#7841;o &#273;i&#7873;u ki&#7879;n thu&#7853;n l&#7907;i h&#417;n cho vi&#7879;c c&#7845;p t&#237;n d&#7909;ng sau n&#224;y. M&#7889;i li&#234;n h&#7879; gi&#7919;a d&#7921; tr&#7919; v&#224; ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; m&#7889;i quan h&#7879; nh&#226;n qu&#7843; tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p v&#224; &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n nh&#432; m&#244; h&#236;nh s&#7889; nh&#226;n ti&#7873;n m&#244; t&#7843;.</p><blockquote><h4><strong>B&#7843;n ch&#7845;t vi&#7879;c "b&#417;m ti&#7873;n": &#272;i&#7873;u ti&#7871;t d&#7921; tr&#7919;</strong></h4></blockquote><p>V&#7853;y, n&#7871;u kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; b&#417;m ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i, c&#225;c ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng "b&#417;m ti&#7873;n" c&#7911;a NHTW th&#7921;c s&#7921; nh&#7855;m v&#224;o &#273;&#226;u v&#224; th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n nh&#432; th&#7871; n&#224;o? C&#226;u tr&#7843; l&#7901;i n&#7857;m &#7903; vi&#7879;c qu&#7843;n l&#253; d&#242;ng ch&#7843;y ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; trong h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng. NHTW s&#7917; d&#7909;ng c&#225;c c&#244;ng c&#7909; ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch ti&#7873;n t&#7879; &#273;&#7875; ch&#7911; &#273;&#7897;ng l&#224;m t&#259;ng ho&#7863;c gi&#7843;m t&#7893;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919;, ho&#7863;c thay &#273;&#7893;i chi ph&#237; ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n ngu&#7891;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; &#273;&#243; (l&#227;i su&#7845;t), nh&#7857;m m&#7909;c &#273;&#237;ch cu&#7889;i c&#249;ng l&#224; t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng &#273;&#7871;n ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7911;a NHTM v&#224; n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;.</p><p>C&#225;c nghi&#7879;p v&#7909; ch&#237;nh &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng &#273;&#7875; qu&#7843;n l&#253; d&#7921; tr&#7919; bao g&#7891;m:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Nghi&#7879;p v&#7909; th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng m&#7903; (OMO):</strong> &#272;&#226;y l&#224; c&#244;ng c&#7909; linh ho&#7841;t v&#224; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng xuy&#234;n nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7875; &#273;i&#7873;u ti&#7871;t d&#7921; tr&#7919; h&#224;ng ng&#224;y ho&#7863;c h&#224;ng tu&#7847;n.</p><ul><li><p><strong>B&#417;m d&#7921; tr&#7919; (Mua repo GTCG):</strong> NHTW mua repo c&#225;c GTCG &#273;&#7911; &#273;i&#7873;u ki&#7879;n (th&#432;&#7901;ng l&#224; t&#237;n phi&#7871;u Kho b&#7841;c, tr&#225;i phi&#7871;u Ch&#237;nh ph&#7911;, ho&#7863;c c&#225;c GTCG kh&#225;c do NHTW quy &#273;&#7883;nh) t&#7915; c&#225;c NHTM. &#272;&#7875; tr&#7843; ti&#7873;n, NHTW ghi c&#243; (c&#7897;ng ti&#7873;n) v&#224;o t&#224;i kho&#7843;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; m&#224; NHTM &#273;&#243; m&#7903; t&#7841;i NHTW. K&#7871;t qu&#7843; l&#224; t&#7893;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; trong h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng t&#259;ng l&#234;n. H&#224;nh &#273;&#7897;ng n&#224;y gi&#250;p h&#7841; nhi&#7879;t l&#227;i su&#7845;t li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng n&#7871;u n&#243; &#273;ang c&#243; xu h&#432;&#7899;ng t&#259;ng cao.</p></li><li><p><strong>H&#250;t d&#7921; tr&#7919; (B&#225;n GTCG/Ph&#225;t h&#224;nh t&#237;n phi&#7871;u NHTW):</strong> Ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i, NHTW b&#225;n GTCG cho NHTM ho&#7863;c ph&#225;t h&#224;nh t&#237;n phi&#7871;u c&#7911;a ch&#237;nh NHTW &#273;&#7875; NHTM mua. NHTM ph&#7843;i d&#249;ng ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; c&#7911;a m&#236;nh &#273;&#7875; thanh to&#225;n, l&#224;m gi&#7843;m t&#7893;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; trong h&#7879; th&#7889;ng. H&#224;nh &#273;&#7897;ng n&#224;y th&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng khi thanh kho&#7843;n h&#7879; th&#7889;ng d&#432; th&#7915;a, nh&#7857;m &#273;&#7849;y l&#227;i su&#7845;t li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng l&#234;n n&#7871;u n&#243; &#273;ang c&#243; xu h&#432;&#7899;ng gi&#7843;m qu&#225; th&#7845;p.</p></li></ul><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lnf8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F57cb59a9-969f-4aa6-bc61-e5df2aec9a8d_720x456.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lnf8!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F57cb59a9-969f-4aa6-bc61-e5df2aec9a8d_720x456.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lnf8!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F57cb59a9-969f-4aa6-bc61-e5df2aec9a8d_720x456.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lnf8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F57cb59a9-969f-4aa6-bc61-e5df2aec9a8d_720x456.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lnf8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F57cb59a9-969f-4aa6-bc61-e5df2aec9a8d_720x456.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lnf8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F57cb59a9-969f-4aa6-bc61-e5df2aec9a8d_720x456.png" width="720" height="456" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/57cb59a9-969f-4aa6-bc61-e5df2aec9a8d_720x456.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:456,&quot;width&quot;:720,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:40386,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/160193624?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F57cb59a9-969f-4aa6-bc61-e5df2aec9a8d_720x456.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lnf8!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F57cb59a9-969f-4aa6-bc61-e5df2aec9a8d_720x456.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lnf8!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F57cb59a9-969f-4aa6-bc61-e5df2aec9a8d_720x456.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lnf8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F57cb59a9-969f-4aa6-bc61-e5df2aec9a8d_720x456.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lnf8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F57cb59a9-969f-4aa6-bc61-e5df2aec9a8d_720x456.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div></li><li><p><strong>C&#225;c c&#244;ng c&#7909; cho vay/t&#225;i c&#7845;p v&#7889;n:</strong> NHTW &#273;&#243;ng vai tr&#242; l&#224; "ng&#432;&#7901;i cho vay cu&#7889;i c&#249;ng", cung c&#7845;p ngu&#7891;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; cho c&#225;c NHTM khi h&#7885; kh&#244;ng th&#7875; vay m&#432;&#7907;n t&#7915; th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng.</p><ul><li><p><strong>B&#417;m d&#7921; tr&#7919; (Cho vay):</strong> NHTM c&#243; th&#7875; vay NHTW qua c&#225;c c&#7917;a s&#7893; nh&#432; t&#225;i c&#7845;p v&#7889;n (th&#432;&#7901;ng l&#224; c&#225;c kho&#7843;n vay c&#243; k&#7923; h&#7841;n d&#224;i h&#417;n OMO) ho&#7863;c t&#225;i chi&#7871;t kh&#7845;u (chi&#7871;t kh&#7845;u c&#225;c GTCG &#273;ang n&#7855;m gi&#7919; &#273;&#7875; nh&#7853;n ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919;). C&#225;c kho&#7843;n vay n&#224;y lu&#244;n y&#234;u c&#7847;u ph&#7843;i c&#243; t&#224;i s&#7843;n &#273;&#7843;m b&#7843;o, th&#432;&#7901;ng l&#224; c&#225;c GTCG ch&#7845;t l&#432;&#7907;ng cao. Khi NHTW gi&#7843;i ng&#226;n, ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; c&#7911;a NHTM vay v&#7889;n t&#259;ng l&#234;n. L&#227;i su&#7845;t c&#7911;a c&#225;c kho&#7843;n vay n&#224;y (l&#227;i su&#7845;t t&#225;i c&#7845;p v&#7889;n, l&#227;i su&#7845;t t&#225;i chi&#7871;t kh&#7845;u) th&#432;&#7901;ng t&#7841;o th&#224;nh m&#7913;c tr&#7847;n cho l&#227;i su&#7845;t li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng.</p></li><li><p><strong>"H&#250;t" d&#7921; tr&#7919; (Thu h&#7891;i n&#7907;):</strong> Khi NHTM &#273;&#7871;n h&#7841;n tr&#7843; n&#7907; vay cho NHTW, ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; c&#7911;a h&#7885; s&#7869; gi&#7843;m &#273;i.</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>Mua/B&#225;n ngo&#7841;i t&#7879;:</strong> M&#7863;c d&#249; m&#7909;c ti&#234;u ch&#237;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng l&#224; &#273;i&#7873;u ti&#7871;t t&#7927; gi&#225; ho&#7863;c qu&#7843;n l&#253; d&#7921; tr&#7919; ngo&#7841;i h&#7889;i, c&#225;c giao d&#7883;ch n&#224;y c&#361;ng &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p &#273;&#7871;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; ti&#7873;n &#273;&#7891;ng.</p><ul><li><p><strong>B&#417;m d&#7921; tr&#7919; (Mua ngo&#7841;i t&#7879;):</strong> Khi NHTW mua ngo&#7841;i t&#7879; (v&#237; d&#7909; USD) t&#7915; NHTM, h&#7885; s&#7869; thanh to&#225;n b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch ghi c&#243; ti&#7873;n &#273;&#7891;ng v&#224;o t&#224;i kho&#7843;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; c&#7911;a NHTM. &#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y l&#224;m t&#259;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng d&#7921; tr&#7919; ti&#7873;n &#273;&#7891;ng.</p></li><li><p><strong>H&#250;t d&#7921; tr&#7919; (B&#225;n ngo&#7841;i t&#7879;):</strong> Khi NHTW b&#225;n ngo&#7841;i t&#7879; cho NHTM, NHTM s&#7869; d&#249;ng ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; ti&#7873;n &#273;&#7891;ng &#273;&#7875; mua. &#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y l&#224;m gi&#7843;m l&#432;&#7907;ng d&#7921; tr&#7919; ti&#7873;n &#273;&#7891;ng.</p></li></ul></li></ul><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YE8M!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4027e5f0-1ff7-427f-a8ba-d3a6460f562e_708x440.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YE8M!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4027e5f0-1ff7-427f-a8ba-d3a6460f562e_708x440.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YE8M!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4027e5f0-1ff7-427f-a8ba-d3a6460f562e_708x440.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YE8M!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4027e5f0-1ff7-427f-a8ba-d3a6460f562e_708x440.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YE8M!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4027e5f0-1ff7-427f-a8ba-d3a6460f562e_708x440.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YE8M!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4027e5f0-1ff7-427f-a8ba-d3a6460f562e_708x440.png" width="708" height="440" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4027e5f0-1ff7-427f-a8ba-d3a6460f562e_708x440.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:440,&quot;width&quot;:708,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:35897,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/160193624?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4027e5f0-1ff7-427f-a8ba-d3a6460f562e_708x440.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YE8M!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4027e5f0-1ff7-427f-a8ba-d3a6460f562e_708x440.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YE8M!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4027e5f0-1ff7-427f-a8ba-d3a6460f562e_708x440.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YE8M!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4027e5f0-1ff7-427f-a8ba-d3a6460f562e_708x440.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YE8M!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4027e5f0-1ff7-427f-a8ba-d3a6460f562e_708x440.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>&#272;i&#7875;m c&#7889;t l&#245;i c&#7847;n ghi nh&#7899;:</strong> T&#7845;t c&#7843; c&#225;c nghi&#7879;p v&#7909; "b&#417;m" hay "h&#250;t" ti&#7873;n th&#244;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng c&#7911;a NHTW &#273;&#7873;u l&#224; c&#225;c giao d&#7883;ch &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n gi&#7919;a NHTW v&#224; c&#225;c NHTM (ho&#7863;c &#273;&#244;i khi l&#224; Kho b&#7841;c Nh&#224; n&#432;&#7899;c). &#272;&#7889;i t&#432;&#7907;ng tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p b&#7883; t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng l&#224; s&#7889; d&#432; ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; c&#7911;a c&#225;c NHTM t&#7841;i NHTW. Ch&#250;ng kh&#244;ng tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p t&#7841;o ra hay h&#7911;y b&#7887; ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i d&#226;n v&#224; doanh nghi&#7879;p t&#7841;i th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m di&#7877;n ra nghi&#7879;p v&#7909;. M&#7909;c &#273;&#237;ch c&#7911;a c&#225;c ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng n&#224;y l&#224; qu&#7843;n l&#253; t&#7893;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng cung ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; v&#224; chi ph&#237; c&#7911;a n&#243; (l&#227;i su&#7845;t li&#234;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng) &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#7843;m b&#7843;o s&#7921; &#7893;n &#273;&#7883;nh v&#224; hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; c&#7911;a h&#7879; th&#7889;ng t&#224;i ch&#237;nh - ng&#226;n h&#224;ng.</p><blockquote><h4><strong>N&#7899;i l&#7887;ng &#273;&#7883;nh l&#432;&#7907;ng (QE)</strong></h4></blockquote><p>Trong khi c&#225;c nghi&#7879;p v&#7909; ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch ti&#7873;n t&#7879; truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng t&#7853;p trung &#273;i&#7873;u ti&#7871;t d&#7921; tr&#7919; v&#224; l&#227;i su&#7845;t ng&#7855;n h&#7841;n th&#244;ng qua giao d&#7883;ch ch&#7911; y&#7871;u v&#7899;i h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng, th&#236; m&#7897;t thu&#7853;t ng&#7919; kh&#225;c c&#361;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&#7855;n v&#7899;i h&#236;nh &#7843;nh "b&#417;m ti&#7873;n" &#273;&#227; tr&#7903; n&#234;n n&#7893;i b&#7853;t trong th&#7853;p k&#7927; qua: N&#7899;i l&#7887;ng &#273;&#7883;nh l&#432;&#7907;ng (Quantitative Easing - QE).</p><p>&#272;&#432;&#7907;c tri&#7875;n khai m&#7841;nh m&#7869; b&#7903;i c&#225;c NHTW l&#7899;n nh&#432; Fed (M&#7929;), ECB (Ch&#226;u &#194;u), BoJ (Nh&#7853;t B&#7843;n), &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t sau kh&#7911;ng ho&#7843;ng 2008 v&#224; &#273;&#7841;i d&#7883;ch COVID-19, QE bao g&#7891;m vi&#7879;c NHTW mua v&#224;o m&#7897;t kh&#7889;i l&#432;&#7907;ng t&#224;i s&#7843;n kh&#7893;ng l&#7891;, v&#432;&#7907;t xa quy m&#244; v&#224; ph&#7841;m vi c&#7911;a OMO th&#244;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng. C&#225;c t&#224;i s&#7843;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c mua kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; l&#224; tr&#225;i phi&#7871;u ch&#237;nh ph&#7911; ng&#7855;n h&#7841;n m&#224; c&#242;n c&#7843; tr&#225;i phi&#7871;u ch&#237;nh ph&#7911; d&#224;i h&#7841;n, ch&#7913;ng kho&#225;n &#273;&#7843;m b&#7843;o b&#7857;ng th&#7871; ch&#7845;p (MBS), v&#224; &#273;&#244;i khi c&#7843; t&#224;i s&#7843;n r&#7911;i ro h&#417;n. &#272;&#225;ng ch&#250; &#253;, ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#225;n nh&#7919;ng t&#224;i s&#7843;n n&#224;y cho NHTW kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; l&#224; ng&#226;n h&#224;ng m&#224; c&#242;n c&#243; c&#7843; c&#225;c t&#7893; ch&#7913;c t&#224;i ch&#237;nh phi ng&#226;n h&#224;ng nh&#432; qu&#7929; t&#432;&#417;ng h&#7895;, qu&#7929; h&#432;u tr&#237;, c&#244;ng ty b&#7843;o hi&#7875;m...</p><p>Li&#7879;u QE c&#242;n c&#243; nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7875;m g&#236; kh&#225;c bi&#7879;t so v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng h&#236;nh th&#7913;c &#8220;b&#417;m ti&#7873;n&#8221; b&#234;n tr&#234;n v&#224; n&#243; c&#243; l&#224;m thay &#273;&#7893;i c&#259;n b&#7843;n vai tr&#242; c&#7911;a NHTW v&#224; m&#7889;i quan h&#7879; gi&#7919;a c&#225;c lo&#7841;i ti&#7873;n t&#7879; hay kh&#244;ng? C&#226;u tr&#7843; l&#7901;i s&#7869; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c gi&#7843;m &#273;&#225;p trong ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; ti&#7871;p theo "N&#7899;i l&#7887;ng &#273;&#7883;nh l&#432;&#7907;ng".</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Monetary (P2): Sự biến mất của tiền]]></title><description><![CDATA[Gi&#7843;i th&#237;ch nh&#7919;ng c&#225;ch c&#243; th&#7875; khi&#7871;n suy gi&#7843;m l&#432;&#7907;ng cung ti&#7873;n trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; v&#224; nguy&#234;n nh&#226;n g&#226;y m&#7845;t c&#226;n &#273;&#7889;i c&#7911;a t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng t&#237;n d&#7909;ng v&#224; huy &#273;&#7897;ng t&#7915; 2022.]]></description><link>https://40yo.vn/p/su-bien-mat-cua-tien</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://40yo.vn/p/su-bien-mat-cua-tien</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[40 Years Old]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 24 Mar 2025 00:06:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aYcJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0561023-7669-40cf-aaae-392f0fc212dd_617x422.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Trong <a href="https://40yo.vn/p/ba-hinh-thai-cua-tien-va-cach-tao">b&#224;i vi&#7871;t tr&#432;&#7899;c</a>, ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#227; t&#236;m hi&#7875;u v&#7873; c&#417; ch&#7871; m&#224; ti&#7873;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; th&#244;ng qua ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7845;p t&#237;n d&#7909;ng (cho vay) c&#7911;a h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng. Tr&#234;n th&#7921;c t&#7871;, v&#7851;n c&#242;n 1 s&#7889; c&#225;ch kh&#225;c c&#243; th&#7875; gi&#250;p t&#7841;o ti&#7873;n ra n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;, nh&#432;ng tr&#432;&#7899;c khi &#273;i s&#226;u v&#224;o ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; n&#224;y, t&#244;i c&#7847;n l&#224;m r&#245; m&#7897;t kh&#225;i ni&#7879;m d&#7877; g&#226;y nh&#7847;m: ti&#7873;n trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; l&#224; g&#236;?</p><p>C&#243; 2 &#273;i&#7873;u b&#7841;n c&#7847;n l&#432;u &#253; trong kh&#225;i ni&#7879;m n&#224;y. V&#7871; &#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n, &#8220;ti&#7873;n&#8221; &#7903; &#273;&#226;y l&#224; ti&#7873;n m&#7863;t v&#224; ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i (2 th&#224;nh ph&#7847;n c&#7911;a cung ti&#7873;n M2), ch&#250;ng kh&#244;ng bao g&#7891;m ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; c&#7911;a c&#225;c NHTM. V&#7871; th&#7913; 2, &#8220;n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;&#8221; bao g&#7891;m c&#225;c t&#7893; ch&#7913;c kinh t&#7871; t&#432; nh&#226;n phi ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i (t&#7915; doanh nghi&#7879;p cho &#273;&#7871;n c&#225;c c&#244;ng ty t&#224;i ch&#237;nh cho vay ti&#234;u d&#249;ng, c&#244;ng ty b&#7843;o hi&#7875;m, ch&#7913;ng kho&#225;n&#8230;) v&#224; h&#7897; gia &#273;&#236;nh. &#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y c&#243; ngh&#297;a l&#224; t&#7845;t c&#7843; c&#225;c lo&#7841;i ti&#7873;n c&#7911;a khu v&#7921;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng v&#224; ch&#237;nh ph&#7911; s&#7869; kh&#244;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#237;nh v&#224;o ti&#7873;n trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;. &#272;&#432;&#7907;c r&#7891;i, gi&#7901; th&#236; ch&#250;ng ta s&#7869; c&#249;ng t&#236;m hi&#7875;u th&#234;m v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng c&#225;ch kh&#225;c gi&#250;p ti&#7873;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;:</p><p><strong>(1) NHTM mua t&#224;i s&#7843;n c&#7911;a khu v&#7921;c d&#226;n c&#432;</strong></p><p>Ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng &#8220;c&#7845;p t&#237;n d&#7909;ng&#8221; th&#7921;c ch&#7845;t bao g&#7891;m c&#7843; vi&#7879;c NHTM mua tr&#225;i phi&#7871;u doanh nghi&#7879;p ph&#225;t h&#224;nh. S&#7903; d&#297; t&#244;i t&#225;ch ri&#234;ng b&#7903;i v&#236; TPDN c&#361;ng l&#224; m&#7897;t trong nhi&#7873;u lo&#7841;i t&#224;i s&#7843;n c&#7911;a khu v&#7921;c kinh t&#7871;. B&#234;n c&#7841;nh TPDN, m&#7897;t l&#7921;a ch&#7885;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&#225;c NHTM y&#234;u th&#237;ch h&#417;n l&#224; tr&#225;i phi&#7871;u ch&#237;nh ph&#7911; b&#7903;i t&#237;nh thanh kho&#7843;n cao, c&#243; th&#7875; b&#225;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nhanh ch&#243;ng ho&#7863;c c&#7847;m c&#7889; trong tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p c&#7847;n b&#7893; sung ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919;. Khi c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng mua tr&#225;i phi&#7871;u t&#7915; n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;, n&#243; thanh to&#225;n cho ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#225;n d&#432;&#7899;i d&#7841;ng ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i ng&#226;n h&#224;ng.</p><p>T&#244;i s&#7869; ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c m&#244; t&#7843; s&#7921; thay &#273;&#7893;i b&#7843;ng c&#226;n &#273;&#7889;i k&#7871; to&#225;n c&#7911;a c&#225;c th&#224;nh ph&#7847;n li&#234;n quan c&#225;c giao d&#7883;ch trong b&#224;i vi&#7871;t &#273;&#7875; b&#7841;n &#273;&#7885;c d&#7877; h&#236;nh dung. Gi&#7843; s&#7917; NHTM A mua l&#7841;i GTCG (ho&#7863;c b&#7845;t k&#7923; t&#224;i s&#7843;n n&#224;o kh&#225;c) do t&#7893; ch&#7913;c phi ng&#226;n h&#224;ng B n&#7855;m gi&#7919;, l&#250;c n&#224;y t&#224;i s&#7843;n c&#7911;a t&#7893; ch&#7913;c B s&#7869; gi&#7843;m &#273;i l&#432;&#7907;ng GTCG &#273;&#227; b&#225;n kia v&#224; thay th&#7871; b&#7857;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i t&#7841;i ng&#226;n h&#224;ng A. &#272;&#7889;i v&#7899;i ng&#226;n h&#224;ng A, b&#7843;ng C&#272;KT s&#7869; t&#259;ng &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i l&#432;&#7907;ng GTCG &#7903; ph&#237;a t&#224;i s&#7843;n v&#224; kho&#7843;n ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i &#7903; ph&#237;a n&#7907; ph&#7843;i tr&#7843;.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aYcJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0561023-7669-40cf-aaae-392f0fc212dd_617x422.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aYcJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0561023-7669-40cf-aaae-392f0fc212dd_617x422.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aYcJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0561023-7669-40cf-aaae-392f0fc212dd_617x422.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aYcJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0561023-7669-40cf-aaae-392f0fc212dd_617x422.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aYcJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0561023-7669-40cf-aaae-392f0fc212dd_617x422.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aYcJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0561023-7669-40cf-aaae-392f0fc212dd_617x422.png" width="617" height="422" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c0561023-7669-40cf-aaae-392f0fc212dd_617x422.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:422,&quot;width&quot;:617,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:33527,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/159692527?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0561023-7669-40cf-aaae-392f0fc212dd_617x422.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aYcJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0561023-7669-40cf-aaae-392f0fc212dd_617x422.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aYcJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0561023-7669-40cf-aaae-392f0fc212dd_617x422.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aYcJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0561023-7669-40cf-aaae-392f0fc212dd_617x422.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aYcJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0561023-7669-40cf-aaae-392f0fc212dd_617x422.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>(2) Chi ti&#234;u ch&#237;nh ph&#7911; v&#224; ho&#224;n tr&#7843; n&#7907;</strong></p><p>&#272;&#226;y l&#224; m&#7897;t giao d&#7883;ch t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7889;i ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p v&#236; t&#224;i kho&#7843;n c&#7911;a Kho b&#7841;c nh&#224; n&#432;&#7899;c Vi&#7879;t Nam &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng &#7903; 2 n&#417;i: NHTM v&#224; NHTW. Trong b&#224;i vi&#7871;t n&#224;y, t&#244;i s&#7869; m&#244; t&#7843; c&#225;c giao d&#7883;ch v&#7899;i m&#7863;c &#273;&#7883;nh l&#224; t&#224;i kho&#7843;n c&#7911;a Kho b&#7841;c &#273;&#7875; t&#7841;i NHTM. Gi&#7843; s&#7917; Kho b&#7841;c thanh to&#225;n l&#432;&#417;ng cho c&#225;n b&#7897; nh&#226;n vi&#234;n, trong giao d&#7883;ch n&#224;y b&#7843;ng c&#226;n &#273;&#7889;i k&#7871; to&#225;n c&#7911;a NHTM s&#7869; ch&#7881; &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n l&#224; c&#243; s&#7921; thay &#273;&#7893;i gi&#7919;a ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i c&#7911;a Kho b&#7841;c v&#224; khu v&#7921;c d&#226;n c&#432;.</p><p>B&#7841;n s&#7869; th&#7845;y t&#7893;ng n&#7907; ph&#7843;i tr&#7843; c&#7911;a NHTM s&#7869; kh&#244;ng &#273;&#7893;i, nh&#432;ng v&#7851;n c&#243; l&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n m&#7899;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra. L&#253; do l&#224; nh&#432; t&#244;i &#273;&#227; n&#234;u &#7903; tr&#234;n, ti&#7873;n trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; ch&#7881; bao g&#7891;m ti&#7873;n do c&#225;c t&#7893; ch&#7913;c phi ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i t&#432; nh&#226;n v&#224; h&#7897; gia &#273;&#236;nh n&#7855;m gi&#7919;. T&#7913;c l&#224; l&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n do khu v&#7921;c ch&#237;nh ph&#7911; &#273;&#7875; t&#7841;i NHTM s&#7869; kh&#244;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c xem l&#224; &#8220;ti&#7873;n trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;&#8221;.</p><p>Giao d&#7883;ch m&#224; ch&#237;nh ph&#7911; ho&#224;n tr&#7843; n&#7907; (thanh to&#225;n tr&#225;i phi&#7871;u &#273;&#225;o h&#7841;n) cho khu v&#7921;c d&#226;n c&#432; c&#361;ng di&#7877;n ra theo m&#7897;t c&#225;ch t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921;, s&#7869; c&#243; s&#7921; s&#7909;t gi&#7843;m l&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i c&#7911;a Kho b&#7841;c &#273;&#7875; t&#7841;i NHTM v&#224; theo &#273;&#243;, m&#7897;t l&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i m&#7899;i c&#7911;a khu v&#7921;c d&#226;n c&#432; s&#7869; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nHxD!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc68ba7cd-629a-42ad-97c1-20b7c31b6cee_636x377.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nHxD!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc68ba7cd-629a-42ad-97c1-20b7c31b6cee_636x377.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nHxD!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc68ba7cd-629a-42ad-97c1-20b7c31b6cee_636x377.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nHxD!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc68ba7cd-629a-42ad-97c1-20b7c31b6cee_636x377.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nHxD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc68ba7cd-629a-42ad-97c1-20b7c31b6cee_636x377.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nHxD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc68ba7cd-629a-42ad-97c1-20b7c31b6cee_636x377.png" width="636" height="377" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c68ba7cd-629a-42ad-97c1-20b7c31b6cee_636x377.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:377,&quot;width&quot;:636,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:29207,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/159692527?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc68ba7cd-629a-42ad-97c1-20b7c31b6cee_636x377.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nHxD!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc68ba7cd-629a-42ad-97c1-20b7c31b6cee_636x377.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nHxD!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc68ba7cd-629a-42ad-97c1-20b7c31b6cee_636x377.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nHxD!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc68ba7cd-629a-42ad-97c1-20b7c31b6cee_636x377.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nHxD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc68ba7cd-629a-42ad-97c1-20b7c31b6cee_636x377.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#272;&#7889;i v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng giao d&#7883;ch t&#224;i kh&#243;a t&#7915; t&#224;i kho&#7843;n Kho b&#7841;c &#273;&#7875; t&#7841;i NHTW (nh&#432; &#7903; M&#7929;) s&#7869; ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p h&#417;n nhi&#7873;u v&#236; s&#7869; th&#234;m s&#7921; tham gia c&#7911;a NHTW trong giao d&#7883;ch n&#224;y, t&#244;i s&#7869; d&#224;nh ri&#234;ng m&#7897;t b&#224;i vi&#7871;t cho ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; n&#224;y sau.</p><p><strong>(3) Giao d&#7883;ch xuy&#234;n qu&#7889;c gia</strong></p><p>Gi&#7843; s&#7917; doanh nghi&#7879;p A r&#250;t ti&#7873;n &#273;&#7875; t&#7841;i 1 NHTM n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#224;i, sau &#273;&#243; d&#249;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng ngo&#7841;i t&#7879; n&#224;y g&#7917;i t&#7841;i c&#225;c NHTM trong n&#432;&#7899;c, m&#7897;t l&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i m&#7899;i s&#7869; t&#7841;o ra m&#224; kh&#244;ng c&#7847;n th&#244;ng qua b&#7845;t k&#7923; ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7845;p t&#237;n d&#7909;ng n&#224;o. Trong giao d&#7883;ch n&#224;y, kho&#7843;n ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i c&#7911;a doanh nghi&#7879;p A s&#7869; thay &#273;&#7893;i t&#7915; NHTM ngo&#224;i n&#432;&#7899;c sang NHTM trong n&#432;&#7899;c. &#272;&#7889;i v&#7899;i b&#7843;ng c&#226;n &#273;&#7889;i k&#7871; to&#225;n c&#7911;a NHTM trong n&#432;&#7899;c, t&#224;i s&#7843;n s&#7869; t&#259;ng l&#234;n b&#7857;ng v&#7899;i l&#432;&#7907;ng ngo&#7841;i t&#7879; nh&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&#249;ng v&#7899;i kho&#7843;n n&#7907; ph&#7843;i tr&#7843; l&#224; ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i c&#7911;a doanh nghi&#7879;p A.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vBPQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8641a898-3ad5-4016-9808-26018dad9aa1_657x444.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vBPQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8641a898-3ad5-4016-9808-26018dad9aa1_657x444.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vBPQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8641a898-3ad5-4016-9808-26018dad9aa1_657x444.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vBPQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8641a898-3ad5-4016-9808-26018dad9aa1_657x444.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vBPQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8641a898-3ad5-4016-9808-26018dad9aa1_657x444.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vBPQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8641a898-3ad5-4016-9808-26018dad9aa1_657x444.png" width="657" height="444" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8641a898-3ad5-4016-9808-26018dad9aa1_657x444.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:444,&quot;width&quot;:657,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:42013,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/159692527?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8641a898-3ad5-4016-9808-26018dad9aa1_657x444.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vBPQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8641a898-3ad5-4016-9808-26018dad9aa1_657x444.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vBPQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8641a898-3ad5-4016-9808-26018dad9aa1_657x444.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vBPQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8641a898-3ad5-4016-9808-26018dad9aa1_657x444.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vBPQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8641a898-3ad5-4016-9808-26018dad9aa1_657x444.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>C&#225;c giao d&#7883;ch xuy&#234;n qu&#7889;c gia l&#224; m&#7897;t ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; r&#7845;t ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p, nh&#432;ng b&#7841;n c&#243; th&#7875; ghi nh&#7899; m&#7897;t c&#225;ch &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n l&#224; ch&#7881; l&#432;&#7907;ng ngo&#7841;i t&#7879; c&#7911;a khu v&#7921;c kinh t&#7871; v&#224;o h&#7879; th&#7889;ng NHTM trong n&#432;&#7899;c (c&#243; th&#7875; d&#432;&#7899;i h&#236;nh th&#7913;c l&#224; b&#225;n ngo&#7841;i t&#7879;, cho vay, ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i&#8230;) m&#7899;i khi&#7871;n t&#259;ng ti&#7873;n trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;.</p><blockquote><h4><strong>S&#7921; bi&#7871;n m&#7845;t c&#7911;a ti&#7873;n</strong></h4></blockquote><p>Ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#227; t&#236;m hi&#7875;u v&#7873; 4 c&#225;ch c&#243; th&#7875; t&#7841;o ra ti&#7873;n (g&#7917;i) trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; bao g&#7891;m (1) c&#7845;p t&#237;n d&#7909;ng, (2) NHTM mua gi&#7845;y t&#7901; c&#243; gi&#225; t&#7915; khu v&#7921;c kinh t&#7871;, (3) Ch&#237;nh ph&#7911; chi ti&#234;u ho&#7863;c ho&#224;n tr&#7843; n&#7907; v&#224; (4) L&#432;&#7907;ng ngo&#7841;i t&#7879; r&#242;ng c&#7911;a khu v&#7921;c kinh t&#7871; v&#224;o h&#7879; th&#7889;ng NHTM t&#7915; c&#225;c giao d&#7883;ch xuy&#234;n qu&#7889;c gia. V&#7853;y th&#236; ti&#7873;n trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; b&#7883; &#8220;ph&#225; h&#7911;y&#8221;, hay ch&#250;ng bi&#7871;n m&#7845;t nh&#432; th&#7871; n&#224;o? R&#7845;t &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n, ch&#250;ng l&#224; nh&#7919;ng giao d&#7883;ch ng&#432;&#7907;c v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng giao d&#7883;ch tr&#234;n.</p><p><strong>(1) Ho&#224;n tr&#7843; kho&#7843;n vay</strong></p><p>Tr&#225;i v&#7899;i vi&#7879;c cho vay m&#7899;i t&#7841;o ra ti&#7873;n, vi&#7879;c ho&#224;n tr&#7843; kho&#7843;n vay ng&#226;n h&#224;ng s&#7869; ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng theo c&#225;ch ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i l&#224;m gi&#7843;m l&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n &#273;ang l&#432;u th&#244;ng. Trong giao d&#7883;ch thanh to&#225;n cho kho&#7843;n vay s&#7917; d&#7909;ng ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i &#273;&#7875; t&#7841;i NHTM b&#7841;n &#273;ang vay, l&#250;c n&#224;y b&#7843;ng c&#226;n &#273;&#7889;i k&#7871; to&#225;n c&#7911;a b&#7841;n s&#7869; &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i gi&#7843;m l&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i trong t&#224;i s&#7843;n v&#224; n&#7907; vay &#7903; ph&#237;a n&#7907; ph&#7843;i tr&#7843;. &#272;&#7889;i v&#7899;i ng&#226;n h&#224;ng, t&#224;i s&#7843;n s&#7869; c&#243; s&#7921; s&#7909;t gi&#7843;m gi&#225; tr&#7883; gi&#7919;a t&#237;n d&#7909;ng (kho&#7843;n ti&#7873;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng cho vay m&#224; b&#7841;n t&#7845;t to&#225;n) &#7903; ph&#237;a t&#224;i s&#7843;n v&#224; ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i (l&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n b&#7841;n d&#249;ng &#273;&#7875; t&#7845;t to&#225;n) &#7903; ph&#237;a n&#7907; ph&#7843;i tr&#7843; trong tr&#432;&#7901;ng</p><p><strong>(2) Ph&#225;t h&#224;nh GTCG ho&#7863;c b&#225;n GTCG cho khu v&#7921;c kinh t&#7871;</strong></p><p>Kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; vi&#7879;c b&#225;n l&#7841;i GTCG cho khu v&#7921;c kinh t&#7871;, ti&#7873;n c&#361;ng c&#243; th&#7875; b&#7883; ph&#225; h&#7911;y th&#244;ng qua vi&#7879;c ph&#225;t h&#224;nh c&#225;c c&#244;ng c&#7909; n&#7907; d&#224;i h&#7841;n c&#7911;a ng&#226;n h&#224;ng. &#272;&#226;y ch&#237;nh l&#224; m&#7897;t kho&#7843;n n&#7907; kh&#225;c tr&#234;n b&#7843;ng c&#226;n &#273;&#7889;i k&#7871; to&#225;n c&#7911;a c&#225;c NHTM b&#234;n c&#7841;nh ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i. Khi c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng ph&#225;t h&#224;nh c&#225;c c&#244;ng c&#7909; n&#7907; d&#224;i h&#7841;n ra n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; th&#236; ng&#432;&#7901;i mua s&#7869; thanh to&#225;n b&#7857;ng ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i ng&#226;n h&#224;ng. &#272;i&#7873;u &#273;&#243; l&#224;m gi&#7843;m l&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i tr&#234;n b&#7843;ng c&#226;n &#273;&#7889;i k&#7871; to&#225;n c&#7911;a ng&#226;n h&#224;ng v&#224; l&#224;m t&#259;ng n&#7907; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i.</p><p><strong>(3) Thu ch&#237;nh ph&#7911; v&#224; ph&#225;t h&#224;nh TPCP</strong></p><p>T&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921;, trong giao d&#7883;ch ch&#237;nh ph&#7911; thu ti&#7873;n t&#7915; khu v&#7921;c kinh t&#7871; (v&#237; d&#7909; thu thu&#7871; TNDN), ho&#7863;c ph&#225;t h&#224;nh TPCP v&#7899;i ng&#432;&#7901;i mua l&#224; khu v&#7921;c kinh t&#7871; (v&#237; d&#7909; nh&#432; c&#244;ng ty ch&#7913;ng kho&#225;n), ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i c&#7911;a khu v&#7921;c kinh t&#7871; s&#7869; ch&#7843;y v&#224;o t&#224;i kho&#7843;n ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i c&#7911;a Ch&#237;nh ph&#7911; v&#224; l&#224;m gi&#7843;m &#273;i l&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n &#273;ang l&#432;u th&#244;ng.</p><p><strong>(4) Giao d&#7883;ch xuy&#234;n qu&#7889;c gia</strong></p><p>N&#7871;u nh&#432; c&#225;c giao d&#7883;ch xuy&#234;n qu&#7889;c gia m&#224; khu v&#7921;c kinh t&#7871; t&#7841;o ra l&#432;&#7907;ng ngo&#7841;i t&#7879; v&#224; &#8220;ch&#7843;y v&#224;o&#8221; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng NHTM c&#243; th&#7875; gi&#250;p l&#224;m t&#259;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; th&#236; ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i, d&#242;ng ngo&#7841;i t&#7879; c&#7911;a khu v&#7921;c kinh t&#7871; d&#249;ng &#273;&#7875; thanh to&#225;n cho c&#225;c giao d&#7883;ch n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#224;i (ho&#7863;c ch&#7881; &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n l&#224; g&#7917;i ti&#7873;n ra NHTM n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#224;i) c&#361;ng c&#243; th&#7875; khi&#7871;n l&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n l&#432;u th&#244;ng trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; suy gi&#7843;m.</p><blockquote><h4><strong>&#272;i&#7873;u g&#236; &#273;&#227; x&#7843;y ra t&#7915; n&#259;m 2022?</strong></h4></blockquote><p>&#272;&#7871;n gi&#7901;, c&#243; l&#7869; &#273;&#227; g&#7847;n h&#236;nh dung ra &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&#226;u tr&#7843; l&#7901;i cho cho c&#226;u h&#7887;i m&#224; t&#244;i &#273;&#227; n&#234;u ra &#7903; b&#224;i vi&#7871;t &#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n, &#273;i&#7873;u g&#236; t&#7841;o ra s&#7921; ch&#234;nh l&#7879;ch gi&#7919;a t&#237;n d&#7909;ng v&#224; ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; trong giai &#273;o&#7841;n t&#7915; 2022 &#273;&#7871;n nay?</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H3mu!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F838be745-79fe-426a-9a96-09e85c9bb815_1650x991.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H3mu!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F838be745-79fe-426a-9a96-09e85c9bb815_1650x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H3mu!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F838be745-79fe-426a-9a96-09e85c9bb815_1650x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H3mu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F838be745-79fe-426a-9a96-09e85c9bb815_1650x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H3mu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F838be745-79fe-426a-9a96-09e85c9bb815_1650x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H3mu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F838be745-79fe-426a-9a96-09e85c9bb815_1650x991.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/838be745-79fe-426a-9a96-09e85c9bb815_1650x991.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:78661,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/159692527?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F838be745-79fe-426a-9a96-09e85c9bb815_1650x991.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H3mu!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F838be745-79fe-426a-9a96-09e85c9bb815_1650x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H3mu!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F838be745-79fe-426a-9a96-09e85c9bb815_1650x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H3mu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F838be745-79fe-426a-9a96-09e85c9bb815_1650x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H3mu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F838be745-79fe-426a-9a96-09e85c9bb815_1650x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>B&#7887; qua 2 y&#7871;u t&#7889; nh&#7887; c&#243; th&#7875; g&#226;y ra s&#7921; ch&#234;nh l&#7879;ch n&#224;y, th&#7913; nh&#7845;t t&#237;n d&#7909;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&#7845;p t&#7915; c&#225;c c&#244;ng ty t&#224;i ch&#237;nh (cho vay ti&#234;u d&#249;ng) s&#7869; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#237;nh v&#224;o t&#237;n d&#7909;ng trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; nh&#432;ng ch&#250;ng l&#7841;i kh&#244;ng t&#7841;o ra kho&#7843;n ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i nh&#432; c&#225;ch c&#225;c NHTM s&#7917; d&#7909;ng (&#273;&#226;y l&#224; ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng &#8220;nh&#7853;n ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i&#8221; m&#224; ch&#7881; duy nh&#7845;t h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng s&#7903; h&#7919;u, t&#7913;c l&#224; ch&#250;ng cho ph&#233;p t&#7841;o ra c&#225;c t&#224;i kho&#7843;n ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i cho kh&#225;ch h&#224;ng). C&#225;c kho&#7843;n vay n&#224;y th&#432;&#7901;ng chi&#7871;m 1 t&#7927; tr&#7885;ng r&#7845;t nh&#7887; trong h&#7879; th&#7889;ng t&#237;n d&#7909;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng, ch&#7881; kho&#7843;ng 1% t&#7893;ng t&#237;n d&#7909;ng, do &#273;&#243; t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng kh&#244;ng &#273;&#7911; &#273;&#7875; t&#7841;o ra s&#7921; ch&#234;nh l&#7879;ch n&#224;y.</p><p>Y&#7871;u t&#7889; th&#7913; hai &#273;&#243; l&#224; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng ho&#225;n &#273;&#7893;i gi&#7919;a ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i v&#224; ti&#7873;n m&#7863;t trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; c&#361;ng c&#243; th&#7875; l&#224;m s&#7909;t gi&#7843;m l&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i m&#224; kh&#244;ng t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng &#273;&#7871;n t&#237;n d&#7909;ng. Tuy nhi&#234;n nh&#432; d&#7919; li&#7879;u c&#7911;a b&#224;i vi&#7871;t &#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n, l&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n m&#7863;t trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; t&#7915; 2022 &#273;&#7871;n nay, ch&#250;ng kh&#244;ng nh&#7919;ng t&#259;ng m&#224; th&#7853;m ch&#237; c&#242;n gi&#7843;m. Do &#273;&#243; nguy&#234;n nh&#226;n c&#7911;a s&#7921; gi&#7843;m t&#7889;c ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i kh&#244;ng &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; nh&#7919;ng giao d&#7883;ch ho&#225;n &#273;&#7893;i n&#224;y.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ljoy!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F940893f7-0562-4ee8-ada1-509f23c4cdc5_1650x991.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ljoy!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F940893f7-0562-4ee8-ada1-509f23c4cdc5_1650x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ljoy!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F940893f7-0562-4ee8-ada1-509f23c4cdc5_1650x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ljoy!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F940893f7-0562-4ee8-ada1-509f23c4cdc5_1650x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ljoy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F940893f7-0562-4ee8-ada1-509f23c4cdc5_1650x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ljoy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F940893f7-0562-4ee8-ada1-509f23c4cdc5_1650x991.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/940893f7-0562-4ee8-ada1-509f23c4cdc5_1650x991.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:70478,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/159692527?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F940893f7-0562-4ee8-ada1-509f23c4cdc5_1650x991.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ljoy!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F940893f7-0562-4ee8-ada1-509f23c4cdc5_1650x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ljoy!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F940893f7-0562-4ee8-ada1-509f23c4cdc5_1650x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ljoy!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F940893f7-0562-4ee8-ada1-509f23c4cdc5_1650x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ljoy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F940893f7-0562-4ee8-ada1-509f23c4cdc5_1650x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>N&#7871;u nh&#432; b&#7841;n ngh&#297; r&#7857;ng t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i kh&#244;ng theo k&#7883;p t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng t&#237;n d&#7909;ng do quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh g&#7917;i ti&#7873;n c&#7911;a khu v&#7921;c kinh t&#7871; th&#236; nh&#432; t&#244;i &#273;&#227; n&#234;u ra trong b&#224;i vi&#7871;t &#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n, &#273;&#243; l&#224; m&#7897;t quan &#273;i&#7875;m sai l&#7847;m. Ti&#7873;n kh&#244;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra v&#224; bi&#7871;n m&#7845;t theo &#8220;quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh g&#7917;i ti&#7873;n&#8221; c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng ta v&#224;o c&#225;c NHTM. R&#7845;t &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n l&#224; cho d&#249; b&#7841;n g&#7917;i ti&#7873;n v&#224;o ng&#226;n h&#224;ng n&#224;y, &#273;&#7875; ch&#250;ng d&#432;&#7899;i d&#7841;ng ti&#7873;n thanh to&#225;n (kh&#244;ng k&#7923; h&#7841;n) hay g&#7917;i ch&#250;ng v&#224;o ng&#226;n h&#224;ng kh&#225;c, ti&#7873;n &#273;&#7873;u kh&#244;ng c&#243; s&#7921; thay &#273;&#7893;i v&#224; lu&#244;n n&#7857;m trong h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng. N&#7871;u nh&#432; b&#7841;n th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n m&#7897;t giao d&#7883;ch kinh t&#7871; (v&#237; d&#7909; nh&#432; mua h&#224;ng ho&#225;) hay &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n l&#224; quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; v&#224;ng thay v&#236; g&#7917;i ti&#7871;t ki&#7879;m, s&#7889; ti&#7873;n n&#224;y s&#7869; chuy&#7875;n t&#7915; b&#7841;n sang thu&#7897;c s&#7903; h&#7919;u c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&#225;c v&#224; t&#7893;ng ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i l&#224; kh&#244;ng &#273;&#7893;i. N&#7871;u b&#7841;n v&#7851;n ho&#224;i nghi v&#7873; nh&#7853;n &#273;&#7883;nh n&#224;y, bi&#7875;u &#273;&#7891; b&#234;n d&#432;&#7899;i s&#7869; cho b&#7841;n 1 g&#243;c nh&#236;n ch&#237;nh x&#225;c d&#7921;a tr&#234;n d&#7919; li&#7879;u: l&#227;i su&#7845;t huy &#273;&#7897;ng t&#259;ng kh&#244;ng t&#7841;o ra t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i, ch&#250;ng th&#7853;m ch&#237; c&#242;n l&#224;m gi&#7843;m t&#7889;c ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i (do t&#237;n d&#7909;ng gi&#7843;m).</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-7lr!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28fd841d-5f3a-4650-ac93-849f20e99e69_1650x990.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-7lr!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28fd841d-5f3a-4650-ac93-849f20e99e69_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-7lr!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28fd841d-5f3a-4650-ac93-849f20e99e69_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-7lr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28fd841d-5f3a-4650-ac93-849f20e99e69_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-7lr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28fd841d-5f3a-4650-ac93-849f20e99e69_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-7lr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28fd841d-5f3a-4650-ac93-849f20e99e69_1650x990.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/28fd841d-5f3a-4650-ac93-849f20e99e69_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:88335,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/159692527?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28fd841d-5f3a-4650-ac93-849f20e99e69_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-7lr!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28fd841d-5f3a-4650-ac93-849f20e99e69_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-7lr!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28fd841d-5f3a-4650-ac93-849f20e99e69_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-7lr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28fd841d-5f3a-4650-ac93-849f20e99e69_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-7lr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28fd841d-5f3a-4650-ac93-849f20e99e69_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>M&#7897;t quan &#273;i&#7875;m c&#361;ng h&#7871;t s&#7913;c sai l&#7847;m kh&#225;c &#273;&#243; l&#224; do l&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i suy gi&#7843;m n&#234;n c&#225;c NHTM ph&#7843;i t&#259;ng huy &#273;&#7897;ng b&#7857;ng ph&#225;t h&#224;nh gi&#7845;y t&#7901; c&#243; gi&#225;. Tr&#234;n th&#7921;c t&#7871;, nh&#432; t&#244;i &#273;&#227; n&#234;u &#7903; tr&#234;n, vi&#7879;c ph&#225;t h&#224;nh gi&#7845;y t&#7901; c&#243; gi&#225; ch&#237;nh l&#224; nguy&#234;n nh&#226;n &#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n l&#224;m suy gi&#7843;m l&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;. C&#225;c NHTM ph&#225;t h&#224;nh gi&#7845;y t&#7901; c&#243; gi&#225; v&#7899;i m&#7909;c &#273;&#237;ch ch&#237;nh l&#224; qu&#7843;n tr&#7883; thanh kho&#7843;n b&#7857;ng vi&#7879;c h&#7885; c&#243; th&#7875; ki&#7875;m so&#225;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ch&#237;nh x&#225;c th&#7901;i gian kh&#225;ch h&#224;ng r&#250;t ti&#7873;n thay v&#236; c&#225;c kho&#7843;n ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i v&#224; ti&#7871;t ki&#7879;m th&#244;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rP4s!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25043ae9-7b65-4192-beb8-dacabe06ff60_1651x991.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rP4s!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25043ae9-7b65-4192-beb8-dacabe06ff60_1651x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rP4s!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25043ae9-7b65-4192-beb8-dacabe06ff60_1651x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rP4s!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25043ae9-7b65-4192-beb8-dacabe06ff60_1651x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rP4s!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25043ae9-7b65-4192-beb8-dacabe06ff60_1651x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rP4s!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25043ae9-7b65-4192-beb8-dacabe06ff60_1651x991.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/25043ae9-7b65-4192-beb8-dacabe06ff60_1651x991.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:70784,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/159692527?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25043ae9-7b65-4192-beb8-dacabe06ff60_1651x991.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rP4s!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25043ae9-7b65-4192-beb8-dacabe06ff60_1651x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rP4s!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25043ae9-7b65-4192-beb8-dacabe06ff60_1651x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rP4s!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25043ae9-7b65-4192-beb8-dacabe06ff60_1651x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rP4s!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25043ae9-7b65-4192-beb8-dacabe06ff60_1651x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Giai &#273;o&#7841;n 2022 l&#224; giai &#273;o&#7841;n m&#224; ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch t&#224;i kho&#225; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7849;y m&#7841;nh, do &#273;&#243; n&#243; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; nguy&#234;n nh&#226;n khi&#7871;n l&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; b&#7883; thu h&#7865;p. V&#7853;y th&#236; nguy&#234;n nh&#226;n th&#7913; hai khi&#7871;n cho l&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i gi&#7843;m t&#7889;c so v&#7899;i t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng t&#237;n d&#7909;ng t&#7915; 2022 &#273;&#7871;n nay ch&#237;nh l&#224; do l&#432;&#7907;ng ngo&#7841;i t&#7879; r&#242;ng c&#7911;a khu v&#7921;c kinh t&#7871; ra kh&#7887;i h&#7879; th&#7889;ng NHTM trong n&#432;&#7899;c m&#224; ch&#7911; y&#7871;u &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; khu v&#7921;c d&#226;n c&#432; g&#7917;i ti&#7873;n ra n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#224;i. K&#7875; t&#7915; th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m Fed b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u t&#259;ng l&#227;i su&#7845;t v&#224;o n&#259;m 2022, l&#432;&#7907;ng ngo&#7841;i t&#7879; t&#7915; khu v&#7921;c d&#226;n c&#432; li&#234;n t&#7909;c &#8220;ch&#7843;y&#8221; v&#224;o c&#225;c NHTM n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#7841;i &#273;&#7875; h&#432;&#7903;ng m&#7913;c l&#227;i su&#7845;t cao h&#417;n so v&#7899;i l&#227;i su&#7845;t ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i b&#7857;ng USD c&#7911;a c&#225;c NHTM trong n&#432;&#7899;c. Bi&#7875;u &#273;&#7891; d&#432;&#7899;i &#273;&#226;y kh&#244;ng mi&#234;u t&#7843; ch&#237;nh x&#225;c v&#7873; gi&#225; tr&#7883; r&#242;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng ngo&#7841;i t&#7879; c&#7911;a khu v&#7921;c kinh t&#7871; ra kh&#7887;i h&#7879; th&#7889;ng NHTM trong n&#432;&#7899;c, nh&#432;ng n&#243; cung c&#7845;p cho ch&#250;ng ta v&#7873; s&#7921; gia t&#259;ng ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng g&#7917;i ti&#7873;n ra n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#224;i c&#7911;a khu v&#7921;c kinh t&#7871;, m&#7897;t y&#7871;u t&#7889; quan tr&#7885;ng khi&#7871;n ngo&#7841;i t&#7879; &#8220;ch&#7843;y ra&#8221; kh&#7887;i n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MVtI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41c99986-4eae-4aea-954d-c2e6e1418ad5_1650x990.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MVtI!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41c99986-4eae-4aea-954d-c2e6e1418ad5_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MVtI!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41c99986-4eae-4aea-954d-c2e6e1418ad5_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MVtI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41c99986-4eae-4aea-954d-c2e6e1418ad5_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MVtI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41c99986-4eae-4aea-954d-c2e6e1418ad5_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MVtI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41c99986-4eae-4aea-954d-c2e6e1418ad5_1650x990.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/41c99986-4eae-4aea-954d-c2e6e1418ad5_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:90561,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/159692527?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41c99986-4eae-4aea-954d-c2e6e1418ad5_1650x990.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MVtI!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41c99986-4eae-4aea-954d-c2e6e1418ad5_1650x990.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MVtI!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41c99986-4eae-4aea-954d-c2e6e1418ad5_1650x990.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MVtI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41c99986-4eae-4aea-954d-c2e6e1418ad5_1650x990.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MVtI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41c99986-4eae-4aea-954d-c2e6e1418ad5_1650x990.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Monetary (P1): Ba hình thái của tiền và cách tạo tiền trong nền kinh tế]]></title><description><![CDATA[L&#224;m s&#225;ng t&#7887; nh&#7919;ng hi&#7875;u l&#7847;m ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n v&#7873; c&#225;ch t&#7841;o ra ti&#7873;n. Kh&#225;m ph&#225; ba h&#236;nh th&#225;i c&#7911;a ti&#7873;n v&#224; vai tr&#242; c&#7911;a ng&#226;n h&#224;ng trong h&#7879; th&#7889;ng t&#224;i ch&#237;nh]]></description><link>https://40yo.vn/p/ba-hinh-thai-cua-tien-va-cach-tao</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://40yo.vn/p/ba-hinh-thai-cua-tien-va-cach-tao</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[40 Years Old]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 21 Dec 2024 17:05:41 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36fd9a31-7ba9-4489-93ef-4dedb919d99e_633x448.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Tr&#234;n &#273;&#7901;i n&#224;y c&#243; m&#7897;t th&#7913; c&#242;n &#273;&#225;ng s&#7907; h&#417;n th&#7845;t t&#236;nh, &#273;&#243; l&#224; h&#7871;t ti&#7873;n. Ti&#7873;n xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n trong nh&#7919;ng c&#226;u chuy&#7879;n ch&#250;ng ta k&#7875; nhau nghe h&#224;ng ng&#224;y, b&#224;i b&#225;o ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#7885;c hay ch&#432;&#417;ng tr&#236;nh th&#7901;i s&#7921; ch&#250;ng ta xem&#8230; G&#7847;n nh&#432; ti&#7873;n xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n trong m&#7885;i ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; m&#224; ch&#250;ng ta ti&#7871;p x&#250;c. Ti&#7873;n kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; quan tr&#7885;ng &#273;&#7901;i s&#7889;ng c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng ta, n&#243; ch&#237;nh l&#224; m&#7841;ch m&#225;u &#273;&#7875; nu&#244;i d&#432;&#7905;ng n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;. Hi&#7875;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c v&#7873; c&#225;ch t&#7841;o ti&#7873;n trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; v&#224; c&#225;c m&#224; n&#243; v&#7853;n h&#224;nh l&#224; m&#7897;t ch&#236;a kho&#225; v&#244; c&#249;ng quan tr&#7885;ng &#273;&#7875; b&#7841;n c&#243; th&#7875; hi&#7875;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c to&#224;n c&#7843;nh v&#7873; b&#7913;c tranh c&#7911;a n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;. &#272;&#225;ng ti&#7871;c l&#224; nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i trong s&#7889; ch&#250;ng ta &#273;ang hi&#7875;u sai v&#7873; n&#243;.</p><p>Kinh t&#7871; h&#7885;c v&#7873; c&#225;ch t&#7841;o ra ti&#7873;n tr&#234;n th&#7921;c kh&#244;ng t&#7871; kh&#244;ng gi&#7889;ng v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng g&#236; ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&#7885;c tr&#234;n s&#225;ch ho&#7863;c trong c&#225;c gi&#225;o tr&#236;nh v&#7873; kinh t&#7871;. T&#244;i v&#224; b&#7841;n &#273;&#7873;u c&#243; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7841;n l&#224;m vi&#7879;c &#7903; ng&#226;n h&#224;ng nh&#432;ng t&#7889;i d&#225;m c&#225; r&#7857;ng r&#7845;t &#237;t ng&#432;&#7901;i trong s&#7889; h&#7885; c&#243; th&#7875; n&#243;i cho ch&#250;ng ta bi&#7871;t v&#7873; c&#225;ch m&#224; ti&#7873;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra v&#224; v&#7853;n h&#224;nh trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; nh&#432; th&#7871; n&#224;o. H&#7885;c kinh t&#7871; v&#297; m&#244; &#7903; Vi&#7879;t Nam &#273;&#227; kh&#243; v&#236; thi&#7871;u c&#417; s&#7903; d&#7919; li&#7879;u, h&#7885;c kinh t&#7871; ti&#7873;n t&#7879; l&#7841;i c&#224;ng kh&#243; v&#236; m&#7885;i th&#7913; &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c b&#7843;o m&#7853;t v&#236; &#273;&#7863;c t&#237;nh c&#7849;n tr&#7885;ng c&#7911;a b&#7897; m&#225;y ph&#237;a tr&#234;n. N&#7897;i dung c&#7911;a b&#224;i vi&#7871;t n&#224;y ph&#7847;n l&#7899;n &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; qu&#225; tr&#236;nh nghi&#234;n c&#7913;u nh&#7919;ng c&#417; s&#7903; d&#7919; li&#7879;u v&#224; nh&#7919;ng t&#224;i li&#7879;u &#273;&#225;ng tin c&#7853;y t&#7915; b&#234;n ngo&#224;i. Tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#226;y, t&#244;i c&#361;ng nh&#432; b&#7841;n. Ch&#250;ng ta th&#432;&#7901;ng c&#243; 2 nh&#7847;m l&#7851;n v&#7873; c&#225;ch t&#7841;o ti&#7873;n trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; nh&#432; sau:</p><ol><li><p>Ti&#7873;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra t&#7915; d&#7921; tr&#7919;. C&#225;ch th&#7913;c n&#224;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch ng&#226;n h&#224;ng Trung &#432;&#417;ng (NHTW) b&#417;m d&#7921; tr&#7919; v&#224;o c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i (NHTM), sau &#273;&#243; c&#225;c NHTM s&#7917; d&#7909;ng s&#7889; ti&#7873;n n&#224;y v&#224; cho vay &#273;&#7875; t&#7841;o ra cung ti&#7873;n. &#272;&#226;y l&#224; c&#225;ch ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n theo l&#253; thuy&#7871;t &#8220;s&#7889; nh&#226;n c&#7911;a ti&#7873;n&#8221; m&#224; c&#225;c gi&#225;o tr&#236;nh v&#7873; kinh t&#7871; v&#7851;n d&#7841;y ch&#250;ng ta v&#7873; c&#225;ch m&#224; NHTW &#273;i&#7873;u ti&#7871;t cung ti&#7873;n trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch b&#417;m ho&#7863;c h&#250;t d&#7921; tr&#7919; v&#224;o h&#7879; th&#7889;ng NHTM. Theo &#273;&#243;, v&#7899;i m&#7895;i l&#432;&#7907;ng d&#7919; tr&#7919; NHTM b&#417;m v&#224;o ho&#7863;c h&#250;t ra kh&#7887;i h&#7879; th&#7889;ng NHTM s&#7869; t&#7841;o ra ho&#7863;c gi&#7843;m b&#7899;t 1 l&#432;&#7907;ng cung ti&#7873;n theo c&#7845;p s&#7889; nh&#226;n.</p></li><li><p>Ti&#7873;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra t&#7915; huy &#273;&#7897;ng. C&#225;c NHTM nh&#7853;n ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i t&#7915; ph&#237;a kh&#225;ch h&#224;ng, gi&#7919; l&#7841;i m&#7897;t ph&#7847;n d&#432;&#7899;i d&#7841;ng d&#7921; tr&#7919; c&#7911;a NHTW v&#224; cho vay ph&#7847;n c&#242;n l&#7841;i. V&#224; c&#7913; nh&#432; v&#7853;y, v&#242;ng quay gi&#7919;a vi&#7879;c g&#7917;i ti&#7873;n, gi&#7919; l&#7841;i, cho vay t&#7841;o ra m&#7897;t l&#432;&#7907;ng cung ti&#7873;n trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;. &#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y c&#361;ng d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n m&#7897;t ng&#7897; nh&#7853;n sai l&#7847;m kh&#225;c v&#7873; huy &#273;&#7897;ng ti&#7873;n trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;. Khi l&#227;i su&#7845;t gi&#7843;m th&#236; l&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i s&#7869; &#237;t &#273;i v&#236; m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i s&#7869; ph&#7849;n b&#7893; ngu&#7891;n ti&#7873;n c&#7911;a m&#236;nh v&#224;o nh&#7919;ng t&#224;i s&#7843;n kh&#225;c c&#243; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng sinh l&#7901;i h&#7845;p d&#7851;n h&#417;n.</p></li></ol><p>N&#7871;u b&#7841;n &#273;ang ngh&#297; r&#7857;ng ti&#7873;n trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng theo nh&#7919;ng c&#225;ch tr&#234;n, r&#7845;t ti&#7871;c ph&#7843;i n&#243;i v&#7899;i b&#7841;n r&#7857;ng ch&#250;ng sai ho&#224;n to&#224;n. C&#225;ch th&#7913;c m&#224; ti&#7873;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra v&#224; v&#7853;n h&#224;nh trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n ho&#224;n to&#224;n kh&#225;c. Tr&#432;&#7899;c khi m&#244; t&#7843; m&#7897;t c&#225;ch ch&#237;nh x&#225;c h&#417;n, ch&#250;ng ta c&#7847;n ph&#7843;i hi&#7875;u r&#245; v&#7873; c&#225;c h&#236;nh th&#225;i c&#7911;a ti&#7873;n trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;. Theo &#273;&#243; t&#7845;t c&#7843; c&#225;c lo&#7841;i ti&#7873;n trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; ch&#7881; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i &#7903; 1 trong 3 h&#236;nh th&#225;i sau:</p><blockquote><p><strong>H&#236;nh th&#225;i th&#7913; nh&#7845;t: Ti&#7873;n m&#7863;t (Cash)</strong></p></blockquote><p>Ti&#7873;n m&#7863;t (cash) hay ti&#7873;n gi&#7845;y (&#7903; m&#7897;t s&#7889; qu&#7889;c gia kh&#225;c c&#242;n c&#243; ti&#7873;n xu), l&#224; lo&#7841;i ti&#7873;n c&#243; h&#236;nh h&#224;i v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t duy nh&#7845;t trong 3 lo&#7841;i ti&#7873;n. &#272;&#226;y l&#224; lo&#7841;i ti&#7873;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c NHTW ph&#225;t h&#224;nh &#273;&#7875; ph&#7909;c v&#7909; c&#225;c nhu c&#7847;u thanh to&#225;n t&#7915; v&#7915;a cho &#273;&#7871;n nh&#7887; trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;. V&#7873; b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t, ti&#7873;n gi&#7845;y l&#224; m&#7897;t ngh&#297;a v&#7909; N&#7907; ph&#7843;i tr&#7843; c&#7911;a NHTW &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i c&#225;c ch&#7911; th&#7875; n&#7855;m gi&#7919; ch&#250;ng (&#273;i&#7873;u n&#224;y c&#243; ngh&#297;a l&#224; khi b&#7841;n &#273;ang gi&#7919; t&#7901; 50 ngh&#236;n &#273;&#7891;ng trong t&#250;i, &#273;&#243; l&#224; s&#7889; ti&#7873;n m&#224; NHTW &#273;ang n&#7907; b&#7841;n). Tuy nhi&#234;n, kho&#7843;n &#8220;n&#7907;&#8221; n&#224;y c&#7911;a NHTW l&#7841;i c&#243; m&#7897;t &#273;&#7863;c t&#237;nh v&#244; c&#249;ng &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t v&#224; ch&#7881; c&#243; NHTW s&#7903; h&#7919;u: ch&#250;ng kh&#244;ng ph&#225;t sinh l&#227;i su&#7845;t. S&#7921; ra t&#259;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n m&#7863;t ch&#237;nh l&#224; c&#225;ch th&#7913;c gi&#250;p NHTW c&#243; th&#7875; gi&#224;u l&#234;n &#7903; b&#7845;t c&#7913; m&#7913;c &#273;&#7897; n&#224;o m&#224; ch&#7881; ch&#7883;u m&#7897;t chi ph&#237; duy nh&#7845;t: chi ph&#237; in &#7845;n ti&#7873;n.</p><pre><code>Ti&#7873;n m&#7863;t c&#243; th&#7875; n&#7857;m &#7903; k&#233;t s&#7855;t c&#7911;a c&#225;c NHTM ho&#7863;c n&#7857;m trong tay c&#225;c h&#7897; gia &#273;&#236;nh doanh nghi&#7879;p. Ch&#7881; l&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n kh&#244;ng n&#7857;m &#7903; c&#225;c NHTM m&#7899;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c coi l&#224; ti&#7873;n l&#432;u th&#244;ng trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;.</code></pre><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ISZO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F098f767d-062e-4d34-bd15-f0d343b23fb4_1651x991.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ISZO!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F098f767d-062e-4d34-bd15-f0d343b23fb4_1651x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ISZO!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F098f767d-062e-4d34-bd15-f0d343b23fb4_1651x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ISZO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F098f767d-062e-4d34-bd15-f0d343b23fb4_1651x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ISZO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F098f767d-062e-4d34-bd15-f0d343b23fb4_1651x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ISZO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F098f767d-062e-4d34-bd15-f0d343b23fb4_1651x991.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/098f767d-062e-4d34-bd15-f0d343b23fb4_1651x991.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:77494,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ISZO!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F098f767d-062e-4d34-bd15-f0d343b23fb4_1651x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ISZO!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F098f767d-062e-4d34-bd15-f0d343b23fb4_1651x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ISZO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F098f767d-062e-4d34-bd15-f0d343b23fb4_1651x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ISZO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F098f767d-062e-4d34-bd15-f0d343b23fb4_1651x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Chart: Ti&#7873;n m&#7863;t l&#432;u th&#244;ng trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; Vi&#7879;t Nam</figcaption></figure></div><blockquote><p><strong>H&#236;nh th&#225;i th&#7913; hai: Ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; (Reserve).</strong></p></blockquote><p>T&#7845;t c&#7843; c&#225;c t&#7893; ch&#7913;c t&#237;n d&#7909;ng ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng t&#7841;i Vi&#7879;t Nam &#273;&#7873;u c&#243; m&#7897;t t&#224;i kho&#7843;n &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t: t&#224;i kho&#7843;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; do NHTW cung c&#7845;p. &#272;&#226;y l&#224; s&#7889; ti&#7873;n m&#224; c&#225;c t&#7893; ch&#7913;c t&#237;nh d&#7909;ng (ch&#7911; y&#7871;u l&#224; c&#225;c NHTM) &#273;&#7875; t&#7841;i NHTW &#273;&#7875; th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n c&#225;c ngh&#297;a v&#7909; r&#250;t ti&#7873;n c&#7911;a kh&#225;ch h&#224;ng ho&#7863;c thanh to&#225;n c&#225;c kho&#7843;n vay v&#7899;i NHTW ho&#7863;c c&#225;c NHTM. C&#249;ng v&#7899;i ti&#7873;n m&#259;t, &#273;&#226;y c&#361;ng l&#224; m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i ti&#7873;n m&#224; ch&#7881; c&#243; NHTW m&#7899;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&#233;p &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&#225;t h&#224;nh, nh&#432;ng ch&#250;ng kh&#225;c v&#7899;i ti&#7873;n m&#7863;t &#7903; ch&#7895; l&#224; ch&#250;ng l&#224; lo&#7841;i ti&#7873;n v&#244; h&#236;nh v&#224; NHTW ph&#7843;i tr&#7843; l&#227;i su&#7845;t cho c&#225;c kho&#7843;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; n&#224;y. B&#7845;t k&#7923; s&#7921; &#8220;in ti&#7873;n&#8221; n&#224;o c&#7911;a ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919;, NHTW ph&#7843;i m&#7845;t m&#7897;t chi ph&#237; nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh &#273;&#7875; tr&#7843; cho c&#225;c NHTM. &#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y c&#243; ngh&#297;a l&#224; t&#7893;ng d&#7921; tr&#7919; c&#7911;a c&#225;c NHTM s&#7869; KH&#212;NG C&#211; S&#7920; THAY &#272;&#7892;I theo c&#225;ch m&#224; ch&#250;ng ta v&#7851;n hay th&#432;&#7901;ng hi&#7875;u &#273;&#243; l&#224; c&#225;c NHTM c&#243; quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh gi&#7919; l&#7841;i s&#7889; ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i (h&#236;nh th&#225;i th&#7913; 3) c&#7911;a kh&#225;ch h&#224;ng &#273;&#7875; cho vay ph&#7847;n c&#242;n l&#7841;i hay kh&#244;ng. Th&#7921;c ch&#7845;t, ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; kh&#244;ng th&#7875; chuy&#7875;n th&#224;nh ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i v&#224; ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i. T&#7893;ng s&#7889; ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; c&#7911;a h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng ch&#7881; c&#243; s&#7921; thay &#273;&#7893;i ph&#7909; thu&#7897;c duy nh&#7845;t v&#224;o m&#7897;t &#273;i&#7873;u: s&#7921; &#273;i&#7873;u ti&#7871;t c&#7911;a NHTW th&#244;ng qua c&#225;c nghi&#7879;p v&#7909; th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng m&#7903; v&#224; cho vay, t&#225;i chi&#7871;t kh&#7845;u gi&#7845;y t&#7901; c&#243; gi&#225;.</p><pre><code>Ti&#7873;n m&#7863;t v&#224; ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; &#273;&#7873;u do NHTW ph&#225;t h&#224;nh, do &#273;&#243; ch&#250;ng c&#242;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&#7885;i l&#224; ti&#7873;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng trung &#432;&#417;ng, hay &#8220;ti&#7873;n c&#417; s&#7903;&#8221; (Money base).</code></pre><blockquote><p><strong>H&#236;nh th&#225;i th&#7913; ba: Ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i (Deposit)</strong></p></blockquote><p>&#272;&#226;y l&#224; l&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ghi tr&#234;n c&#225;c t&#224;i kho&#7843;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng ta chi&#7871;m nhi&#7873;u nh&#7845;t trong l&#432;u th&#244;ng trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i. H&#7847;u nh&#432; ph&#7847;n l&#7899;n c&#225;c giao d&#7883;ch h&#224;ng ng&#224;y c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#7873;u th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n th&#244;ng qua lo&#7841;i h&#236;nh ti&#7873;n n&#224;y. B&#7843;n th&#226;n ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i l&#224; m&#7897;t c&#225;i t&#234;n r&#7845;t d&#7877; g&#226;y nh&#7847;m l&#7851;n v&#224; n&#243; c&#361;ng l&#224; lo&#7841;i h&#236;nh th&#225;i c&#7911;a ti&#7873;n hay b&#7883; hi&#7875;u sai nh&#7845;t. T&#7893;ng ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; kh&#244;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra t&#7915; QUY&#7870;T &#272;&#7882;NH G&#7916;I TI&#7872;N c&#7911;a h&#7897; gia &#273;&#236;nh hay doanh nghi&#7879;p, b&#7903;i v&#236; nh&#7919;ng giao d&#7883;ch n&#224;y kh&#244;ng l&#224;m t&#259;ng quy m&#244; ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i. Khi b&#7841;n b&#225;n m&#7897;t l&#432;&#7907;ng v&#224;ng &#273;&#7875; g&#7917;i ti&#7873;n v&#224;o ng&#226;n h&#224;ng, t&#7893;ng ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i s&#7869; kh&#244;ng c&#243; s&#7921; gia t&#259;ng b&#7903;i v&#236; &#273;&#7889;i &#7913;ng v&#7899;i giao d&#7883;ch n&#224;y l&#224; m&#7897;t s&#7921; s&#7909;t gi&#7843;m t&#432;&#417;ng &#7913;ng trong ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i mua. Kh&#225;c v&#7899;i ti&#7873;n m&#7863;t v&#224; ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919;, ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i kh&#244;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra t&#7915; NHTW m&#224; ch&#250;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra t&#7915; c&#225;c NHTM th&#244;ng qua c&#225;c nghi&#7879;p v&#7909; c&#7845;p T&#205;N D&#7908;NG c&#7911;a m&#236;nh. Khi m&#7897;t ng&#226;n h&#224;ng cho vay, th&#432;&#7901;ng kh&#244;ng th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n theo c&#225;ch &#273;&#432;a cho ng&#432;&#7901;i ng&#432;&#7901;i vay (h&#7897; gia &#273;&#236;nh v&#224; doanh nghi&#7879;p) b&#7857;ng ti&#7873;n m&#7863;t. Thay v&#224;o &#273;&#243;, n&#243; ghi c&#243; trong t&#224;i kho&#7843;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#243; m&#7897;t kho&#7843;n ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i ng&#226;n h&#224;ng b&#7857;ng v&#7899;i gi&#225; tr&#7883; kho&#7843;n vay. Khi &#273;&#243;, ti&#7873;n m&#7899;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra. V&#236; l&#253; do n&#224;y, m&#7897;t s&#7889; nh&#224; kinh t&#7871; h&#7885;c &#273;&#227; xem kho&#7843;n ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i ng&#226;n h&#224;ng nh&#432; l&#224; &#8220;b&#250;t t&#7879;&#8221;, lo&#7841;i ti&#7873;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra t&#7915; n&#233;t b&#250;t c&#7911;a ng&#226;n h&#224;ng khi n&#243; ph&#234; duy&#7879;t c&#225;c kho&#7843;n vay. Do v&#7853;y n&#243; l&#224; lo&#7841;i ti&#7873;n duy nh&#7845;t trong s&#7889; 3 h&#236;nh th&#225;i l&#224; n&#243; kh&#244;ng c&#243; th&#7853;t.</p><p>Nh&#7919;ng g&#236; di&#7877;n ra tr&#234;n b&#7843;ng c&#226;n &#273;&#7889;i k&#7871; to&#225;n c&#7911;a c&#225;c ch&#7911; th&#7875; trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; s&#7869; gi&#250;p b&#7841;n d&#7877; h&#236;nh dung h&#417;n v&#7873; c&#225;ch m&#224; ti&#7873;n &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; nh&#432; th&#7871; n&#224;o. Gi&#7843; s&#7917; m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i ti&#234;u d&#249;ng &#273;i vay ng&#226;n h&#224;ng m&#7897;t s&#7889; ti&#7873;n &#273;&#7875; mua nh&#224;. Kho&#7843;n vay m&#7899;i l&#224;m s&#7869; l&#224;m t&#259;ng n&#7907; c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i vay nh&#432;ng &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i c&#361;ng t&#259;ng t&#224;i s&#7843;n c&#7911;a h&#7885;, ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i t&#7841;i c&#225;c NHTM. Tr&#234;n b&#7843;ng c&#226;n &#273;&#7889;i c&#7911;a NHTM, t&#7893;ng t&#224;i s&#7843;n s&#7869; t&#259;ng l&#234;n b&#7857;ng v&#7899;i t&#237;n d&#7909;ng c&#7845;p cho ng&#432;&#7901;i vay v&#224; trong n&#7907; ph&#7843;i tr&#7843; ch&#237;nh l&#224; s&#7889; ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i c&#7911;a kh&#225;c h&#224;ng &#273;&#243;. V&#224; trong giao d&#7883;ch n&#224;y, kh&#244;ng h&#7873; c&#243; b&#7845;t k&#7923; s&#7921; thay &#273;&#7893;i n&#224;o trong l&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng trung &#432;&#417;ng (ti&#7873;n m&#7863;t v&#224; ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919;).</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P2KE!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36fd9a31-7ba9-4489-93ef-4dedb919d99e_633x448.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P2KE!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36fd9a31-7ba9-4489-93ef-4dedb919d99e_633x448.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P2KE!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36fd9a31-7ba9-4489-93ef-4dedb919d99e_633x448.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P2KE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36fd9a31-7ba9-4489-93ef-4dedb919d99e_633x448.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P2KE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36fd9a31-7ba9-4489-93ef-4dedb919d99e_633x448.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P2KE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36fd9a31-7ba9-4489-93ef-4dedb919d99e_633x448.png" width="633" height="448" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/36fd9a31-7ba9-4489-93ef-4dedb919d99e_633x448.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:448,&quot;width&quot;:633,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:54549,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P2KE!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36fd9a31-7ba9-4489-93ef-4dedb919d99e_633x448.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P2KE!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36fd9a31-7ba9-4489-93ef-4dedb919d99e_633x448.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P2KE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36fd9a31-7ba9-4489-93ef-4dedb919d99e_633x448.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P2KE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36fd9a31-7ba9-4489-93ef-4dedb919d99e_633x448.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>M&#244; t&#7843; v&#7873; s&#7921; t&#7841;o ti&#7873;n n&#224;y tr&#225;i ng&#432;&#7907;c v&#7899;i sai l&#7847;m th&#7913; nh&#7845;t m&#224; m&#236;nh n&#234;u &#7903; tr&#234;n r&#7857;ng c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng ch&#7881; c&#243; th&#7875; cho vay ti&#7873;n c&#243; s&#7861;n t&#7915; tr&#432;&#7899;c (d&#7921; tr&#7919;). Ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i ng&#226;n h&#224;ng ch&#7881; &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n l&#224; m&#7897;t s&#7921; ghi nh&#7853;n v&#7873; s&#7889; ti&#7873;n m&#224; ch&#237;nh ng&#226;n h&#224;ng n&#7907; kh&#225;ch h&#224;ng. V&#236; v&#7853;y, ch&#250;ng l&#224; m&#7897;t kho&#7843;n n&#7907; c&#7911;a ng&#226;n h&#224;ng ch&#7913; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; m&#7897;t t&#224;i s&#7843;n c&#243; th&#7875; cho vay. Kho&#7843;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; ch&#7881; c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c cho vay gi&#7919;a c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng, v&#236; ng&#432;&#7901;i ti&#234;u d&#249;ng kh&#244;ng c&#243; t&#224;i kho&#7843;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; t&#7841;i NHTW.</p><p>V&#7853;y ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; &#273;&#243;ng vai tr&#242; g&#236; trong c&#225;c giao d&#7883;ch kinh t&#7871;? Ph&#7843;i ch&#259;ng c&#225;c NHTM s&#7869; in ti&#7873;n kh&#244;ng gi&#7899;i h&#7841;n ra n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch m&#7903; r&#7897;ng t&#237;n d&#7909;ng? Ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c v&#7899;i v&#237; d&#7909; ph&#237;a tr&#234;n. Sau khi nh&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7897;t kho&#7843;n ti&#7873;n vay c&#7911;a ng&#226;n h&#224;ng, ng&#432;&#7901;i vay ti&#7873;n ti&#7871;n h&#224;nh chuy&#7875;n s&#7889; ti&#7873;n &#273;&#243; cho ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#225;n nh&#224;. L&#250;c n&#224;y, m&#7897;t giao d&#7883;ch m&#7899;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&#225;t sinh. S&#7889; ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i di chuy&#7875;n t&#7915; t&#224;i kho&#7843;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i mua sang t&#224;i kho&#7843;n ng&#226;n h&#224;ng c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#225;n, t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#432;&#417;ng v&#7899;i n&#7907; ph&#7843;i tr&#7843; c&#7911;a ng&#226;n h&#224;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i mua s&#7869; gi&#7843;m &#273;i ph&#7847;n ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i n&#224;y v&#224; t&#432;&#417;ng &#7913;ng l&#224; t&#259;ng l&#234;n &#7903; ph&#7847;n n&#7907; ph&#7843;i tr&#7843; &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i ng&#226;n h&#224;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#225;n. &#7902; ph&#237;a t&#224;i s&#7843;n, vai tr&#242; c&#7911;a ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; l&#250;c n&#224;y s&#7869; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&#225;t huy khi ng&#226;n h&#224;ng c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i mua s&#7869; chuy&#7875;n cho ng&#226;n h&#224;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#225;n m&#7897;t l&#432;&#7907;ng d&#7921; tr&#7919; b&#7857;ng v&#7899;i kho&#7843;n ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i kia. N&#243;i c&#225;ch kh&#225;c, ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; m&#7899;i th&#7921;c s&#7921; l&#224; trung gian c&#7911;a c&#225;c giao d&#7883;ch &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&#225;t sinh trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871;.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xlUJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F565f0398-32be-4bf1-8a9e-537ad6787243_634x364.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xlUJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F565f0398-32be-4bf1-8a9e-537ad6787243_634x364.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xlUJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F565f0398-32be-4bf1-8a9e-537ad6787243_634x364.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xlUJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F565f0398-32be-4bf1-8a9e-537ad6787243_634x364.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xlUJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F565f0398-32be-4bf1-8a9e-537ad6787243_634x364.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xlUJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F565f0398-32be-4bf1-8a9e-537ad6787243_634x364.png" width="634" height="364" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/565f0398-32be-4bf1-8a9e-537ad6787243_634x364.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:364,&quot;width&quot;:634,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:52208,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xlUJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F565f0398-32be-4bf1-8a9e-537ad6787243_634x364.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xlUJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F565f0398-32be-4bf1-8a9e-537ad6787243_634x364.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xlUJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F565f0398-32be-4bf1-8a9e-537ad6787243_634x364.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xlUJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F565f0398-32be-4bf1-8a9e-537ad6787243_634x364.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>T&#7893;ng k&#7871;t l&#7841;i c&#7843; 2 hai giao d&#7883;ch ph&#237;a tr&#234;n, l&#432;&#7907;ng t&#237;n d&#7909;ng v&#224; ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i &#273;&#227; t&#259;ng l&#234;n m&#7897;t kho&#7843;n t&#432;&#417;ng &#7913;ng, trong khi d&#7921; tr&#7919; c&#7911;a ng&#226;n h&#224;ng kh&#244;ng thay &#273;&#7893;i m&#224; ch&#7881; c&#243; s&#7921; chuy&#7875;n d&#7883;ch t&#7915; ng&#226;n h&#224;ng n&#224;y sang ng&#226;n h&#224;ng kia. Theo nh&#7919;ng c&#225;ch t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921;, t&#237;n d&#7909;ng v&#224; ti&#7873;n trong n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; c&#243; th&#7875; t&#259;ng &#273;&#7871;n m&#7897;t m&#7913;c &#273;&#7897; kh&#244;ng gi&#7899;i h&#7841;n m&#224; kh&#244;ng c&#243; s&#7921; gia t&#259;ng c&#7911;a ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; t&#432;&#417;ng &#7913;ng. Tuy nhi&#234;n, khi quy m&#244; c&#7911;a t&#237;n d&#7909;ng c&#224;ng l&#7899;n, s&#7869; c&#224;ng c&#243; nhi&#7873;u giao d&#7883;ch kinh t&#7871; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&#225;t sinh v&#224; l&#250;c n&#224;y ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; s&#7869; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c quay v&#242;ng li&#234;n t&#7909;c gi&#7919;a c&#225;c ng&#226;n h&#224;ng &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#225;p &#7913;ng cho c&#225;c giao d&#7883;ch n&#224;y. V&#224; khi t&#7889;c &#273;&#7897; c&#7911;a n&#243; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n qu&#225; nhanh m&#224; kh&#244;ng c&#243; th&#234;m s&#7921; b&#7893; sung t&#7915; NHTW s&#7869; g&#226;y ra m&#7897;t tr&#7841;ng th&#225;i m&#224; ch&#250;ng ta hay g&#7885;i l&#224;: thi&#7871;u thanh kho&#7843;n to&#224;n h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng.</p><p>Tr&#234;n th&#7921;c t&#7871;, h&#7847;u h&#7871;t c&#225;c kho&#7843;n t&#237;n d&#7909;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n l&#224; &#273;&#7875; th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n m&#7897;t giao d&#7883;ch kinh t&#7871;. Do v&#7853;y, khi m&#7897;t ng&#226;n h&#224;ng cung c&#7845;p m&#7897;t kho&#7843;n t&#237;n d&#7909;ng m&#7899;i, &#273;i&#7873;u &#273;&#243; th&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;i k&#232;m v&#7899;i m&#7897;t l&#432;&#7907;ng d&#7921; tr&#7919; s&#7869; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c r&#250;t b&#7899;t v&#224; n&#243; c&#361;ng v&#244; t&#236;nh khi&#7871;n ch&#250;ng ta l&#7847;m t&#432;&#7903;ng r&#7857;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng &#273;&#227; &#8220;c&#7855;t&#8221; m&#7897;t kho&#7843;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; &#273;&#7875; cho kh&#225;ch h&#224;ng vay. S&#7921; th&#7853;t s&#7921; s&#7909;t gi&#7843;m c&#7911;a d&#7921; tr&#7919; kh&#244;ng &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; giao d&#7883;ch cho vay, n&#243; &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; giao d&#7883;ch kinh t&#7871; sau &#273;&#243;. M&#7895;i ng&#224;y ng&#226;n h&#224;ng th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u kho&#7843;n c&#7845;p t&#237;n d&#7909;ng cho kh&#225;ch h&#224;ng c&#7911;a m&#236;nh, &#273;&#7891;ng ngh&#297;a v&#7899;i ch&#7915;ng &#273;&#243; s&#7889; ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; c&#243; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng b&#7883; m&#7845;t &#273;i. Do v&#7853;y, c&#225;c NHTM ph&#7843;i lu&#244;n t&#236;m c&#225;ch &#273;&#7875; b&#7893; sung ngu&#7891;n d&#7921; tr&#7919; c&#7911;a m&#236;nh b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch thu h&#250;t ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i t&#7915; khu v&#7921;c c&#432; d&#226;n b&#7903;i theo v&#237; d&#7909; tr&#234;n, khi m&#7897;t kho&#7843;n ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c chuy&#7875;n t&#7915; ng&#226;n h&#224;ng n&#224;y sang ng&#226;n h&#224;ng kh&#225;c, t&#432;&#417;ng &#7913;ng s&#7869; c&#243; s&#7921; chuy&#7875;n d&#7883;ch &#7903; ph&#237;a ti&#7873;n d&#7921; tr&#7919;. Trong tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p ng&#226;n h&#224;ng kh&#244;ng c&#243; &#273;&#7911; l&#432;&#7907;ng d&#7921; tr&#7919; &#273;&#7875; th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n c&#225;c giao d&#7883;ch thanh to&#225;n c&#7911;a kh&#225;ch h&#224;ng, n&#243; bu&#7897;c ph&#7843;i &#273;i vay d&#7921; tr&#7919; t&#7915; ph&#237;a c&#225;c NHTM ho&#7863;c b&#237; b&#225;ch h&#417;n l&#224; vay t&#7915; NHTW. V&#224; nh&#7919;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p nh&#432; v&#7853;y g&#7885;i l&#224;: thi&#7871;u thanh kho&#7843;n c&#7909;c b&#7897; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng.</p><p>&#272;&#7871;n &#273;&#226;y th&#236; b&#7841;n &#273;&#227; h&#236;nh dung m&#7885;i th&#7913; r&#245; r&#224;ng h&#417;n r&#7891;i ph&#7843;i kh&#244;ng? R&#7845;t ti&#7871;c l&#224; v&#7851;n c&#242;n nhi&#7873;u &#273;i&#7873;u &#7849;n d&#7845;u sau b&#7913;c tranh ch&#432;a &#273;&#432;&#7907;c b&#7841;n kh&#225;m ph&#225;. Nh&#432; ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#227; trao &#273;&#7893;i ph&#237;a tr&#234;n, b&#7845;t k&#7923; s&#7921; t&#7841;o t&#237;n d&#7909;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng n&#224;o s&#7869; t&#7841;o ra m&#7897;t l&#432;&#7907;ng ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i trong h&#7879; th&#7889;ng t&#432;&#417;ng &#7913;ng. Nh&#432; v&#7853;y th&#236; v&#7873; l&#253; thuy&#7871;t, t&#7893;ng t&#237;n d&#7909;ng v&#224; t&#7893;ng ti&#7873;n g&#7917;i c&#7911;a h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ng&#226;n h&#224;ng s&#7869; lu&#244;n b&#7857;ng nhau. Tuy nhi&#234;n th&#7921;c t&#7871; ch&#250;ng l&#7841;i kh&#225;c nhau nh&#432; trong nh&#432; h&#236;nh b&#234;n d&#432;&#7899;i? Th&#7921;c ch&#7845;t &#273;&#226;y l&#224; m&#7897;t chi&#7871;c chart v&#244; c&#249;ng &#273;&#225;ng gi&#225; n&#7871;u b&#7841;n bi&#7871;t c&#225;ch hi&#7875;u v&#7873; n&#243;. B&#224;i vi&#7871;t ti&#7871;p theo m&#236;nh s&#7869; l&#224;m r&#245; v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; n&#224;y: S&#7921; bi&#7871;n m&#7845;t c&#7911;a ti&#7873;n.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!77wA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4032266c-0dce-42f2-80fc-5fb7c0a6e9c1_1650x991.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!77wA!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4032266c-0dce-42f2-80fc-5fb7c0a6e9c1_1650x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!77wA!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4032266c-0dce-42f2-80fc-5fb7c0a6e9c1_1650x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!77wA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4032266c-0dce-42f2-80fc-5fb7c0a6e9c1_1650x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!77wA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4032266c-0dce-42f2-80fc-5fb7c0a6e9c1_1650x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!77wA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4032266c-0dce-42f2-80fc-5fb7c0a6e9c1_1650x991.png" width="1456" height="874" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4032266c-0dce-42f2-80fc-5fb7c0a6e9c1_1650x991.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:874,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:81231,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://40yo.vn/i/153456578?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4032266c-0dce-42f2-80fc-5fb7c0a6e9c1_1650x991.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!77wA!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4032266c-0dce-42f2-80fc-5fb7c0a6e9c1_1650x991.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!77wA!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4032266c-0dce-42f2-80fc-5fb7c0a6e9c1_1650x991.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!77wA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4032266c-0dce-42f2-80fc-5fb7c0a6e9c1_1650x991.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!77wA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4032266c-0dce-42f2-80fc-5fb7c0a6e9c1_1650x991.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[About]]></title><description><![CDATA[40 Years Old cung c&#7845;p gi&#7843;i ph&#225;p &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; to&#224;n di&#7879;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c thi&#7871;t k&#7871; cho c&#225;c nh&#224; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; t&#236;m ki&#7871;m s&#7921; t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng t&#224;i s&#7843;n b&#7873;n v&#7919;ng trong d&#224;i h&#7841;n.]]></description><link>https://40yo.vn/p/uy-thac-dau-tu</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://40yo.vn/p/uy-thac-dau-tu</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[40 Years Old]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 10 Aug 2023 16:06:40 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f1a16404-6f80-4c01-bfe9-4e5cad9b7e37_2560x1440.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Tr&#234;n h&#224;nh tr&#236;nh &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; c&#7911;a m&#236;nh, ch&#250;ng t&#244;i n&#7895; l&#7921;c x&#226;y d&#7921;ng m&#7897;t h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ra quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh d&#7921;a tr&#234;n c&#225;c con s&#7889;, c&#225;i m&#224; ch&#250;ng t&#244;i g&#7885;i l&#224; &#8220;C&#7895; m&#225;y &#273;&#7847;u t&#432;&#8221;. Tri&#7871;t l&#253; c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng t&#244;i l&#224; bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; th&#224;nh m&#7897;t b&#7897; m&#244;n khoa h&#7885;c, n&#417;i c&#225;c s&#7921; th&#7853;t &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ki&#7875;m ch&#7913;ng b&#7857;ng d&#7919; li&#7879;u. &#8220;C&#7895; m&#225;y&#8221; n&#224;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c v&#7853;n h&#224;nh d&#7921;a tr&#234;n ba tr&#7909; c&#7897;t c&#7889;t l&#245;i:</p><ul><li><p><strong>(1) S&#7921; am hi&#7875;u s&#226;u s&#7855;c:</strong> N&#7873;n t&#7843;ng ki&#7871;n th&#7913;c c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng t&#244;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c x&#226;y d&#7921;ng tr&#234;n ni&#7873;m &#273;am m&#234; nghi&#234;n c&#7913;u &#273;&#7875; hi&#7875;u r&#245; c&#225;c m&#7889;i quan h&#7879; nh&#226;n qu&#7843; v&#7853;n h&#224;nh n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; v&#224; c&#225;c quy lu&#7853;t th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng. </p></li><li><p><strong>(2) Quy m&#244; d&#7919; li&#7879;u:</strong> Ch&#250;ng t&#244;i x&#226;y d&#7921;ng m&#7897;t h&#7879; th&#7889;ng c&#417; s&#7903; d&#7919; li&#7879;u bao qu&#225;t t&#7915; To&#224;n c&#7847;u &#273;&#7871;n Doanh nghi&#7879;p. Nhi&#7879;m v&#7909; c&#7911;a ch&#250;ng t&#244;i l&#224; k&#7871;t n&#7889;i m&#7841;ng l&#432;&#7899;i d&#7919; li&#7879;u n&#224;y l&#7841;i &#273;&#7875; t&#236;m ra c&#226;u chuy&#7879;n th&#7921;c s&#7921; &#273;&#7857;ng sau.</p></li><li><p><strong>(3) C&#225;c thu&#7853;t to&#225;n</strong>: Ch&#250;ng t&#244;i h&#7879; th&#7889;ng h&#243;a quy tr&#236;nh b&#7857;ng c&#225;c thu&#7853;t to&#225;n t&#7921; &#273;&#7897;ng &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ki&#7875;m ch&#7913;ng k&#7929; l&#432;&#7905;ng. &#272;&#7889;i v&#7899;i ch&#250;ng t&#244;i, l&#7883;ch s&#7917; c&#243; t&#237;nh l&#7863;p l&#7841;i ch&#237;nh n&#243;.</p></li></ul><h4>Chi&#7871;n l&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; cho m&#7909;c ti&#234;u d&#224;i h&#7841;n</h4><p>Ch&#250;ng t&#244;i cung c&#7845;p c&#225;c chi&#7871;n l&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c thi&#7871;t k&#7871; cho t&#7847;m nh&#236;n d&#224;i h&#7841;n, d&#7921;a tr&#234;n n&#259;ng l&#7921;c t&#7841;o ra gi&#225; tr&#7883; v&#432;&#7907;t tr&#7897;i (alpha)</p><ul><li><p><strong>Low Risk:</strong> L&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n k&#7923; v&#7885;ng 25%/n&#259;m, r&#7911;i ro (VaR 10%) -20%</p></li><li><p><strong>Standard:</strong> L&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n k&#7923; v&#7885;ng 30%/n&#259;m, r&#7911;i ro -25%</p></li><li><p><strong>High Risk:</strong> L&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n k&#7923; v&#7885;ng 35%/n&#259;m, r&#7911;i ro -30%</p></li></ul><p><em>D&#432;&#7899;i &#273;&#226;y l&#224; hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; b&#236;nh qu&#226;n danh m&#7909;c Standard m&#224; ch&#250;ng t&#244;i &#225;p d&#7909;ng cho c&#225;c kh&#225;ch h&#224;ng c&#7911;a m&#236;nh:</em></p><div id="datawrapper-iframe" class="datawrapper-wrap outer" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/ak8UM/224/&quot;,&quot;thumbnail_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/698e7f63-c762-4248-a4b0-0210f63da77f_1260x660.png&quot;,&quot;thumbnail_url_full&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:401,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432;&quot;,&quot;description&quot;:&quot;Hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; t&#7915; 1/1/2023 (%)&quot;}" data-component-name="DatawrapperToDOM"><iframe id="iframe-datawrapper" class="datawrapper-iframe" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/ak8UM/224/" width="730" height="401" frameborder="0" scrolling="no"></iframe><script type="text/javascript">!function(){"use strict";window.addEventListener("message",(function(e){if(void 0!==e.data["datawrapper-height"]){var t=document.querySelectorAll("iframe");for(var a in e.data["datawrapper-height"])for(var r=0;r<t.length;r++){if(t[r].contentWindow===e.source)t[r].style.height=e.data["datawrapper-height"][a]+"px"}}}))}();</script></div><div id="datawrapper-iframe" class="datawrapper-wrap outer" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/oehMc/4/&quot;,&quot;thumbnail_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/83ec3474-2150-4760-8ae2-bda370d7198f_1260x660.png&quot;,&quot;thumbnail_url_full&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:221,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432;&quot;,&quot;description&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" data-component-name="DatawrapperToDOM"><iframe id="iframe-datawrapper" class="datawrapper-iframe" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/oehMc/4/" width="730" height="221" frameborder="0" scrolling="no"></iframe><script type="text/javascript">!function(){"use strict";window.addEventListener("message",(function(e){if(void 0!==e.data["datawrapper-height"]){var t=document.querySelectorAll("iframe");for(var a in e.data["datawrapper-height"])for(var r=0;r<t.length;r++){if(t[r].contentWindow===e.source)t[r].style.height=e.data["datawrapper-height"][a]+"px"}}}))}();</script></div><p>T&#236;m hi&#7875;u th&#234;m v&#7873; c&#225;ch m&#224; ch&#250;ng t&#244;i gi&#250;p kh&#225;ch h&#224;ng &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7909;c ti&#234;u t&#224;i ch&#237;nh c&#7911;a m&#236;nh:</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://forms.gle/a6uQoyvaQQpAZBMt8&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;&#272;&#259;ng k&#253; t&#432; v&#7845;n&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://forms.gle/a6uQoyvaQQpAZBMt8"><span>&#272;&#259;ng k&#253; t&#432; v&#7845;n</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>